古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床找矿模型——以黔湘渝毗邻区南华纪“大塘坡式”锰矿为例

产于Rodinia超大陆裂解背景下、武陵次级裂谷盆地中的黔湘渝地区南华纪古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床已成为中国最重要的锰矿床类型。通过分析总结该类型矿床地质背景、南华纪早期构造古地理与矿床地质特征,基于古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床的成矿模式,总结建立了该类型锰矿床找矿模型:即以南华纪早期同沉积断层、Ⅳ级断陷盆地、两界河组及其中古天然气成因的白云岩透镜体存在与否、锰矿成矿地质体与大塘坡组厚度和裂谷盆地古天然气锰矿成矿系统中渗漏喷溢中心相、过渡相、边缘相等为主要地质标志建立地质找矿模型;以Ⅳ级、Ⅲ级断陷盆地中不同的Mn/Cr微量元素比值指标和δ~(34)S值在中心相、过渡相、边缘相判别指标建立地球化学找矿模型;以锰矿成矿地质体的低电阻率、高极化率与其上覆及下伏地层高电阻率、低极化率的物性差异特征,建立AMT地球物理间接找矿模型。项目团队运用建立的地质、地球化学和地球物理找矿模型,在黔东地区锰矿整装勘查实践检验中,已先后新发现了亚洲最大的松桃道坨和松桃普觉(西溪堡)两个隐伏超大型锰矿床,最近又新发现松桃桃子坪、高地两个超大型锰矿床,使黔东地区成为新的世界级锰矿资源富集区。古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床已成为继传统的海相沉积型、沉积变质型锰矿床之后,全球最重要的三大锰矿床类型之一。     

古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿系统与成矿模式——以黔湘渝毗邻区南华纪“大塘坡式”锰矿为例

黔湘渝毗邻区"大塘坡式"锰矿床形成于南华纪裂谷盆地中,矿床主要分布于裂谷盆地中的次级断陷沉积盆地中心,受古断裂控制。矿物成分主要是菱锰矿和钙菱锰矿,具有低δ13C值(-7‰～-10‰)、高δ34S值(+40‰～+63‰)的特征。含锰岩系中,碳质页岩的Mn/Cr比值在40左右。结合菱锰矿体及相邻岩层中普遍发育由古天然气泄漏沉积形成的气泡状构造、底辟构造、渗漏管构造、帐篷构造、泥火山构造及相关的软沉积变形纹理等特征,提出该地区南华纪"大塘坡式"锰矿床是古天然气渗漏沉积成矿成因,并建立了古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿系统与成矿模式。     

张家山锰矿地质特征及找矿标志

四川张家山锰矿是近年来新发现的锰矿床,位于松潘—甘孜推覆造山带和扬子陆块的结合部位。在成矿地质背景及矿区地质特征系统研究的基础上,对矿床成因及找矿标志做了探讨,确立其成因类型为海相沉积型锰矿床。张家山锰矿地质特征、成因及找矿标志探讨,对于研究该地区沉积型锰矿床不仅具有理论研究价值,而且对于实践指导找矿有一定的借鉴意义。     

广西天等把荷锰矿地质特征及成因分析

通过对天等把荷锰矿地质构造、赋矿层位、矿体特征、矿石特征等论述,认为把荷锰矿属于沉积―氧化型矿床,除了正常海相沉积,矿区的地层、岩性、沉积―构造环境、气候和地貌等条件均对成矿有一定的影响,分析此类锰矿床的地质特征以及成因,对寻找类似锰矿床具有一定的指导意义。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷深凹带古近系戴南组 软沉积物变形构造及沉积模式研究

软沉积物变形构造又称准同生变形构造,其发育特征、分布规律以及沉积模式等的研究对油气储层研究具有重要意义。研究区多个油田的岩芯观察中发现了同生微断层、液化岩脉、液化扭曲变形、砂枕构造、自碎角砾岩等多种软沉积物变形构造,并分析了形成各种软沉积物变形构造的不同应力环境和特征。通过软沉积物变形构造平面分布规律分析,认为软沉积物变形构造随着边界断层真2断层和汉留断层断层面倾角变大出现的频率越高,发育程度越强烈,因而研究区软沉积物变形构造的发育频率与高邮凹陷深凹带的边界断层的坡度有关,变形构造的产生和分布受到古地形的控制。并且该类变形构造在一定程度上改变了原始储层的物性和连通性。通过参考国内外的软沉积物变形构造成因模式,提出了研究区的软沉积物变形构造沉积模式,研究区软沉积物变形构造主要发育于边界断层形成的斜坡区附近,从剖面上可以分为上部浅水区、中部斜坡区和下部深水区三个区带。     

软沉积变形构造的分类和形成机制研究

软沉积变形构造是指沉积物沉积之后、固结之前在处于软沉积物阶段时由于物理作用发生变形所形成的一系列构造.作为一种广泛发育的沉积构造,对其分类和成因机制的研究一直是国内外研究的热点.目前主流的分类方案是依据其成因机制为主再考虑其他因素将软沉积变形构造分为负载构造、包卷层理、变形交错层、滑塌构造、泄水和沉积物挤入构造、塌陷构造以及由生物和化学作用所形成的变形构造.而作为一种重要的软沉积变形构造,震积构造可以依据地震对沉积物改造的时间划分为同生、准同生和后生变形三种基本类型,而每一种基本类型可以分别受到伸展、挤压、剪切、液化以及震动而形成不同的软沉积变形构造.软沉积变形构造的触发因素多样,但主要是地震引起沉积物的液化产生的变形,因此可以按照沉积相分析、触发因素评估和标准评估三个步骤对软沉积变形构造的成因进行识别.作为一种广泛分布的沉积构造,软沉积变形构造成因机制的识别和判断仍然将是其研究的一个重要方向;其次软沉积变形在地质工程方面的应用也是一个研究方向;最后,随着油气勘探走向深水,发现软沉积变形构造有关的油气藏也将是另外一个研究的方向.     

滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组震积软沉积变形

为完善对滦平盆地西瓜园组地震引发的软沉积变形构造的认识,综合利用野外观测与室内分析相结合、宏观沉积体系与微观软沉积变形构造等分析相结合的方法,对研究区震积成因的软沉积变形构造进行了研究.结果表明,在盆内主、次控盆断层夹角位置的两处剖面中,可见枕状构造、液化砂岩脉、液化砂岩侵位、液化角砾岩、液化卷曲变形、砂岩滴落体、火焰构造、球枕构造、枕状层、负荷构造和震积不整合的组合发育,且同一剖面具有垂向多次震积作用的连续发育特点,这些震积作用均被识别在扇三角洲前缘相带内.根据这些软沉积变形发育的位置、彼此组合伴生、连续发育和区域分布的特点,可识别出连续2次大地震的发生.      

新疆西天山莫托萨拉热水沉积型铁锰矿床矿物学与地球化学特征

莫托萨拉铁锰矿床位于西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带东端,研究程度相对薄弱,在矿床成因方面存在热水沉积、沉积-热液改造、胶体化学沉积等争论。本文详细研究了莫托萨拉最上层锰矿及其围岩的矿物组成、结构构造和地球化学特征,并综合前人资料对整个铁锰矿床的成因做了进一步探讨。本研究首次在矿区发现了热液长石岩,其主要由钠长石、钾长石以及少量重晶石、霓石、锌铁黄长石等矿物组成,类似于"白烟型"热水沉积岩。莫托萨拉最上层锰矿主要由锰橄榄石、褐锰矿、红硅锰矿、磁锰铁矿以及少量重晶石、方铁锰矿等矿物组成,发育有典型的热水内碎屑结构,指示其沉积于海底热液喷流口附近。该层锰矿的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值很低(0～0.02)、Si/Al值较高(7.9～10.9)、Fe/Ti值很高(428～1353),通过UCC标准化后发现明显富集Zn、Ba、Pb等元素,而Co、Ni、Cu等元素未见富集,以上地球化学特征与现代海底热液成因铁锰沉积物一致。在Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Si O2-Al2O3、10×(Co+Ni+Cu)-Fe-Mn、100×(Zr+Ce+Y)-15×(Cu+Ni)-(Fe+Mn)/4等判别图中,莫托萨拉的锰矿层和铁矿层样品均落在海底热液沉积区。锰矿层和铁矿层的稀土元素经PAAS标准化后具有明显的Ce负异常、Eu正异常和Y正异常,与现代海底热液成因铁锰沉积物的稀土配分模式非常相似。综合分析本次研究的矿物学、岩石学、地球化学特征以及前人资料,本文认为莫托萨拉铁锰矿床为海相热水沉积成因,成矿与同期海底火山的间歇性活动密切相关,海底热液的化学组分、温度高低和活动强弱都具有明显的脉动性。莫托萨拉矿区铁锰共存但各自独立成矿,且铁锰分离程度较高,这在显生宙沉积型锰矿中独具特色。鉴于前人曾报道莫托萨拉铁矿石中存在菌藻类微生物化石,我们推测,该矿床的铁锰分离过程除了受控于沉积环境的氧化还原条件变化外,微生物的选择性氧化沉淀可能也发挥了重要作用,值得开展深入研究。     

由层序地层学角度分析大塘坡式锰矿沉积过程——以湘西北民乐锰矿为例

以湘西北民乐锰矿为例,基于矿区内钻孔信息对成矿期（大塘坡组下段）进行地层对比,由新分层信息及厚度变化分析沉积特征并建立三级、四级层序格架,由三级、四级层序尺度的古地貌变化分析成矿期沉积演变特征。主要认识有:1）民乐锰矿含矿层（大塘坡组下段）可根据岩性细分为下亚段1段（致密块状、密集条带状矿体夹黑色炭质页岩）、下亚段2段（黑色页岩夹薄层锰矿条带）、上亚段（黑色炭质页岩夹黄铁矿）。2）民乐锰矿的三级层序凝缩层体系域可划分为四个四级层序,其中第二、三层序菱锰矿发育较厚,形态以块状和密集条带状为主;第一、四层序菱锰矿发育薄,形态多为条带状。3）民乐锰矿沉积过程可以通过三级层序和四级层序两个研究尺度共同解释,三级层序尺度解释锰矿沉积过程,而四级层序尺度则揭示了多期不同形态、厚度锰矿的沉积过程。     

黔东及毗邻地区南华纪锰矿成矿期与成矿后构造专项填图方法研究

黔东及毗邻地区南华纪锰矿成矿期构造主要为同沉积断层,该类型断层在成矿期十分发育,控制和形成了南华纪早期不同序次的次级裂谷盆地,同沉积断层的垂向发育形成了锰矿成矿通道,同沉积断层可作为古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床关键地质找矿标志,本文阐述了其主要判别特征。南华纪锰矿形成后,历经加里东运动、印支运动及燕山运动等构造运动,总体来说,该区构造格局主要是受到燕山运动影响形成。本文也讨论了研究区成矿后广泛发育且比较典型,对锰矿层保存与破坏有着较大影响的犁式正断层及其判别特征。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.