广西弄岗自然保护区碳酸盐岩表面内生地衣保水性岩溶意义

本文讨论了碳酸盐岩表面喜钙内生地衣的结构特征和生活习性。室内简易的蒸发、吸水试验表明，有生物覆盖的碳酸盐岩表面的失水量和吸水量分别是无生物者的４倍和１１．７５倍；经７０％的酒精、３％的双氧水、５％的甲醛溶液的浸泡３昼夜处理过的样品，其有死生物覆盖者的失水量和吸水量分别是无生物者的４６．２５倍和２．０８倍。这对阐明碳酸盐岩表面生物溶蚀机理有重要的理论理义。     

初探藻类,地衣生物岩溶微形态与内陆环境间相关性

藻类、地衣可以直接殖居在碳酸盐岩表面,通过生物化学、生物物理过程对其基质产生钻孔溶蚀作用,并产生相应特征性的微形态。文中初探了微形态与①岩面的水热条件;②不同地貌部位的微环境;③植被覆盖程度;④不同气候带间存在的相关性。并讨论和展望了生物岩溶微形态研究的前景,开拓生物岩溶研究新思路。     

敦煌莫高窟围岩吸水特性及其影响因素分析

为了研究敦煌莫高窟典型围岩吸水特性及其关键影响因素,本文利用自主研发的岩石水理作用智能测试系统,对从敦煌莫高窟采集的3种不同岩性的岩石样品进行了无水压条件下的液态水吸附实验。依据吸水实验获得的3种围岩样品吸水随时间动态变化曲线,分析比较了不同种类岩石样品的吸水特性,建立了其吸水过程函数。同时,通过X射线衍射实验、电子显微镜扫描实验和压汞实验,分别获得了岩石样品的矿物成分及含量,微观孔隙结构特征和孔隙率等重要物理性质参数,综合分析讨论了黏土矿物及微观孔隙结构这两大重要因素对莫高窟3种典型岩石样品吸水特性的影响。研究结果表明,莫高窟3种围岩样品吸水动态变化的总体趋势有相似性,均表现为减速吸水过程,并可以用负指数函数进行拟合。3种岩样吸水能力差异显著,按大小排序依次为:黑砂岩>泥岩>粉砂岩。对于此次研究的3种不同岩性的莫高窟围岩样品而言,黏土矿物（主要是伊利石）的含量不是制约其吸水性的主要因素,决定其吸水量大小、吸水速率快慢的主要因素是岩石样品的微观孔隙结构特征尤其是孔隙率的大小。     

低成本耐盐性超强吸水复合材料的研制

在用聚丙烯酸制备超强吸水材料的过程中加入一定量的煅烧煤系高岭土和丙烯酰胺能有效降低材料成本和提高其耐盐性。通过正交实验,找出了制备成本低和耐盐性好的超强吸水复合材料的奈件,当煅烧煤系高岭土量为丙烯酸单体质量50％,丙烯酰胺加入量为70％,中和度为90％,引发剂和交联剂量分别为0．3％和0.025％时,制得产品吸生理盐水（0．9％NaCl溶液）和吸自来水率分别达到60g／g和325g／g,吸水后凝胶强度明显提高。     

降雨蒸发作用下膨胀土湿热和裂隙特性室内模拟试验

以广西白色强膨胀土为研究对象,对有、无植被覆盖的膨胀土样进行蒸发、降雨再蒸发试验,研究降雨、蒸发过程对膨胀土湿热和裂隙拓展特性的影响。结果表明,植被覆盖土样表面的反射量比无植被覆盖土样小100 W/m2左右,土样表面温差小5～6 ℃。无植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面裂隙率由1.28%增加到3.82%,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.42%增加到11.17%,脱湿速率由0.59%/d增加到1.44%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由13.1 ℃增加到14.9 ℃。可见,降雨、蒸发过程使得土体水量变化加大,水分迁移速率增加,温度变化加剧,土体趋于破碎。植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面并未出现明显裂隙,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.16%变为2.36%,脱湿速率由0.58%/d变为0.37%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由0.58 ℃变为0.37 ℃。可见,短期降雨、蒸发过程对植被覆盖下膨胀土的持水能力影响不大。     

辽宁杨木杆硼矿床地质地球化学特征

杨木杆硼矿位于辽宁省宽甸县,产出于古元古代南辽河群下部里尔峪岩组中,为一中型硼镁石型硼矿。矿体走向ＳＥ,倾向ＮＥ,倾角７０°～８０°,直接赋矿岩石为蛇纹岩、蛇纹石化大理岩,矿体顶板出现有热水沉积的电英岩。硼矿石主要由纤维硼镁石、板状硼镁石及蛇纹石、白云石等组成。常见的变余沉积及变质、交代等组构。硼矿石品位Ｂ２Ｏ３随ＭｇＯ含量增长先是稳步增长,然后在Ｂ２Ｏ３含量大于７％时,ＭｇＯ含量稳定在４５％～４８％范围内。矿石中富含Ｃｓ、Ｎｄ、Ｔａ、Ｓｎ、Ｃｄ等微量元素及Ｆ、ＣＨ４等挥发分,稀土总量从５．７３×１０－６～７０．９８×１０－６,具Ｅｕ负异常。δ１３Ｃ在－２．６‰～－１０．４‰,δ１１Ｂ在９．６‰～１１．１‰。杨木杆硼矿为受变质的与深源火山活动有关的热水沉积矿床,同时存在的蒸发气候条件提高了硼富集成矿的效率。     

江苏地区浅层天然气资源概况

江苏地处长江三角洲平原,长江和古淮河沉积覆盖全省面积的３２．６％,第四系和上第三系天然气（通常称为浅层天然气）十分发育。第四系天然气主要为生物分解的甲烷气,气层埋深浅,易于开发利用。上第三系天然气资源丰富,天然气成因类型复杂,有生物分解的有机气,也有非生物成因的无机气,周庄气田和溪桥气田分别是２种不同成因类型气田的代表,它们的赋存状态反映了上第三系天然气的一般地质特征。展示了江苏具有广阔的浅层天然     

剑麻纤维-聚丙烯酰胺改良客土干缩开裂试验研究

裸露岩质边坡的数量随着基础设施建设规模和数量的不断增大,客土喷播技术作为一种有效的边坡护坡绿化技术可以改善岩质边坡的表层稳定性,但多种因素造成表层土体失水开裂,影响客土喷播的修复效果。针对此问题,采用剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对客土进行改良,开展了不同土层厚度、剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)含量条件下干缩开裂试验,研究了不同条件对土体干燥失水、表面裂隙发育的影响,采用微观扫描技术(SEM)对改良后客土的内在结构变化进行了测试。结果表明：随土层厚度增大,改良土蒸发稳定时间有所延长,且土层厚度增大能有效抑制试样表面裂隙的发育。剑麻纤维和PAM的掺入有效延长了黏土蒸发的路径,且随着纤维和PAM含量增加土体蒸发速率逐渐降低,抑制了土体表层裂隙发育。PAM的强吸水性能够降低土体的蒸发速率,纤维的“桥接作用”可以抑制裂隙的扩展,提高土体的整体性。     

中国南方二叠—三叠纪过渡时期的碳同位和素旋回地层与突变事故

在中国南方晚二叠世至早三叠世初碳酸盐岩的Ｃ同位素演化基础上,考察了长兴阶层型剖面的高分辨率Ｃ同全素旋回地层,发现长是有三个Ｃ同位素四级旋回,与吴家坪阶晚期的一个四级旋回共同组成了一个完整的三级旋回。与这种缓慢变化形成强烈对比的是：Ｐ／Ｔ界线上在１．５￣２．６万ａ左右的地球年时间中δ＾１３Ｃ突变为高负值,形成剧烈负异常,其中生物集群绝灭因素可能占２／３以上,变负幅变经５％￣６％。二叠纪末生物集群绝灭     

柱子淋洗模拟研究磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化效果

自然室温条件下用柱子淋洗模拟研究了接氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Ｔｈｉｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｆｅｒｒｏｏｘｉｄａｎｓ,简称Ｔ．Ｆ菌）时磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化的效果。试验结果首次指出：用ＫＨ２ＰＯ４与Ｈ２Ｏ２淋洗黄铁矿,在其表面形成的磷酸铁膜不能抑制黄铁矿的生物氧化,反而在一定程度上加速其氧化进程。经包膜后的黄铁矿矿石柱子间歇循环淋洗一年后的收集液中ＳＯ４＾２－累积量高达３３７５６．１ｍｇ;为对照组的１．６倍,是     

Successional stages of biological soil crusts and their microstructure variability in Shapotou region (China)

In order to investigate succession of biological soil crusts (BSCs) and their microstructure variability, we conducted this work in Shapotou revegetation region at the southeast edge of Tengger Deser. The results showed that BSCs generally succeeded as a pathway of “Algae crusts, algae–lichen crusts, lichen crusts, lichen–moss crusts and moss crusts”. Occasionally mosses directly occurred on algae crusts, and BSCs succeeded from algae crusts to moss crusts. Crust vertical stratification was a common phenomenon, from top to bottom an inorganic layer, algae-dense layer and algae-sparse layer were divided in algae crusts; a thallus layer, rhizoid layer and sub-rhizoid layer in lichen crusts; a “stem-leaf” layer, rhizoid layer and sub-rhizoid layer in moss crusts, respectively. The main crust binding organisms varied from filamental cyanobacteria (dominated by Microcoleus) in algae crusts to lichen rhizoids, free-living cyanobacterial filaments and fungal hyphaes in lichen crusts, and to moss rhizoids and fungal hyphaes in moss crusts. The dominant phototrophic organisms varied from Microcoleus (algae) in algae crusts to Collema (lichens) in lichen crusts, and to Bryum (or Didymodon and Tortula; mosses) in moss crusts. Total phototrophic biomass increased while the free-living algal biomass decreased with the succession of BSCs. In addition, exopolysaccharides and fine particles accumulated in the course of development and succession of BSCs, all of which lead to a gradual increase in crust thickness and porosity, while decrease in the bulk density.     

外源水和外源酸对万华岩地下河系统岩溶碳汇效应的影响

流域的岩石化学风化过程是全球碳循环中的重要环节。近年来流域水化学碳汇通量估算已越来越多地关注到外源水(硅酸盐风化)及外源酸对全球碳循环的影响。文章选取万华岩地下河流域为研究区,流域硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩分布面积占比为64%和36%,于2017年对洞口进行为期一年的取样监测,并分别于4月和9月对万华岩地下河系统内13个水点的离子组成进行监测,利用水化学平衡法和Galy模型,对流域岩石化学风化速率和CO2消耗通量进行了计算,对万华岩地下河系统的岩石风化和碳循环过程进行了分析。结果表明,万华岩地下河系统岩石风化消耗CO2的速率为31.02 t·(km2·a)-1;以碳酸岩风化为主,其风化速率为硅酸盐溶蚀的20倍;流域内碳酸盐岩风化对CO2消耗量占到整个流域的92.16%;不同岩石风化类型对碳通量的贡献率以碳酸溶解碳酸盐岩最大,为87.06%;流域上游的外源水对岩溶碳汇具有巨大的促进作用,外源水汇入后碳酸盐岩碳汇速率可以达到无外源水汇入流域的2倍;硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩次之,为9.24%;碳酸风化硅酸盐岩最小,为3.7%,在计算流域碳汇量的时候应将硫酸参与岩石风化的影响去除。     

Karren of Mushroom Mountain (Junzi Shan) in the Eastern Yunnan Ridge, Yunnan, China: Karstological and Tourist Attraction

<正>Mushroom Mountain karren with predominantly flat tops that formed along the stylolites and bedding planes dictated the special features of this karst landscape.Their features and rock relief clearly reflect the geological conditions and development.The subsoil karren with conical tops dissected by subsoil rock relief were exposed from beneath the soil.Below tree vegetation,the subsoil karren are to a great extent covered by moss and lichen,under which they acquire their characteristic shape.On the bare surface they were reshaped by rainwater that carves flutes and solution pans.The old cave that opens below the top of one of the cones reveals the period before its dissection into hills and cones when this part of the karst aquifer was still deep under the water table.     

祁连山地区林下地被物持水量与采样方法的关系研究

林下地被物持水量的准确计算对生态环境脆弱的寒区水文功能的模拟和预测尤为关键。本研究以青藏高原北麓的祁连山典型流域为研究区,对原状和散状两种采样方法下,青海云杉林下苔枯层（苔藓与枯落物形成的层状结构）持水特征参数的差异进行分析,探讨不同采样方法在林下苔枯层水文特征研究时的影响。本研究中原状样本采用PVC管取样,散状样本采用尼龙网袋取样,获得2 596个实验数据。研究发现平均厚度为14.3 cm的原状苔藓与苔枯样本最大持水量分别为2.29 kg·m^-2与5.42 kg·m^-2,最大持水率分别为2 071%与890%,散状苔藓最大持水率为610%。苔枯层与苔藓层的最大持水量差异显著,苔枯层相比苔藓层具有更好的保水功能,林下地被物水文特征量化时应区别对待;相比于原状样本,散状采样方法下苔藓层的最大持水率被低估近70.5%,即在散状采样方法下,林下苔藓层的最大持水率会被严重低估;地被物脱湿曲线为幂函数,蒸发时长为4.8~5.6 h,关键参数的估算对于地被物水分蒸发过程的模拟和预测具有重要参考价值。不同采样方法对地被物持水量的估算差异显著,实践中应根据实验目的和研究对象,选择合适的采样方法。     

Reform of Carbonate Rock Subsurface by Crustose Lichens and Its Environmental Significance

Crustose lichens are distributed extensively in karst areas in Southern China. They can be found on the surface of carbonate rocks. Through biophysical and biochemical processes, crustose lichens reform the subsurface of carbonate rocks and in the meanwhile change their physical and chemical properties: (1) the mechanical strength decreases by 17.04° on average (up to 33.2° ); (2) the chemical solution surface area increases from 28.26% to 75.36% (lichen microholes considered only); and (3) the water-holding capacity is greatly improved. Comparative field experiments between biokarst samples underneath crustose lichens and fresh rock samples with the same composition and texture show that the corrosional rate of carbonate rocks of the former is 1.264-1.643 times higher than that of the latter. Crustose lichens are considered as an activator of the surface corrosion of carbonate rocks.     

Comparison of response of moss,lichens and attic dust to geology and atmospheric pollution from copper mine

Different sampling media (moss, lichen and attic dust) were used for monitoring the distribution of 15 elements, including certain trace elements, in the vicinity of an intensively exploited copper mine in the east of the Republic of Macedonia. Moss species (Hypnum cupressiforme and Campothecium lutescens), epiphytic lichens (Hypogymnia physodes and Evernia prunastri) and attic dust were collected for comparative analysis for monitoring air pollution. In both cases (lithological and anthropogenic affected areas) for the distribution of elements, the sampling media follows the expression capabilities: attic dust > moss > lichens. Enrichment factors M/L—moss vs. lichen, for plant response to elements distribution and D/L—attic dust vs. lichen, for historical response of elements distribution were significant for Cu and Ni, which were singled out as the main markers for anthropogenic and geogenic distribution. The factor analysis highlighted geogenic (F1: Ni-Cr-Cd-Fe-Al-K-Mn-Zn) and anthropogenic (F2: As-Cu-Pb) association of elements from three types of media samples. For anthropogenic affected areas, T value and F value for Cu content were significant at p < 0.05 and higher enrichment factors were obtained for lichen, moss and attic dust media (3.8, 5.0 and 5.7, respectively). Spatial distribution for element deposition (with emphasis on Cu and Ni) is not disturbed by the significant differences in the sampling media matrix. Treated sample materials (attic dust, moss, lichen) are shown to be useful in determining an anthropogenic impact, as well as the chemical properties or geological background on orographic diverse terrain in the presence of complex geological structure.     

贵州凯里寒武系底部硅质岩系生物组成、沉积环境与烃源岩发育关系研究

贵州凯里麻江地区羊跳剖面寒武系牛蹄塘组底部发育了一套3.2m厚的硅质岩系。通过对其进行高频逐层采样68件,根据沉积环境-生物组成-烃源岩形成的思路,精细分析了生物组成及有机碳TOC含量,进而讨论了沉积环境与烃源岩发育的关系。结果表明,该剖面生物组成多样,包括有浮游藻、底栖宏观藻、疑源类、海绵骨针、须腕动物蠕虫等,并可归纳为三大类生物微相:浮游藻类、底栖藻类、其它生物类型。不同藻类体和不同疑源类所反映的水体深度特征显示,该套烃源岩沉积经历了先水进后水退的过程,水体深度最深时期,底栖红藻和Heliosphaeridium longum-Asteridium tornatum疑源类组合发育,烃源岩有机碳含量也较高(TOC平均值为4.73%,最高可达13.97%),说明利于烃源岩发育。总体而言,不同生物微相烃源岩TOC含量不同,底栖藻类(平均值3.50%)浮游藻类(平均值1.46%)其它生物类(平均值1.0%)。而须腕动物蠕虫和海绵动物的发现反映了热液环境,受热水事件影响强烈的样品TOC最低(TOC含量为0.90%和0.94%),说明热液活动强烈对烃源岩发育可能具有一定的不利影响。     

应用TIMA分析技术研究Alum页岩有机质和黄铁矿粒度分布及沉积环境特征

Alum页岩(中寒武—早奥陶世)是北欧一套重要的海相烃源岩,其成熟度跨度从为成熟-过成熟度阶段。由于我国下古生界海相烃源岩均已过成熟,未成熟-低成熟度的Alum页岩是研究下古海相的烃源岩生烃潜力特征的重要参照样品。因此,对这套成熟度较低的Alum页岩的生物组成特征、矿物组成及其沉积环境的分析,可为后续国内外下古生界海相烃源岩的对比研究奠定基础。本文以欧洲上寒武统富含有机质Alum页岩为主要研究对象,在有机碳含量(TOC)和有机岩石学观察的基础上,应用综合矿物分析技术(TIMA)进行扫描,通过细化样品扫描参数,获得了页岩矿物组成、含量及粒度分布。Alum页岩有机质成熟度较低(固体沥青反射率为0.30),TOC含量在11.16%~12.24%之间。有机质主要为浮游藻类降解形成的层状藻类体、底栖藻类来源的海相镜状体和裂缝中充填的固体沥青。TIMA扫描获得的有机质相对质量百分含量为9.79%~10.64%,略低于碳硫分析仪测定的TOC含量;黄铁矿含量为4.17%~4.49%。TIMA扫描获得的有机质与黄铁矿比值与化学法的C/S比值相近,均分布在2.18~2.55范围。粒径分布特征上,有机质粒径主要分布在0.9~27.0μm之间(80%以上颗粒分布在1.2~5.5μm);草莓状黄铁矿粒径分布在0.9~17.0μm之间(小于0.5μm的颗粒占78%以上),反映了缺氧甚至硫化的环境。综合C/S比、有机岩石学与TIMA黄铁矿粒度分布特征,认为该页岩形成于闭塞封闭甚至硫化的沉积水体体系。该研究为油气地质领域的烃源岩(包括页岩)的研究提供了一种新的技术支持。     

有机硅材料改性砂岩强度与ζ电位变化规律

针对干湿循环作用下岩石强度劣化引发工程岩体稳定性控制问题,以山西忻州保德煤矿8煤顶板中粒长石石英砂岩为例,对砂岩进行有机硅材料改性试验。通过单轴压缩试验研究改性前、后砂岩经历不同干湿循环作用后的强度损伤劣化规律,采用电泳法对比分析改性前、后砂岩表面ζ电位变化规律,并探讨了有机硅材料改性砂岩的改性机制。结果表明,(1)改性后砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和变形模量明显提高,单轴抗压强度提高21.7%,弹性模量提高22.2%,变形模量提高23%;(2)受干湿循环作用砂岩强度劣化效应明显,随干湿循环次数增多,砂岩单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和变形模量均呈负指数关系降低;(3)有机硅材料对砂岩表面的电性有较大影响,随着岩样悬浮液p H值的降低,砂岩表面的负电性逐渐减弱至不带电,最后变为正电。