早二叠世塔里木陆块的经度：来自大火成岩省的制约

经度的确定是板块重建的难点. 塔里木盆地下二叠统大规模溢流玄武岩已被确定为大火成岩省, 提供了一次根据大火成岩省来定量确定塔里木陆块早二叠世经度的机遇. 核幔边界约2800 km深处地震波低速带与全球300 Ma以来喷发的大火成岩省之间的关系已得到建立: 恢复喷发位置后, 大火成岩省全部分布在核幔边界低速带的边缘之上, 其中大部分在非洲LLSVP和太平洋LLSVP边缘, 个别在规模较小的LSVPs边缘. 在使用塔里木陆块早二叠世古地磁数据来限定其纬度的基础上, 本文利用上述理论方法, 并联系前人的地质结论, 发现塔里木大火成岩省约290 Ma喷发时的位置最可能为20°N, 60°E. 本文提出, 塔里木大火成岩省与西伯利亚大火成岩省相似, 其喷发时并不在两大LLSVPs的边缘带上, 而最可能与非洲LLSVP东侧附近一个单独的、范围较小的LSVP(20°N, 60°E)相关联, 暗示重建之前的假设"塔里木大火成岩省源自核幔边界"是合理的. 如果塔里木、峨眉山和西伯利亚大火成岩省都源自核幔边界, 上述(20°N, 60°E)位置的获得说明三者都不是同一幔源.     

利用地震光照成像法研究青藏高原东南缘岩石圈间断面结构及其动力学意义

为了进一步认识青藏高原东南缘的构造演化等动力学问题以及该区域的深部孕震机理,本文使用位于该区域内的中国地震科学台阵探测项目的台站所记录到的远震P波波形数据,采用地震光照成像法获取了岩石圈间断面的结构,并讨论了该方法的准确性和稳定性。研究结果显示,青藏高原东南缘的岩石圈西薄东厚,其中:滇缅泰地块腾冲火山附近最薄,约为60 km,其较薄的岩石圈可能是软流圈地幔物质上涌造成的;扬子地块岩石圈厚度从四川盆地向南逐渐减薄,特别是四川盆地下方最厚,可达190 km左右;滇缅泰地块腾冲火山下方150 km深度左右探测到明显的间断面,该间断面可能是腾冲火山原始岩浆源的位置即岩浆源。本研究所得结果 “印支地块与滇缅泰地块结构的连续性” 进一步为印度板块的推挤作用造成腾冲火山低速物质向东溢出的结论提供了地震学证据。此外,研究区域最北端的剖面显示,峨眉山大火成岩省的内带在50—250 km深度范围及其上方地壳内存在明显的局部高速异常,其不均匀分布特征可能与二叠纪火山喷发过程中岩浆底侵及中新生代以来多期次构造活动有关。      

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是继峨眉山大火成岩省之后在中国境内确认的又一个大火成岩省,是当前研究的热点和前沿问题.论文系统总结了塔里木大火成岩省近20年研究取得的成果,指出了下一步重点研究领域.塔里木大火成岩省火山岩的残余分布面积大于25万平方公里,最大残余厚度达780 m,大规模玄武岩的喷出发生在290～288 Ma期间,属于快速喷发的大火成岩省岩浆事件.塔里木大火成岩省中最为发育的玄武岩和辉绿岩岩墙的微量元素特征与OIB的特征相似,且以高钛型为主体;但在同位素特征上明显的可以分为两类,柯坪地区玄武岩具有负的εNd值,重稀土值相对较高,来自富集型地幔;塔北玄武岩和辉绿岩具有正的εNd值和相对低的重稀土值,来自亏损型地幔.早二叠世大规模地壳抬升、苦橄岩与大规模岩墙群发育和瓦基里塔格大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床都支持塔里木大火成岩省与地幔柱活动有关.塔里木大火成岩省与中亚地区广泛发育的二叠纪基性和超基性岩浆作用存在着时空联系,它们是代表了一次具有重要地球动力学意义的构造岩浆事件.论文指出了塔里木大火成岩省的深部地质过程、成矿作用、与地幔柱关系、与盆地环境变化和生命演化的关系及其大火成岩省的地球动力学意义等方面研究将是下一阶段的重点研究领域.     

磁化强度矢量反演新方法及其在卡拉塔格铜多金属矿床找矿中的应用

磁异常的反演是地球物理勘探的重要手段,三维磁化率反演是磁异常定量解释中的一种重要方法.由于剩磁的存在使得磁化方向与地磁场方向产生偏差,从而影响了磁异常反演与解释的精度.本文基于磁异常模量反演和磁化强度矢量反演方法得到了一种新的磁化强度矢量反演方法.与以往的磁化强度矢量反演方法相比,该方法以磁异常模量反演得到的磁化率模型为约束,采用Lp范数正则化方法求解,提高了磁化强度矢量反演的精度和效率.本文通过模拟试验的反演计算,验证了这种磁化强度矢量反演方法的有效性.最后,将本文方法应用于新疆东天山卡拉塔格地区航磁数据的解释,获得了地下空间不同磁性差异的磁性体的空间分布特征,为进一步分析研究区隐伏矿床提供了重要信息.     

峨眉山大火成岩省地壳速度结构与古地幔柱活动遗迹:来自丽江-清镇宽角地震资料的约束

峨眉山大火成岩省是中国境内唯一被国际学术界认可的大火成岩省,普遍认为其形成与古地幔柱有关.以往对峨眉山古老地幔柱事件的识别,主要依靠地质地球化学等资料,缺少深部地球物理探测结果的约束和支持.为此,我们利用"丽江-攀枝花-清镇"剖面的人工源宽角地震数据重建该地区地壳速度结构,以便更好地理解峨眉山大火成岩省的深部结构与属性特征.前人根据茅口灰岩的剥蚀程度,将峨眉山大火成岩省从分布空间上划分为内、中、外三个带.跨越内、中、外带剖面地震探测结果显示:(1)沿剖面结晶基底的平均深度在2 km左右.(2)中地壳平均速度结构为6.2~6.6 km/s;内带局部呈现大约幅值为0.1~0.2 km/s的高速异常;下地壳速度结构,在内带为6.9~7.2 km/s;中带和外带偏低,为6.7~7.0 km/s;在内带和中带交界附近,受小江断裂带的影响,上、中、下地壳均呈现相对低速异常特征.(3)小江断裂两侧,尤其东侧地壳平均速度较低,且固结地壳的平均速度也较低,初步认为小江断裂至少向地下延伸至40 km以深,可能切穿整个地壳.(4)沿剖面Moho面深度,内带范围内深约47~53 km,中间呈上隆的特征;中带深约42~50 km,外带深约38~42 km,中带至外带,Moho面逐渐变浅.内带Moho面局部隆起、(固结)地壳呈现高速异常特征,可能是二叠纪地幔柱活动引起的底侵作用及岩浆上侵的结果,为古地幔柱的活动遗迹.     

塔里木二叠纪熔积岩的发现及其对大火成岩省火山喷发环境的限定

熔积岩是岩浆与未固结的松软沉积物混合而生的一种特殊火山碎屑岩.它代表着岩浆活动与沉积作用的同期性,因此可以对岩浆喷发期内的沉积环境做出精确限定.在二叠纪塔里木大火成岩省西北缘印干-柯坪地区的早期喷发层序中首次发现熔积岩.其中,印干附近第二喷发期次层序中以淬冷开裂而形成的块状熔积岩为主,柯坪一带第二、第四喷发层序中则同时拥有块状熔积岩和流态熔积岩.上述熔积岩的宿主沉积物均为海相灰质,证明当时当地的岩浆喷发事件发生于陆表海相环境中.在距印干以东不远处的开派兹雷克剖面,同期层序中却只发育稳定的陆相溢流玄武岩而未见熔积岩,证明海陆环境在此发生了交互.在利用熔积岩确定三个剖面喷发环境的基础上,精确了塔里木大火成岩省西北缘喷发早期沉积环境的分布范围,及其随时间而发生变迁的详细过程.     

冀鲁豫交界区岩石圈磁场异常分布与磁化率结构分析

利用重磁反演软件,对2017年8月冀鲁豫交界区流动地磁总强度数据进行处理并解析延拓,研究该区岩石圈磁场及其深部、浅表磁场异常分布特征与地下介质磁化率结构的性质。结果表明:冀鲁豫交界区岩石圈磁场异常分布是岩石圈浅表与深部磁异常综合叠加的结果,岩石圈地下介质的浅表与深部磁化率结构具有一定差异性,且受断裂控制呈分段性特征,可能与该区域复杂的岩石圈磁化率结构及地质构造有关。     

青藏高原东南缘地壳上地幔三维S波速度结构及动力学意义

青藏高原东南缘地形地貌复杂,构造运动强烈,是研究青藏高原地下变形和物质运移的重点区域.文章通过该区域132个固定台站的10年地震瑞利面波的双台法频散分析,并融合背景噪声方法的面波频散数据,获得了周期为5～150s的瑞利面波相速度频散资料,然后使用面波直接反演方法得到了该区域从地壳到上地幔顶部的三维S波速度结构模型.观测到该区域中下地壳存在两条低速带,分别分布在松潘-甘孜块体与川滇菱形块体西北部地区,以及小江断裂带及其东侧的云贵高原地区.小江断裂带及东侧的低速体很可能是其地壳本身增厚导致了壳内长英质物质发生塑性变形甚至部分熔融而造成的.此外,该区域中下地壳呈现显著的正径向各向异性(VSHVSV)也增强了VSV结构的低速异常幅度.小江断裂带的壳内低速异常体向南跨过红河断裂带延伸到越南北部,其形成可能与上地幔热源密切相关.两条壳内低速带在安宁河-则木河断裂带附近被一个高速体所隔开,其正好位于峨眉山大火成岩省的内带和中带区域.在云南中部峨眉山大火成岩省内带地壳中观测到了一个非常明显的柱状高速体,可能是峨眉山大火成岩省形成时残留在地壳中的基性-超基性物质.在上地幔顶部,红河断裂以南的印支和华南块体中出现了大范围的低速异常,并随着深度增加逐渐沿着小江断裂带向北延伸进入扬子克拉通.基于成像结果,认为青藏高原东南缘正同时经历三种不同模式的构造运动:(1)上地壳物质强度较大,在大型走滑断层的控制下呈刚性挤出;(2)中下地壳存在被较高强度物质分隔开的两片黏塑性物质区域,在区域应力场和断裂带的控制下向南发生塑性运移;(3)红河断裂以南的上地幔主要受控于大规模的软流圈物质上涌,与岩石圈拆沉和缅甸下方印度板块的东向俯冲与后撤密切相关.     

地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用过程中熔融问题的数值模拟

地幔柱是最可能形成大火成岩省的原因之一,同时地幔柱与岩石圈的相互作用也极大的影响着岩石圈的构造演化.本文主要集中研究地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用过程中熔融相关的问题.利用开源程序Ellipsis3D,基于质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和岩石流变本构关系,以及不同的熔融损耗关系,通过有限元数值方法模拟得到地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用过程中熔融程度的动态变化.数值模拟结果显示,地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用的熔融相关过程分为三个阶段：地幔柱的初融阶段,地幔柱自身熔融占主导,减压熔融为主因;地幔柱与岩石圈的纵向作用阶段,岩石圈地幔开始熔融,地幔柱以减压熔融为主,岩石圈地幔以升温熔融为主;地幔柱的横向展平阶段,随着地幔柱的扩展岩石圈地幔熔融范围增加,以升温熔融为主,地幔柱自身熔融程度减小.最后基于数值模拟结果及现场资料对峨嵋山大火成岩省地幔柱的发展演化以及峨眉山大火成岩省的形成进行了讨论.     

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的成因模式

近20年来,塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省在各类火成岩的空间分布、时间序列、地球化学特征、地幔源区和岩浆演化等方面有了深入的认识,为揭示大火成岩省的成因模式和演化过程奠定了坚实的基础.本文将主要基于塔里木大火成岩省存在的两阶段岩浆产物,结合前期研究基础和前人研究成果,系统论证塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省成因的两阶段熔融模式.模式认为塔里木大火成岩省的形成与地幔柱活动有关,其地幔柱作用形式兼具"巴哈纳型"和"德干型"两种特点,即早期高热的地幔柱引起了岩石圈地幔的低程度部分熔融,后期地幔柱上升绝热减压引起地幔柱自身部分熔融.在早期熔融事件中,地幔柱主要表现为上部岩石圈熔融所需的热供给,后期熔融过程中地幔柱成为熔融发生的主要场所和物质供给源.第一阶段喷发的两类玄武岩具有高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr、低~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd的同位素特征,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,为富集的大陆岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,具有"巴哈纳型"特征;而第二阶段产出的基性-超基性侵入岩具有相对两类玄武岩较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,较高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值,为地幔热柱熔融的产物,具有"德干型"特征.其中第一阶段,可细分为Group1和Group2两类玄武岩,Group2玄武岩相对Group1玄武岩具有较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,较高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值.Group2玄武岩显示连接Group1玄武岩和第二阶段岩浆作用的过渡类型特征,表明塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是地幔柱与岩石圈地幔持续相互作用的结果.关于塔里木大火成岩省成因模式的研究有助于增进对塔里木大火成岩省岩浆作用、深部地质过程和地球动力学过程的全面认识,有利于丰富大火成岩省的成因理论和地幔柱活动理论.     

Geochronological Significance of the Post-Orogenic Mafic- Ultramafic Rocks in the Hongqiling Area of Jilin Province, Northeast China

INTRODUCTIONThe mafic-ultramafic complexesinthe Hongqilingarea were emplacedintothe metamorphic rocksof the Hulan Group. Age determination of the intrusion and metamorphism of the Hulan Groupmetamorphic rocks is crucial for the study of petrogenesis and evolution, orogenesis and itsdevelopment of the region. However ,so far it has been difficult to determine the geochronology ofmafic-ultramafic rocks inthe area ,thusthe age obtainedfromprevious data hadto be used.Inrecentyears ,withthe …     

Satellite and surface geophysical expression of anomalous crustal structure in Kentucky and Tennessee

An equivalent layer magnetization model obtained from inversion of long-wavelength satellite magnetic anomaly data indicates a very magnetic source region centered in south central Kentucky. The magnetization maximum nearly coincides with a gravity high elongated north-south and extending into Tennessee. Previous refraction profiles suggest that the source of the gravity anomaly is a large mass of rock occupying much of the crustal thickness. The outline of the source delineated by gravity contours is also discernible in aeromagnetic anomaly patterns. Taken together, the geophysical data suggest a large, localized mass of intracrustal rock which is both dense and very magnetic. A simple magnetization/density model is given which accounts for the gravity and long-wavelength aeromagnetic anomalies due to the body. We interpret it as a mafic plutonic complex, and several lines of evidence are consistent with a rift association. The body is, however, clearly related to the inferred position of the Grenville Front. It is bounded on the north by the fault zones of the 38th Parallel Lineament. The inferred mean magnetization (4 A/m) of the body is large, but not inconsistent with values reported by others for deep crustal bodies associated with long-wavelength magnetic anomalies. Such magnetization levels can be achieved with magnetic mineralogies produced by normal oxidation and metamorphic processes and enhanced by viscous build-up, especially in mafic rocks of alkaline character.     

Crustal Structure of the Flood Basalt Province of Ethiopia from Constrained 3-D Gravity Inversion

The Oligocene Afar mantle plume resulted in the eruption of a large volume of basaltic magma, including major sequences of rhyolitic ignimbrites, in a short span of time across Ethiopia. In order to assess the impact of these magmatic processes on the crust and to investigate the general crustal configuration beneath the Ethiopian plateau, northern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift and the Afar depression, analysis and modeling of the gravity field have been conducted. The Bouguer gravity map is dominated by long-wavelength anomalies that primarily arise from the isostatic compensation of the topography. Consequently, anomalies within the crust/upper mantle are masked and quantitative interpretation becomes difficult. The long-wavelength anomalies are approximated using admittance technique and subsequently removed from the Bouguer anomalies to obtain the residual isostatic anomalies. The residual map contains both short- and intermediate-wavelength anomalies related to geologic and tectonic features. The long-wavelength regional isostatic field is used to map the crust-mantle interface and the results are in good agreement with those determined by other geophysical methods. Seismic constrained gravity inversion was performed on the isostatic residual field and series of three-dimensional models have been constructed for the structures of the crust and upper mantle beneath the uplifted and rifted flood basalt province of northern Ethiopia. The inversion results have shown that the NW plateau has thick crust that rests on normal lithospheric mantle. Afar, On the other hand, is marked by thin stretched crust resting on a low-density upper mantle indicating a hotter thermal regime and partial melt. No lithospheric mantle is observed beneath Afar. The models further indicate the presence of an extensive sub-crustal thick (~12 km on average) and high-density (~3.06 gm/cc) mafic accreted igneous layer of fractionated cumulate (magmatic underplating) beneath the NW plateau. The study suggests that the underplate was fundamental to the accretion process and may have played a role in compensating most of the plateau uplift and in localizing stresses.     

Internal structure of Ustica volcanic complex (Italy) based on a 3D inversion of magnetic data

A ground magnetic study of Ustica Island was performed to provide new insights into subsurface tectonic and volcanic structures. The total-intensity anomaly field, obtained after a data-reduction procedure, shows the presence of a W–E-striking magnetic anomaly in the middle of the island and another two intense anomalies, which seem to continue offshore, in the southwestern and the northeastern sides, respectively. The detected anomalies were analyzed by a quadratic programming (QP) algorithm to obtain a 3D subsurface magnetization distribution. The volcano magnetization model reveals the presence of intensely magnetized volumes, interpreted as the feeding systems of the main eruptive centers of the island, which roughly follow the trend of the main regional structural lineaments. These findings highlight how regional tectonics has strongly affected the structural and magmatic evolution of the Ustica volcanic complex producing preferential ways for magma ascent.     

High-magnetization zones near spreading center discontinuities

Three-dimensional inversions of the magnetic field reveal the presence of zones of high magnetization over the propagating limb of large spreading center discontinuities. The presence of high-magnetization zones is confirmed by rock magnetic measurements where available. Magnetization highs are associated with basalts which tend to have high Fe contents and low Mg numbers. These data suggest that high-magnetization zones observed over large ridge axis discontinuities are associated with highly differentiated basalts enriched in iron. Following Christie and Sinton [1], such highly evolved basalts may be the result of shallow-level crystal fractionation in small magma bodies with a low supply rate. These small magma bodies are postulated to correspond to the first stages in the development of a sub-axial magmatic system as a result of the propagation of one of the limbs of the offset into older lithosphere. Because high-magnetization zones at large ridge axis discontinuities often correspond to gaps in the along-axis extent of a seismically detectable magma chamber, these magma bodies may be smaller than a few hundred meters. Rock magnetic measurements suggest that the enrichment in iron associated with increased differentiation may be accompanied, in a few cases, by an increase in the concentration of titanomagnetite within the basalts and in the magnetization of the rocks. However, the exact relationship between high magnetization intensities and iron enrichment is complex and unclear, and may be significantly affected by factors such as magnetic mineralogy and crystallization history.     

Intrusion of ultramafic magmatic bodies into the continental crust: Numerical simulation

Intrusions of ultramafic bodies into the lower density continental crust are documented for a large variety of tectonic settings spanning continental shields, rift systems, collision orogens and magmatic arcs. The intriguing point is that these intrusive bodies have a density higher by 300-500 kg m⁻³ than host rocks. Resolving this paradox requires an understanding of the emplacement mechanism. We have employed finite differences and marker-in-cell techniques to carry out a 2D modeling study of intrusion of partly crystallized ultramafic magma from sublithospheric depth to the crust through a pre-existing magmatic channel. By systematically varying the model parameters we document variations in intrusion dynamics and geometry that range from funnel- and finger-shaped bodies (pipes, dikes) to deep seated balloon-shaped intrusions and flattened shallow magmatic sills. Emplacement of ultramafic bodies in the crust lasts from a few kyr to several hundreds kyr depending mainly on the viscosity of the intruding, partly crystallized magma. The positive buoyancy of the sublithospheric magma compared to the overriding, colder mantle lithosphere drives intrusion while the crustal rheology controls the final location and the shape of the ultramafic body. Relatively cold elasto-plastic crust (T_Moho = 400 °C) promotes a strong upward propagation of magma due to the significant decrease of plastic strength of the crust with decreasing confining pressure. Emplacement in this case is controlled by crustal faulting and subsequent block displacements. Warmer crust (T_Moho = 600 °C) triggers lateral spreading of magma above the Moho, with emplacement being accommodated by coeval viscous deformation of the lower crust and fault tectonics in the upper crust. Strong effects of magma emplacement on surface topography are also documented. Emplacement of high-density, ultramafic magma into low-density rocks is a stable mechanism for a wide range of model parameters that match geological settings in which partially molten mafic-ultramafic rocks are generated below the lithosphere. We expect this process to be particularly active beneath subduction-related magmatic arcs where huge volumes of partially molten rocks produced from hydrous cold plume activity accumulate below the overriding lithosphere.     

强剩磁强退磁条件下的二维井中磁测反演

强剩磁、强退磁改变了总磁化强度的大小和方向,给磁测资料解释带来困难.为此,本文利用二维井中磁测数据反演磁化强度矢量的二维分布.首先利用井中磁测的磁异常模量反演磁化强度大小的分布.然后,在已知磁化强度大小分布的前提下,拟合磁场分量,反演磁化强度方向的分布.其中,磁化强度大小和方向均用共轭梯度法求解,并通过预优矩阵改善磁化强度大小的反演效果.理论模拟说明,该方法能准确获得磁化强度矢量分布.磁化强度矢量反演结果包括感磁、剩磁及退磁的影响,这为研究强剩磁、高磁化率矿床提供了一种有效方法.     

Remanence correction in magnetic interpretation with the infinitely deep plate model

Summary Conditions are given under which two thick plates, differing in dip, apparent susceptibility, and remanence, will produce similar magnetic anomalies. From these conditions correction formulae are developed. Using these formulae the dip and susceptibility of a plate with remanent magnetization can be obtained from those of non-remanent plate. An interpretation procedure is suggested where the magnetic anomaly is first interpreted by means of a plate without remanence, dip and apparent susceptibility are then estimated by using the correction formulae developed. Thickness, position and depth of the plate are unaffected by the remanence correction procedure. The procedure is independent of the field component measured.