聚星和星团中相接双星的观测与研究

大熊W型相接双星是两颗子星均充满并溢出各自洛希瓣、具有对流公共包层的双星系统.相接双星中存在各种各样的相互作用,给理论模型带来许多可变参量,对理论研究提出了挑战.上世纪六七十年代,经过激烈的争论,相接双星的对流公共包层模型得到公认,相接双星的热弛豫震荡模型、相接不连续模型及角动量损失理论相继被提出.然而,在过去的近40 yr中,理论研究似乎遇到了瓶颈.大量未知参量的共存,使相接双星的理论研究难以进一步开展.研究相接双星的聚星、星团环境,能为相接双星的形成和演化提供丰富的信息,因而是探索相接双星演化问题潜在的生长点.越来越多的观测证据表明,大量相接双星存在于聚星系统或者星团当中.作为母系统的聚星、星团为研究其中的相接双星提供了丰富的演化信息.本文针对这些重要天体系统中的相接双星进行了成员认证、测光观测、周期分析和基本物理参量求解等多项研究,同时对相接双星研究的现状做了简要概述.主要成果如下:     

食双星DS Psc的观测与研究

捅要从2009年到2014年,对食双星DS Psc进行了多色测光和光谱观测,得到了完整覆盖的B、V、R 3色光变曲线以及一批新的光变极小时刻,并首次确定了该双星系统的光谱型.综合已有极小时刻数据,采用O-C方法进行周期分析,得到了新的轨道周期及历元公式.利用Wilson-Devinney方法,对观测所得光变曲线作了拟合分析,首次得到了该双星系统的测光轨道初解.结果表明DS Psc为一个光谱型约为G7V的过相接双星系统.其轨道倾角为66.6°,质量比为2.506.由于其小质量的次子星具有比大质量主子星更高的表面温度,因此DS Psc应属于W次型的W UMa型双星.     

食双星的分光轨道解:AA UMa

使用像管摄谱仪和Reticon探测器获得了食双星AA UMa的高色散和高时间分辨率的光谱,并用交叉相关函数法测得其视向速度。从光谱特征来看,AA UMa是一对W UMa型食双星。本文首次给出了AA UMa的分光轨道解。在圆周运动的假设下,轨道根数测定为:P=0.468171天;T_0(相应于测光主极小时刻)=HJD2,446,520.4448;K_1=124.0公里/秒;K_2=227.7公里/秒。像其他一些使用本方法获得分光轨道解的食双星一样,AA UMa系统的质心速度没有能够唯一地确定,但是V_0=-34.8公里/秒可能是一个较好的估值。根据分光轨道根数,本文给出了新的测光历元公式:HJD Min I=2,446,520,4448(8)+0.468171(48)·E。AA UMa两子星的光谱型十分相似,与变星总表(GCVS)所列的GoV相一致。两子星的质量比为0.54,星等差为0.36(～B)     

激变变星Ⅴ1159 Ori 和BZ UMa 的测光研究

Ⅴ1159 Ori 是SU UMa 型中 ER UMa 亚型激变变星,BZ UMa 介于 U Gem 型和 WZ Sge 型之间,但又具有 SU UMa 的周期特征,存在争议.在2008年2月24日和 25日,用云南天文台 1 米 RCC(Ritchey-Chretien-Coude)望远镜对两者的测光观测显示: Ⅴ1159 Ori 在正常爆发的下降阶段存在 superhump,这为 superhump 现象普遍存在于 ER UMa 型星中提供了观测证据;BZ UMa 观测时处于爆发极大,并未观测到确凿的 superhump 周期,而 AAVSO(American Association of Variable Star Observers)近年的 BZ UMa 观测亦从未发现明确的 superhump;两者均表明 BZ UMa 可能并非 SU UMa 型星.基于星等变化幅度考虑,BZ UMa 较 WZ Sge 更为接近.     

激变变星V1159 Ori和BZ UMa的测光研究

V1159 Ori是SU UMa型中ER UMa亚型激变变星,BZ UMa介于UGem型和WZ Sge型之间,但又具有SU UMa的周期特征,存在争议.在2008年2月24日和25日,用云南天文台1米RCC(Ritchey-Chretien-Coude)望远镜对两者的测光观测显示:V1159 Ori在正常爆发的下降阶段存在superhump,这为superhump现象普遍存在于ER UMa型星中提供了观测证据;BZ UMa观测时处于爆发极大,并未观测到确凿的superhump周期,而AAVSO(American Association of Variable Star Observers)近年的BZ UMa观测亦从未发现明确的superhump;两者均表明BZ UMa可能并非SUUMa型星.基于星等变化幅度考虑,BZ UMa较WZ Sge更为接近.     

W UMa型食双星GM Bootis测光研究

GM Boo是一个已经被发现超过10年的短周期(约0.36天)相接双星。获得了GM Boo在2010到2015年新观测的多波段时序测光数据及其低色散光谱。从光变曲线中提取了19个新的光变极小时刻,并结合历史数据推导出该双星轨道周期增长速率d P/dt=1.06×10~(-7)d·y r~(-1)。Wilson-Devinney程序被用来分析GM Boo的测光轨道解。得出它是一个典型的W次型的过相接双星系统,其质量比约为q~1.22,相接度约为f~11%。模型中添加了2个黑子拟合不对称的光变曲线,说明此系统具有较强的活动性。     

存在非同步转动的双星演化模型

通过计算双星演化中的角动量转移,研究了潮汐作用下双星系统自转与公转周期的变化以及潮汐作用对双星演化的影响.结果表明,密近双星系统在主序演化时,潮汐摩擦会在较短的时间内使自转与公转达到比较接近的状态,此后经过一个较长时间的调整才能使自转与公转达到同步转动.物质交换阶段开始后,半相接双星系统更容易出现非同步转动,而相接双星系统物质交换很难破坏系统的同步状态.同时比较了非同步双星模型与同步双星模型演化曲线在赫罗图上的不同,结果表明非同步模型在物质交换阶段主星演化曲线向赫罗图光度和有效温度高的方向移动.最后通过对统计的观测数据进行分析后发现,采用该模型可以解释观测上双星超过潮汐锁定时标后仍然存在非同步转动的现象.     

2011 IOAA数据分析试题

1．分析光变亮度极小时间食双星仙后座V1107是典型的大熊座W型短周期食变双星,图1为它在一个周期内观测得到的光变曲线,可见一个主极小和一个次极小。     

相接双星大熊座AW的基本参量

根据作者提出的确定食双星基本参量的一个新方法,由光变极小时刻求出了相接双星大熊座AW的基本参量。证实了Rensing等人为了矫正相接双星邻近效应引起的谱线轮廓畸变所提出的模型对该双星的适用性;同时也证实了Mochnaski提出的计算相接双星质量的理论模型对该双星的适用性。另外还确认了大熊座AW是一个已演化的零龄相接双星。     

相接双星SW Lac的视向速度观测及其活动性的研究

本文发表了WUMa型相接双星SW Lac的1984年视向速度观测,它给出的新的分光质比q_(sp)=m_2/m_1=1.255±0.011。通过光变曲线观测和视向速度曲线观测的联合分析,得出改进了的双星绝对参量:M_1=0.78M_⊙,M_2=0.96M_⊙,R=0.91R_⊙和R_2=1.00R_⊙,在此基础上,对SW Lac双星的周期变化,可能的质量交流和损失,以及黑子活动等作了详细分析讨论。     

Light curve analysis of contact binaries: Characteristic quantities of the light curve

Quantities characterizing light curves of contact binaries of W UMa-type are introduced. For 2700 cases, theoretical light curves of contact binaries are computed by the light curve synthesis method, and characteristic quantities for these light curves are tabulated. An example of application of the table to the light curve analysis of contact binaries is shown, and the errors inherent in the solution are also discussed.     

The Spatial Distribution of W UMa-Type Stars

The aim of this project is to study the spatial distribution of contact binaries and to compare the sample from the project of study the W UMa-type stars, with existing databases such as Hipparcos, GCVS or ASAS (ESA, 1997; GCVS, 2005; Pojmanski, 2002).     

On evolution of contact eclipsing binaries

It is shown that during contact eclipsing binaries evolution under the influence of stellar wind, magnetic stellar wind and with matter transfer by gas flow, in binary stellar systems there may take place a process of star merger (low mass stars) within 10⁵–10⁷ yr and a fast increase of distance between stars of massive binaries. W UMa-type stars are a finite evolutionary stage of very close and low mass binary pairs. As for contact systems of early spectral types (CE-systems), they are more varied in evolution.     

Photometric Studies of Twelve Deep, Low-mass Ratio Overcontact Binary Systems

The formations of the blue straggler stars and the FK Com-type stars are unsolved problems in stellar astrophysics. One of the possibilities for their formations is from the coalescence of W UMa-type overcontact binary systems. Therefore, deep (f > 50%), low-mass ratio (q < 0.25) overcontact binary stars are a very important source to understand the phenomena of Blue Straggler/FK Com-type stars. Recently, 12 W UMa-type binary stars, FG Hya, GR Vir, IK Per, TV Mus, CU Tau, V857 Her, V410 Aur, XY Boo, SX CrV, QX And, GSC 619-232, and AH Cnc, were investigated photometrically. Apart from TV Mus, XY boo, and GSC 619-232, new observations of the other 9 binaries were obtained. Complete light curves of the 10 systems, FG Hya, GR Vir, IK Per, TV Mus, CU Tau, V857 Her, GSC 619-232, V410 Aur, XY Boo, and AH Cnc, were analyzed with the 2003 version of the W-D code. It is shown that all of those systems are deep (f > 50%), low-mass ratio (q < 0.25) overcontact binary stars. We found that the system GSC 619-232 has the highest degree of overcontact (f = 93.4%). The derived photometric mass ratio of V857 Her, q = 0.0653, indicates that it is the lowest-mass ratio system among W UMa-type binaries.Of the 12 sample stars, long-term period changes of 11 systems were found. About 58% (seven) of the sample binaries show cyclic period oscillation. No cyclic period changes were discovered for the other 5 systems, which may be caused by the short observational time interval or by insufficient observations. Therefore, we think that all W UMa-type binary stars may contain cyclic period variations. By considering the long-term period changes (both increase and decrease) of those binary stars, we proposed two evolutionary scenarios evolving from deep, low-mass ratio overcontact binaries into Blue Straggler/FK Com-type stars.     

Eclipsing binaries in the All Sky Automated Survey catalogue

The All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) is a long-term project to monitor bright variable stars over the whole sky. It has discovered 50 099 variables brighter than   V < 14 mag  south of declination +28°, and among them 11 076 eclipsing binaries. We present a preliminary analysis of 5384 contact, 2949 semi-detached, and 2743 detached systems. The statistics of the distribution provides a qualitative confirmation of decades old idea of Flannery and Lucy that the W UMa-type binaries evolve through a series of relaxation oscillations: the ASAS finds comparable number of contact and semi-detached systems.
The most surprising result is a very small number of detached eclipsing binaries with periods   P < 1 d  , the systems believed to be the progenitors of the W UMa stars. As many (perhaps all) contact binaries have companions, there is a possibility that some were formed in a Kozai cycle, as suggested by Eggleton and his associates.     

Variable stars in the open cluster NGC 2141

We report the results of a search for variable stars in the open cluster NGC 2141. Ten variable stars are detected, among which nine are new variable stars and they are classified as three short-period W UMa-type eclipsing binaries, two EAtype eclipsing binaries, one EB-type eclipsing binary, one very short-period RS CVntype eclipsing binary, one d-type RR Lyrae variable star, and one unknown type of variable star. The membership and physical properties are discussed, based on their light curves, positions in the color magnitude diagrams, spatial locations and periods.A known EB-type eclipsing binary is also identified as a blue straggler candidate in the cluster. Furthermore, we find that all eclipsing contact binaries have prominent asymmetric eclipses and display the O'Connell effect, which increases with a decrease in orbital periods. This suggests that the O'Connell effect is probably related to the evolution of the orbital period in short period eclipsing binary systems.     

A photometric study of the contact binaries V523 Cas and TY UMa

Broad-band V and I photometry of the short-period W UMa-type contact binaries V523 Cas and TY UMa are reported. From the light curves, the system parameters have been determined and evidence is presented for extensive spot activity in both systems, with V523 Cas being the more active system. A compilation of all the available photoelectric and CCD-based timings of eclipse minima is made; the O–C diagrams show evidence for an increasing period in the case of V523 Cas and a decreasing period in TY UMa. In addition we derive a more accurate astrometric position for V523 Cas from our CCD images.     

On the origin of nova-like binary systems

Nova-like binary systems are similar to W UMa-systems in their basic physical characteristics. Outwardly such systems are different — nova-like systems contain a white dwarf as a component, while both components of a W UMa-system are near the Main Sequence. A hypothesis is proposed, seeking the origin of contact W UMa-type systems in a fission of rapidly-rotating helium isothermal core of an evolved giant star. The contraction of the more massive component leads to the formation of a white dwarf and, consequently, to a transformation of a W UMa-type system into a nova-like system.     

BV observations of W UMa-type binaries: CK Boo,BI CVn,and AH Vir

Photoelectric BV observations of W UMa-type binaries CK Boo, BI CVn, and AH Vir are presented, and light curve variations and shifts of minima are discussed in the context of stellar activity and mass transfer. The O–C increments in three systems were found to be 0.08, 0.80, and 0.60 s per revolution, respectively. The new ephemeris for the future observations were also found.     

Possible solution to the problem of the extreme mass ratio W UMa-type binaries

When the total angular momentum of a binary system is at a critical (minimum) value, a tidal instability occurs (Darwin's instability), eventually forcing the stars to merge into a single, rapidly rotating object. The instability sets in at some critical separation which in the case of contact binaries corresponds to a minimum mass ratio depending on dimensionless gyration radius k ₁. If one considers   n = 3  polytrope (fully radiative primary with  Γ₁= 4/3  ),   k ²₁= 0.075  and   q _min≈ 0.085–0.095  . There appears to be, however, some W UMa-type binaries with q values very close, if not below these theoretical limits, implying that primary in these systems is probably more centrally condensed. We try to solve the discrepancy between theory and observations by considering rotating polytropes. We show by deriving and solving a modified Lane–Emden equation for   n = 3  polytrope that including the effects of rotation does increase the central concentration and could reduce   q _min  to as low as 0.070–0.074, more consistent with the observed population.