高铁震源地震信号的稀疏化建模

我国每天有数千趟高铁列车运行在两万多公里的高铁线路上,不但会引起高铁路基的振动,还会激发出地震波.地震检波器所接收到的数据中不仅包含窄带分立谱特性的高铁震源地震信号,还包含宽频带特性的背景信号.如何实现从检波器所接收到的高铁震源地震数据中分离出高铁震源地震信号和宽频带背景信号是准确利用该类信号的关键.考虑到高铁震源地震信号与宽频带信号在频率域明显的形态特征差异,本文首次将形态成分分析这种信号分离手段引入到高铁震源地震信号处理中,实现高铁震源地震信号的稀疏化建模并进而实现从接收数据中分离出高铁震源地震信号以及宽频带背景信号.对北京大学在中国南方某高铁沿线采集到的大量高铁震源地震数据进行处理,结果表明:采用形态成分分析并结合分块坐标松弛算法,能够实现实际采集高铁震源地震数据中的高铁震源地震信号和宽频带信号的分离.     

应用地震干涉法定位四川九寨沟7.0级地震震源位置

利用地震干涉法对2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0主震及部分余震进行定位.地震干涉法在可控源地震勘探领域有着广泛应用,但由于震源机制和震源辐射花样的复杂性,在天然地震研究中,地震干涉震源成像应用较少.本研究将地震干涉震源成像技术应用到了天然地震定位中,通过计算原始地震波形记录的特征函数,消除了由于震源辐射花样不同而引起的初动方向不一致性.通过对干涉波形进行偏移叠加,选择互相关型和卷积型两种偏移核函数,分别对震源水平位置和深度进行偏移成像,确定了九寨沟M7.0主震及11次M > 3.5余震的震源位置参数.结果显示,这次地震发生在一个之前未被关注的无名断裂（现已命名为树正断裂）上,研究分析推测,树正断裂与虎牙断裂存在连接的可能性.     

基于接收阵列的时域地震波束形成方法

地震勘探中,针对目的层地震数据信噪比较低情况,为改善信噪比,本文提出一种基于接收阵列的时域地震波束形成方法(TSBBRA).该方法的理论依据是波束形成原理,文中通过对相控震源激发定向地震波场的分析,提出在反射地震勘探中,在信号接收端同样能生成定向地震波的思路.具体地,论文给出在地震数据集上先对单炮记录分组,再对组内记录时域内延时、叠加,生成对应定向地震波场的地震记录的方法.TSBBRA方法适于杂波干扰强,且杂波与目的层反射波方向不一致的地震条件.本文先通过波场模拟,展示了TSBBRA方法具有形成定向地震波场的能力;而后通过对比相控震源与TSBBBRA时间剖面,说明了TSBBRA方法的有效性;最后在吉林某油页岩矿区,用TSBBRA方法,分别针对浅层目标与深层目标,生成定向地震波数据.与原始数据相比,目标层信噪比提高了3~35 dB,在时间剖面上观测到的深部目标信号从200 ms扩展到1000 ms,TSBBRA剖面资料与测区附近区域的地质与地震资料一致.由此得出结论,TSBBRA方法有助于改善目的层地震资料信噪比,当关注深部目的层时,由于TSBBRA方法能有效压制噪声,因此可用于能够实现更大的勘探深度.实验中,我们给出了浅层勘探结果,由于本方法对震源及观测系统没有限制,实际应用中TSBBRA方法可作为深部资源勘探领域提高深部地震资料信噪比的有效方法.     

地震干涉偏移在随钻地震资料处理中的应用

地震干涉偏移是新发展起来的地震成像方法,它是在地震干涉理论基础上进行的成像处理.地震干涉偏移不需要速度模型,算法快捷,能够解决某些特殊条件下的地震成像问题,具有消除震源子波影响和提高分辨率的优点.本文结合实际工区F158随钻地震资料,通过反褶积干涉处理,得到高分辨率高信噪比的记录,然后进行了干涉偏移成像.通过与实际地震...     

高铁震源地震信号的挤压时频分析应用

我国每天有数千趟高铁列车驰骋在纵横交错的高铁线路上,构成了十分理想的均布震源,但寻找适合高铁震源地震信号的处理方法是充分挖掘信息的关键.传统的频谱分析结果表明高铁震源所产生的地震信号具有明显的窄带分立谱特征,但无法精确获得高铁震源地震信号的时频变化规律.本文首次将挤压时频分析这种分析工具引入到高铁震源地震信号处理中,对中国南方某高铁沿线采集到的高铁震源地震数据进行了分析.处理结果表明:利用挤压时频分析能够更加精确地刻画频率成分随时间的变化,能够利用单检波器精确刻画高铁列车的运行状态(匀速、加速等);同时利用挤压时频变换还可高精度地重构出所需频带的信号,为提取高铁震源地震信号的特征成分提供了一种有力工具.     

多震源地震数据偏移成像方法

多震源地震技术是一种高效的地震数据采集方法技术,得到的地震记录是来自多个震源的混合地震数据.本文在多震源波场传播理论和地震波场满足线性叠加原理的基础上,提出了两种多震源地震数据的偏移成像方法.第一种方法是首先对多震源地震数据进行分离,得到各个单震源的地震数据,然后再利用常规的偏移成像方法进行处理;第二种方法是多震源地震数据的直接偏移成像.把本文提出的多震源偏移成像方法应用于数值模拟的多震源地震数据,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性,直接偏移成像方法较分离后再偏移方法具有更高的计算效率.     

根据大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取应力量值的研究

为求解震源处应力量值,运用大地震造成的应力方向偏转和地震应力降给出了求取震源处应力大小的方法.地震前后的应力方向可根据大量前震和余震震源机制统计给出;地震应力降可通过地震波或地壳形变资料的震源破裂反演研究得到.该研究对地震动力学具有一定的意义.      

广义地震数据合成及其偏移成像

根据地震波场的线性叠加原理,提出了对地震共炮道集及其震源进行线性叠加的一般方案——广义地震数据合成的方法.利用这个方法,可以根据不同的地质情况和要求得到各种不同的人工合成地震数据道集和震源,如平面波数据道集和震源、局部平面波（束）数据道集和震源以及面向目标的人工合成地震数据道集和震源.对于人工合成地震数据道集的偏移成像可应用单平方根方程实现.不同的合成地震数据道集具有不同偏移成像特性：平面波数据道集具有很高的计算效率,局部平面波数据道集具有很好的方向性,面向目标的合成地震数据道集具有很好的面向目标特性.     

基于高铁震源简化桥墩模型激发地震波的数值模拟

高铁列车运行过程中绝大部分时间都是行驶在高架桥上的,高铁列车经过桥梁时,通过与大地耦合的桥墩激发地震波发震过程和平地不完全一样.本文探索高铁列车行驶经过高架桥桥墩,通过桥墩对地下介质激发地震波的机理及过程.为了便于理论分析,文中将高铁列车简化为在高架桥上沿一个方向运动的移动线源,通过每节车厢前后组轮对,对每一个桥墩施加力的作用,而桥墩插入地面几十米深至围岩,与表层土壤和深层围岩双重耦合,由此给出高铁列车通过桥墩激发地震波的震源时间函数.同时,基于广义连续介质力学框架下的修正偶应力理论,推导包含介质特征尺度的弹性波动方程,并应用此弹性波动方程以及构建的高铁震源时间函数,采用优化的交错网格有限差分算法,实现数值模拟,将合成的地震记录与实际地震记录对比分析,其结论将为进一步的基于高铁震源的成像和反演研究提供理论依据.     

基于干涉成像的微震定位方法

提出了一种基于光学干涉原理,用地震波代替光波进行地震成像的一种新的成像方法:地震干涉成像方法。用这种方法进行微震定位的特点是不需要进行初至拾取,观测系统也可以使用任意阵列检波器。模拟了一个地下震源的二维时间延迟记录,编制了基于C语言的震源定位程序,对接收的记录使用此方法进行成像。通过程序运行结果验证了此方法的可行性,且定位效果明显。     

Retrieving virtual reflection responses at drill‐bit positions using seismic interferometry with drill‐bit noise

In the field of seismic interferometry, researchers have retrieved surface waves and body waves by cross‐correlating recordings of uncorrelated noise sources to extract useful subsurface information. The retrieved wavefields in most applications are between receivers. When the positions of the noise sources are known, inter‐source interferometry can be applied to retrieve the wavefields between sources, thus turning sources into virtual receivers. Previous applications of this form of interferometry assume impulsive point sources or transient sources with similar signatures. We investigate the requirements of applying inter‐source seismic interferometry using non‐transient noise sources with known positions to retrieve reflection responses at those positions and show the results using synthetic drilling noise as source. We show that, if pilot signals (estimates of the drill‐bit signals) are not available, it is required that the drill‐bit signals are the same and that the phases of the virtual reflections at drill‐bit positions can be retrieved by deconvolution interferometry or by cross‐coherence interferometry. Further, for this case, classic interferometry by cross‐correlation can be used if the source power spectrum can be estimated. If pilot signals are available, virtual reflection responses can be obtained by first using standard seismic‐while‐drilling processing techniques such as pilot cross‐correlation and pilot deconvolution to remove the drill‐bit signatures in the data and then applying cross‐correlation interferometry. Therefore, provided that pilot signals are reliable, drill‐bit data can be redatumed from surface to borehole depths using this inter‐source interferometry approach without any velocity information of the medium, and we show that a well‐positioned image below the borehole can be obtained using interferometrically redatumed reflection responses with just a simple velocity model. We discuss some of the practical hurdles that restrict the application of the proposed method offshore.     

移动线源的Green函数求解及辐射能量分析:高铁地震信号简化建模

在基于人工主动源的勘探地震学中,往往采用固定位置和激发时间的点源数学模型来描述爆炸型震源或可控震源,因此就有了描述单点力源作用下的弹性全空间或半空间中弹性波传播的Green函数,成为了勘探地震学的重要理论基础.而如今,行进中的高速列车(高铁)是一种全新的主动源,其接近匀速的运行速度、确定的长度和荷载使其可以被重复利用.本文将行进中的高铁在数学上简化建模为一个移动线源来进行研究,给出了这一震源作用下的弹性半空间和全空间中Green函数的计算方法,并分别讨论了全空间中远场Green函数的频谱特征和空间辐射能量的方向性特点,以及半空间中Green函数与近场观测数据的对比结果,为高铁震源下的地震波传播规律和振动信号的研究与利用提供帮助.     

高铁地震信号直达波波形反演建模

高铁地震信号由高速行驶的高铁列车与铁轨挤压形变后产生,具有频带宽、低频强、重复性好等优点.如何利用高铁地震信号进行地下介质重构,尚处于前期探索阶段.全波形反演建模技术是目前地球物理领域建模精度较高的方法之一,但其需要低频数据才能保证结果的稳定收敛,因此利用全波形反演对高铁地震信号进行近地表建模及属性变化监测和灾害预警具有独特优势.本文通过对高铁地震信号的分析,研究了高铁地震的理论震源信号和基于桥墩的离散震源信号,并通过模型测试实现了利用高铁地震信号的全波形反演建模及属性变化监测.     

The Theory of Coda Wave Interferometry

Coda waves are sensitive to changes in the subsurface because the strong scattering that generates these waves causes them to repeatedly sample a limited region of space. Coda wave interferometry is a technique that exploits this sensitivity to estimate slight changes in the medium from a comparison of the coda waves before and after the perturbation. For spatially localized changes in the velocity, or for changes in the source location, the travel-time perturbation may be different for different scattering paths. The coda waves that arrive within a certain time window are therefore subject to a distribution of travel-time perturbations. Here I present the general theory of coda wave interferometry, and show how the time-shifted correlation coefficient can be used to estimate the mean and variance of the distribution of travel-time perturbations. I show how this general theory can be used to estimate changes in the wave velocity, in the location of scatterer positions, and in the source location.     

Suppression of seismic surface waves based on adaptive weighted super-virtual interferometry

For land seismic surveys, the surface waves are the dominant noises that mask the effective signals on seismograms. The conventional methods isolate surface waves from the effective signals by the differences in frequencies or apparent velocities, but may not perform well when these differences are not obvious. Since the original seismic interferometry can only predict inter-receiver surface waves, we propose the use of super-virtual interferometry (SVI), which is a totally data-driven method, to predict shot-to-receiver surface waves, since this method relieves the limitation that a real shot should collocate with one of the receivers for adaptive subtraction. We further develop the adaptive weighted SVI (AWSVI) to improve the prediction of dispersive surface waves, which may be generated from heterogeneous media at the near surface. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of AWSVI to predict dispersive surface waves and its applicability to the complex near surface. The application of AWSVI on the field data from a land survey in the east of China improves the suppression of the residual surface waves compared to the conventional methods.     

基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法及其在广角OBS折射波增强中的应用

广角地震的远偏移距折射初至含有地下深层的信息,提高远偏移距折射波信噪比能够有效提高初至拾取精度,对于深部结构的层析速度建模十分有利.超虚折射干涉法基于干涉原理对远道折射波进行增强,它在炮点和检波点都非常密集的情况下效果较好.然而,在应用于台站间距较大且环境噪声较强的广角海底地震仪(OBS)观测时,该方法对折射波的增强能力不足,而且容易产生虚假波形,造成增强后的折射波信噪比仍然较低.针对这种情况,本文提出基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法,通过叠加相邻虚拟道来提高远道与近道互相关的准确度,以达到稳定增强远道折射波信噪比的目的.理论实验和实际资料测试均显示,基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法在台站间距较大和信噪比较低的情况下能够准确构建虚拟道,且增强后的波形同相轴连续程度和信噪比均较高,有利于拾取高精度的折射初至到时.本文方法也可用于增强陆上炮间距较大的广角地震数据折射波.     

Scattered ground‐roll attenuation using model‐driven interferometry

Scattered ground roll is a type of noise observed in land seismic data that can be particularly difficult to suppress. Typically, this type of noise cannot be removed using conventional velocity‐based filters. In this paper, we discuss a model‐driven form of seismic interferometry that allows suppression of scattered ground‐roll noise in land seismic data. The conventional cross‐correlate and stack interferometry approach results in scattered noise estimates between two receiver locations (i.e. as if one of the receivers had been replaced by a source). For noise suppression, this requires that each source we wish to attenuate the noise from is co‐located with a receiver. The model‐driven form differs, as the use of a simple model in place of one of the inputs for interferometry allows the scattered noise estimate to be made between a source and a receiver. This allows the method to be more flexible, as co‐location of sources and receivers is not required, and the method can be applied to data sets with a variety of different acquisition geometries. A simple plane‐wave model is used, allowing the method to remain relatively data driven, with weighting factors for the plane waves determined using a least‐squares solution. Using a number of both synthetic and real two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) land seismic data sets, we show that this model‐driven approach provides effective results, allowing suppression of scattered ground‐roll noise without having an adverse effect on the underlying signal.     

Retrieval of local surface wave velocities from traffic noise – an example from the La Barge basin (Wyoming)

In regions where active source seismic exploration is constrained by limitations of energy penetration and recovery, cost and logistical concerns, or regulatory restrictions, analysis of natural source seismic data may provide an alternative. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using locally‐generated seismic noise in the 2–6 Hz band to obtain a subsurface model via interferometric analysis. We apply this technique to three‐component data recorded during the La Barge Passive Seismic Experiment, a local deployment in south‐western Wyoming that recorded continuous seismic data between November 2008 and June 2009. We find traffic noise from a nearby state road to be the dominant source of surface waves recorded on the array and observe surface wave arrivals associated with this source up to distances of 5 kms. The orientation of the road with respect to the deployment ensures a large number of stationary points, leading to clear observations on both in‐line and cross‐line virtual source‐receiver pairs. This results in a large number of usable interferograms, which in turn enables the application of standard active source processing methods like signal processing, common offset stacking and traveltime inversion. We investigate the dependency of the interferograms on the amount of data, on a range of processing parameters and on the choice of the interferometry algorithm. The obtained interferograms exhibit a high signal‐to‐noise ratio on all three components. Rotation of the horizontal components to the radial/transverse direction facilitates the separation of Rayleigh and Love waves. Though the narrow frequency spectrum of the surface waves prevents the inversion for depth‐dependent shear‐wave velocities, we are able to map the arrival times of the surface waves to laterally varying group and phase velocities for both Rayleigh and Love waves. Our results correlate well with the known geological structure. We outline a scheme for obtaining localized surface wave velocities from local noise sources and show how the processing of passive data benefits from a combination with well‐established exploration seismology methods. We highlight the differences with interferometry applied to crustal scale data and conclude with recommendations for similar deployments.     

Locating near-surface scatterers using non-physical scattered waves resulting from seismic interferometry

We use controlled-source seismic interferometry (SI) and inversion in a unique way to estimate the location of near-surface scatterers and a corner diffractor by using non-physical (ghost) scattered surface and body waves. The ghosts are arrivals obtained by SI due to insufficient destructive interference in the summation process of correlated responses from a boundary of enclosing sources. Only one source at the surface is sufficient to obtain the ghost scattered wavefield. We obtain ghost scattered waves for several virtual-source locations. To determine the location of the scatterer, we invert the obtained ghost traveltimes by solving the inverse problem. We demonstrate the method using scattered surface waves. We perform finite-difference numerical simulations of a near-surface scatterer starting with a very simple model and increase the complexity by including lateral inhomogeneity. Especially for the model with lateral variations, we show the effectiveness of the method and demonstrate the estimation of the subsurface location of a corner diffractor using S-waves. In all models we obtain very good estimations of the location of the scatterer.