基于同步大地电磁时间序列依赖关系的噪声处理

本文从信号与系统的角度讨论了同步大地电磁时间序列信号之间的依赖关系,选取高信噪比的时间序列信号作为先验数据,用最小二乘法估算依赖关系;结合参考道的数据,合成本地道含噪声时段的数据,最后用合成数据替代噪声段数据,组成新数据,从而在时域中去除大地电磁噪声.西藏地区高信噪比实测数据的试算结果表明,无论电场还是磁场,信号之间的依赖关系是相对稳定的,只与先验数据的长度有关,与时间无关;虽然不同参考点之间的依赖关系不同,但都可以精确合成本地点数据,与参考点地下电性结构和参考距离无关.仿真实验显示,去噪后的信号与原始信号基本一致.实测数据处理结果表明,该方法可以有效去除强噪声干扰,抑制中高频段的近场源效应,同时保留了微弱的有效信号,保证了处理结果的正确性.最后针对方差比方法无法识别的方波噪声,提出了一种简单的平移方法,成功去除了持续时间大于窗口长度的方波噪声;将该方法与远参考技术结合,可以有效抑制近场源噪声干扰,获得光滑连续并且可信的测深资料.     

利用地磁台站数据和站间传递函数估算长周期大地电磁测深的本地阻抗

大地电磁测深的有效信号为天然电磁场,容易受到人文电磁噪声干扰,如何提高大地电磁资料的信噪比,已经成为制约大地电磁应用和发展的一个重要因素.本文利用地磁台站数据,首先将地磁台站数据转化为长周期大地电磁测深所采集的磁场数据格式,利用远参考方法估算长周期大地电磁测点与地磁台站之间的站间传递函数,包括长周期大地电磁测点电场与地磁台站水平磁场之间的拟阻抗,以及长周期大地电磁测点水平磁场与地磁台站水平磁场之间的水平磁场传递函数,将拟阻抗与水平磁场传递函数相乘便可以得到长周期大地电磁测点本地阻抗的无偏估计.实测数据处理结果表明,该方法可以提高本地阻抗估算的数据质量,减小阻抗估算误差.     

矿区近场源噪声对大地电磁测深数据的影响及其压制方法

大地电磁测深采集的是天然电磁场,具有振幅微弱、频带宽的特点.在人文活动密集地区,电磁噪声干扰日趋严重,导致大地电磁测深曲线具有明显的近场源效应.本文利用电偶极子理论模型分析了电磁相关噪声对大地电磁测深数据的影响特征,并对湖南衡阳某矿区噪声实验数据进行了讨论,分析了矿区噪声的特点.分别利用远参考方法和基于大地电磁时间序列依赖关系的去噪方法对实验数据进行了处理.研究结果表明:矿区近场源噪声的频率一般大于0.1 Hz,远参考方法可以压制高频部分近场源噪声,但在0.1 Hz附近仍存在跳点;基于大地电磁时间序列依赖关系的去噪方法也可以压制矿区强相关噪声,抑制近场源效应,其效果要好于远参考的处理;两种方法结合可以更好的压制强噪声,基本消除了近场源效应,有效提高了大地电磁测深数据的信噪比.     

利用K-SVD字典学习算法压制海洋大地电磁噪声

海洋大地电磁数据处理的结果会影响数据反演和解释的准确性.在浅水中,由海浪引起的强电磁干扰和大地电磁场叠加在一起,使得噪声所在频段内的视电阻率和相位曲线出现畸变.针对这种强干扰,本文将K-SVD字典学习算法应用于海洋大地电磁信号处理中,通过稀疏表示海浪感应磁噪声实现大地电磁磁场信号的重构,并结合视电阻率信息进行相位校正....     

基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制

为了避免形态滤波方法在大地电磁强干扰分离中的"过处理"、进一步保留大地电磁低频段的有用信息,提出基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制方法.首先,从信号处理的角度剖析矿集区典型强干扰与天然大地电磁微弱信号之间的定量辨识关系,利用形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵对大地电磁信号与强干扰进行信噪辨识.然后,结合形态滤波技术和阈值法,仅对辨识出明显不是天然大地电磁信号的异常波形进行噪声压制.最后,重构大地电磁有用信号,并对算法进行性能评价.仿真结果表明,形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵能较好地定量辨识大地电磁信号与强干扰,大地电磁信号中一些缓变化的低频信息得到了更为精细的保留;与形态滤波整体处理相比,本文所提方法获得的卡尼亚电阻率曲线更为光滑、连续,视电阻率值相对稳定,其结果更为真实地反映了测点本身所固有的大地电磁深部构造信息.     

基于自适应多分辨率奇异值分解的大地电磁数据处理

针对强电磁干扰极易掩盖微弱的大地电磁有用信号,本文结合奇异值分解在去噪方面的优越性,提出基于自适应多分辨率奇异值分解(Adaptive Multi-Resolution Singular Value Decomposition, AMRSVD)的大地电磁数据处理方法.首先对大地电磁数据构建Hankel矩阵,利用MRSVD得到不同分辨率的近似信号和细节信号;然后选用近似信号和细节信号的标准差差值,对大地电磁数据进行信噪辨识;接着结合MRSVD和相邻细节信号的标准差差值,提出先验信息未知情况下的AMRSVD法;最后对辨识出的强干扰运用AMRSVD去除噪声,重构有用信号.实验结果表明,该方法的处理效率高,能有效分离出相关性较强的噪声,时间序列和视电阻率-相位曲线均得到有效改善.     

基于递归分析和聚类的大地电磁信噪辨识及分离

为了剖析大地电磁信号和强干扰的本质特征,进一步精细分离出微弱的大地电磁有用信号,提出基于递归分析和聚类的大地电磁信噪辨识及分离方法.首先,运用递归分析法扩展大地电磁一维时间序列的维数,分析了嵌入维数、延迟时间和判别阈值对递归图的性能,并研究了不同长度的序列对递归定量分析参数的影响情况,然后,构建典型的大地电磁强干扰类型和微弱的大地电磁有用信号样本库,针对样本库讨论了强干扰和微弱大地电磁信号之间的递归定量分析参数,分析了K均值聚类和模糊C均值聚类的信噪辨识效果.最后,对实测大地电磁数据进行信噪辨识处理,并仅对辨识为强干扰的时间段采用数学形态滤波进行噪声压制.实验结果表明,递归分析能定性及定量地描述大地电磁信号时间序列的非线性特征和原动力系统的本质规律,与聚类算法相结合能对矿集区实测大地电磁信号进行信噪辨识;处理后的卡尼亚电阻率-相位曲线更为光滑、连续,其结果更为精细地保留了大地电磁信号低频段的缓变化信息,整个低频段的大地电磁数据质量得到了明显改善.     

希尔伯特-黄变换在海底大地电磁测深数据处理中的应用

海水运动产生的电磁场,是海底大地电磁探测数据中的主要噪声之一,影响了数据处理与解释的精度.为提高海底MT探测的应用效果,本文在海底MT信号处理中引入HHT时频分析方法.结合海底MT噪声的特点与海底MT信号的特性,对南海实测数据进行分析,通过对比去噪前后信号的Hilbert时-频谱和边际谱,表明利用经验模态分解及其多尺度滤波特性,能够有效压制海水运动产生的电磁噪声.经HHT去噪后的测深曲线在一定程度上有所改善,仍存在"飞点"现象;再结合Robust估计,明显改善海底大地电磁探测数据质量,得到满意的观测结果.     

基于m伪随机序列的电磁法抗噪能力分析

电磁法在金属矿、油气资源等矿产的勘探中发挥重要作用,同时电磁干扰也越来越强,在强干扰区利用传统的抗噪方法很难再获取高信噪比信号.鉴于伪随机序列的抗噪能力,近年来国内正在掀起伪随机编码仪研制的高潮.伪随机序列的抗干扰能力与从伪随机响应中提取方法息息相关,本文介绍了两种最常用的提取大地脉冲信号的方法:第一种通过将时间域信号转到频率域,对电流归一化处理后,再转回时间域求取大地脉冲响应;第二种直接在时间域解Wiener-Hopf方程求取.研究表明,在无干扰情况下两种提取方法都可获得高精度大地脉冲信号.随后在具有噪声干扰的情况下,对两种方法提取结果的精度进行了对比分析,表明方法2的抗噪声能力明显优于方法1的,对造成这种状况的原因进行了解析.最后研究了提高伪随机序列抗噪能力的方法,主要包括提高伪随机序列阶数、针对不同噪音使用不同的编码方式、改变循环次数的方法等,以达到抑制噪声的目的.     

时频电磁法勘探数据时域去噪方法研究（英文）

时频电磁法勘探系统兼有频率测深与瞬变电磁测深系统双重特点,可同时在频率域和时间域求取视电阻率,从而获得更加准确可信的地电信息。实测时频电磁勘探数据中的主要噪声有50 Hz工频及其谐波干扰噪声、高频随机脉冲噪声以及低频干扰噪声三种类型,本文针对这些噪声类型以及时频电磁法的方波信号特点,提出分段拓展中值滤波方法和拟合固定极值点EMD方法分别去除高频随机脉冲噪声和低频干扰噪声,提出基于方差和偏度系数的中值滤波窗口大小试验选取方法,采用频域带阻滤波方法去除50 Hz工频及其谐波干扰噪声。并设计了一个相应的去噪流程,以充分发挥各自的去噪方法的优势。经理论分析以及实际观测数据的应用实验验证,本文提出的去噪方法和设计的去噪处理流程合理有效,准确保留了时域信号波形的相位和幅值信息,得到令人满意的高质量时域信号波形,为准确地提取时域瞬变电磁衰减信号打下良好的基础。     

Processing And Interpretation Of Electromagnetic Induction Array Data

The simultaneous nature of array data can be exploitedin electromagnetic induction studiesfor three general purposes.First, one or more reference sites can be usedto reduce bias, improve signal-to-noise ratios, and provide bettercontrol over source complications and coherent noisein estimates of MT impedances and otherEM transfer functions (TFs).Although a single good reference site can dramatically improveTF estimates, improvements due to multiple sites are often rather modest, because local noise is the limiting factor.Secondly, arrays allow for estimation of inter-station transfer functions, and maps of anomalous horizontal field variations. Relatively straightforward modifications to inversion codes wouldallow quantitative interpretation of these additionalconstraints on resistivity variations.Finally, with arrays it is possible to estimate the response of theEarth to a richer spectrum of external source excitations. In particular,the natural extension to the usual uniform source assumption implicit inthe MT method allows for three curl-free magnetic gradient sources.Quantitative interpretation of the response of a three-dimensionalEarth to these sources could provide additionalconstraints on large scale variations in crustal and uppermantle resistivity, and might help to overcome problemsdue to aliasing of near surface distortion in widely spaced MT data.     

Processing of magnetotelluric data

The processing of magnetotelluric data involves concepts from electromagnetic theory, time series analysis and linear systems theory for reducing natural electric and magnetic field variations recorded at the earth's surface to forms suitable for studying the electrical properties of the earth's interior.The electromagnetic field relations lead to either a scalar transfer impedance which couples an electric component to an orthogonal magnetic component at the surface of a plane-layered earth, or a tensor transfer impedance which couples each electric component to both magnetic components in the vicinity of a lateral inhomogeneity.A number of time series spectral analysis methods can be used for estimating the complex spectral coefficients of the various field quantities. These in turn are used for estimating the nature of the transfer function or tensor impedance. For two dimensional situations, the tensor impedance can be rotated to determine the principal directions of the electrical structure.In general for real data, estimates of the apparent resistivity are more stable when calculated from the tensor elements rather than from simple orthogonal field ratios (Cagniard estimates), even when the fields are measured in the principal coordinates.     

层状介质中三维大地电磁模拟

本文发展了积分方程法用于层状介质中三维不均匀体的大地电磁模拟算法（简称MT）.分为二个步骤:第一步,异常体用等效的散射电流代替,通过层状介质中的格林函数,建立以散射电流为未知参数的积分方程;第二步,把求得的散射电流乘上相应的格林函数,即得地面上的二次电磁场,由此而计算出各种MT响应. 文中采用了数值滤波与插值、群变换以及格林矩阵带状化三个方面的数值处理方法,提高了计算效率.通过与已发表的三维MT计算结果对比及格林函数互易性检验,表明了该算法的正确性.在此基础上,进行了数值模拟,初步讨论了三维MT曲线的畸变特点.     

Grounded-source TEM modelling of some deep-seated 3D resistivity structures

Long-offset transient electromagnetics (LOTEM) is now regarded as a suitable electrical method for deep exploration along with magnetotellurics (MT). In this method, the vertical magnetic-field impulse response and, occasionally, the horizontal electric-field step response of a grounded-wire source on the surface of the earth are measured. Here, these two responses are computed for 3D models of three deep resistivity structures of interest in hydrocarbon exploration: (i) a faulted graben in a resistive basement rock at a depth of 4 km beneath a conductive overburden; (ii) a facies change in a resistive layer buried at a depth of 2 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement; and (iii) an anticlinal uplift of a resistive layer at a depth of 1 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement. The results show that the sensitivity of the electric-field response to model perturbation is generally greater than that of the magnetic-voltage response. Further, the electric-field sensitivity is confined to early and intermediate times while that of the magnetic-voltage response is confined to intermediate and late times. Hence it is recommended that both electric and magnetic recordings are made in a LOTEM survey so that the final results can be presented as apparent-resistivity curves derived from the two responses jointly as well as separately.     

A data variance technique for automated despiking of magnetotelluric data with a remote reference

The magnetotelluric method employs co‐located surface measurements of electric and magnetic fields to infer the local electrical structure of the earth. The frequency dependent ‘apparent resistivity’ curves can be inaccurate at long periods if input data are contaminated – even when robust remote reference techniques are employed. Data despiking prior to processing can result in significantly more reliable estimates of long period apparent resistivities. This paper outlines a two‐step method of automatic identification and replacement for spike‐like contamination of magnetotelluric data; based on the simultaneity of natural electric and magnetic field variations at distant sites. This simultaneity is exploited both to identify windows in time when the array data are compromised as well as to generate synthetic data that replace observed transient noise spikes. In the first step windows in data time series that contain spikes are identified according to an intersite comparison of channel ‘activity’– such as the variance of differenced data within each window. In the second step, plausible data for replacement of flagged windows are calculated by Wiener filtering coincident data in clean channels. The Wiener filters – which express the time‐domain relationship between various array channels – are computed using an uncontaminated segment of array training data. Examples are shown where the algorithm is applied to artificially contaminated data and to real field data. In both cases all spikes are successfully identified. In the case of implanted artificial noise, the synthetic replacement time series are very similar to the original recording. In all cases, apparent resistivity and phase curves obtained by processing the despiked data are much improved over curves obtained from raw data.     

由实测资料看天然电磁场的平面波特性

在大地电磁测深资料处理中发现 ,同时观测的多个测点的磁道信号在一定距离范围内互换 ,电磁测深曲线形态变化微小。通过实际资料处理结果研究了天然电磁场平面波的某些量化特性 ,其结果显示 ,在一定范围内的天然磁场信号满足平面波的特性。该研究结果为大地电磁测深勘探中合理布设磁场探测器 ,提供了实际依据     

Results of monitoring the geomagnetic variations at the Magadan and Paratunka observatories

We analyze the magnetic tensor and tipper data in the interval of periods from a few minutes to a few hours for the geomagnetic time series of 2007–2008. The frequency responses, the polar diagrams, and the real and imaginary induction arrows which reflect the effects of geoelectric heterogeneities are calculated. The monitoring of the tipper and tensor data series revealed the annual variations in these parameters, which are caused by the changes in the electric conductivity of the lithosphere. The anomalous variations identified in the behavior of the magnetic tipper and tensor are probably due to earthquakes with M ≥ 6.3.     

正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律

正交水平磁偶源是模拟天然场源的较好人工源,可以方便地实现可控源高频大地电磁张量测量.正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律是野外工作布置的理论基础,为此计算了均匀大地模型正交水平磁偶源的电磁场.计算结果表明:电磁场水平分量在各个象限都有一相对低值带,对应的标量视电阻率形成了畸变带,但张量视电阻率畸变带消失;张量视电阻率曲线形态显示出近区的低阻、过渡区的高阻隆起和远区趋于真值的规律.通过野外试验验证理论计算结果,在无法准确确定地下介质电阻率参数的情况下,以天然电磁场计算的电阻率为参照对比研究了正交水平磁偶源电磁场的分布规律.试验结果表明:正交水平磁偶源与电偶源的电磁场同样的存在近区、过渡区和远区;在远区,正交水平磁偶源与测点的相对位置对张量测量结果几乎没有影响,即在远区可以在任何方位测量;正交水平磁偶源的布置要考虑收发距的影响,保证测量在远区进行.     

基于非结构化风格的三维大地电磁矢量有限无模拟

Three-dimensional forward modeling magnetotellurics （MT） problems. We present a is a challenge for geometrically complex new edge-based finite-element algorithm using an unstructured mesh for accurately and efficiently simulating 3D MT responses. The electric field curl-curl equation in the frequency domain was used to deduce the H （curl） variation weak form of the MT forward problem, the Galerkin rule was used to derive a linear finite-element equation on the linear-edge tetrahedroid space, and, finally, a BI-CGSTAB solver was used to estimate the unknown electric fields. A local mesh refinement technique in the neighbor of the measuring MT stations was used to greatly improve the accuracies of the numerical solutions. Four synthetic models validated the powerful performance of our algorithms. We believe that our method will effectively contribute to processing more complex MT studies.