A Chirp Transform Algorithm for Processing Squint Mode FMCW SAR Data

Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a lightweight cost-effective high-resolution airborne imaging radar. In squint case, the frequency scaling algorithm, which is suitable for processing nonchirped raw data, cannot be used directly in FMCW SAR data processing because of low system sampling frequency. On the other hand, the continuous antenna motion of FMCW SAR can cause serious distortions in the reconstructed images. In this letter, an improved algorithm called the chirp transform algorithm is proposed. When the effects of the residual video phase are negligible, the algorithm uses a chirp transform to perform the time scaling operation to alleviate the sampling frequency problem. It requires only fast Fourier transforms and multiplications. The range cell migration introduced by the continuous motion is also compensated completely in range-Doppler domain. The algorithm performances are analyzed and are supported by point target simulation experiments.     

运动干扰站的SAR-GMTI余弦调相转发干扰

针对多通道合成孔径雷达地面动目标显示SAR—GMTI提出一种基于运动干扰站的余弦调相转发干扰方法。该方法利用运动干扰站转发式干扰的成像特性实现方位向扩展,利用余弦调相信号特性实现距离向扩展,将二者有机结合,可同时实现干扰目标在方位向和距离向的2维扩展。以三通道干涉对消技术为例分析了其对GMTI的对抗性能,理论分析和仿真实验表明:该方法对SAR和SAR-GMTI均可产生灵活可控的2维条带状或面状遮盖干扰效果,但由于多通道GMTI对干扰的抑制和对消,干扰目标幅度受正弦调制系数影响将出现增强或削弱。     

Migration through resolution cell compensation in ISAR imaging

Range-Doppler (RD) processing is widely used in conventional inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. The unwanted translational motion of moving targets is compensated by envelope alignment and autofocus. For existing ISAR imaging algorithms, the scatterers' migration through resolution cells (MTRC) caused by the rotational motion is usually ignored. With the improvement of resolution or the increase of target size, MTRC cannot be neglected. In this letter, the keystone formatting algorithm developed in SAR is used for the MTRC compensation in ISAR. Before the keystone formatting, coherent processing must be performed on the raw phase history data. An effective approach is proposed for this kind of coherent processing. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.     

Doppler Keystone Transform: An Approach Suitable for Parallel Implementation of SAR Moving Target Imaging

In this letter, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data reformatting approach named Doppler Keystone transform (DKT) is proposed to correct the range migration of a moving target. By using the DKT, the SAR imaging program, i.e., the 2-D matched filtering, can be transformed into separate 1-D operations along range or azimuth direction, and therefore, the DKT is suitable for the parallel implementation of SAR imaging of the moving target. Our simulations show that by combining the DKT and the Doppler phase compensation methods, the moving target can be well imaged in high signal–clutter-ratio case.      

一种匹配滤波结合ChirpScalingSAR数字成像处理方法

合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）是一种重要的微波遥感工具。其关键技术是成像处理,即把接收到的雷达信号转换成雷达图像。事实上,合成孔径就是通过成像处理来实现的。该文在总结目前星载ＳＡＲ各种成像处理算法的基础上,提出一种匹配滤波与ＣｈｉｒｐＳｃａｌｉｎｇ相结合的处理方法。处理过程无需插值便可进行距离迁移校正,还可获得好的聚焦与相位保持性能。所得图像质量超过现有的其它ＳＡＲ成像处理方法所得图像质量。     

单天线SAR运动舰船目标三维形状重构

基于单天线高分辨率机载SAR,研究了运动舰船目标三维形状重构问题。对运动舰船目标回波信号利用KEYSTONE变换和高阶相位拟合法完成距离徙动校正后,利用时频分析方法产生运动舰船目标二维图像序列,尝试着将因子分解法引入到SAR运动目标图像处理领域,通过因子分解法对二维图像序列进行处理,实现运动目标三维形状重构,最后给出了真实SAR数据的运动舰船目标三维重构结果,实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

机载双基地SAR实测数据成像

建立双基地SAR的单基地等效模型,分析了系统时间同步误差的机理;提出了双基地SAR回波中的直达波数据进行时间同步误差校正的算法;在双基地SAR单站等效模型的基础上,利用时变阶梯变换算法进行成像处理。经过理论分析,实测数据处理验证,这一算法是有效的,能够校正双基地SAR时间同步误差,较好地进行实测数据的成像处理。     

双通道SAR振动目标快速检测

目标的振动会对雷达回波产生特殊的相位调制,称为微多普勒效应,能够提供对微动目标检测的有利信息,因此对提高SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)系统性能具有重要意义。然而,已有的检测算法存在运算量大、抗杂波噪声能力弱和无法适应多振动目标等问题。针对这些问题,本文提出一种对振动目标检测的新算法。该算法利用相位中心天线偏置DPCA(Displaced Phase Center Antenna )对消技术消除杂波,并沿方位向累加DPCA信号来提高算法的抗噪声能力。由于振动目标SAR方位回波的频谱与脉冲序列具有高度相似性,本文算法选择了检测重复脉冲序列的脉冲重复频率PRI(Pulse Repetition Interval )变换法来实现振动目标的检测。仿真实验表明,本文算法能够在强杂波噪声条件下检测振动目标,同时具有准确振动频率估计性能,甚至当同一个单元存在多个振动目标时,本文算法依然适用。仿真中振动目标检测的计算机运行总时间不超过0.6 s,说明本文算法适用于实时检测,通过与GLRT算法和Hough变换算法运算量的比较,证明了本文算法相比于经典算法具有运算量小,检测速度快的优点。     

GPS天-地无源双基地雷达探测海面移动目标

GNSS卫星作为一种照射源,可与地面接收机构成天-地无源双基地雷达系统,用于海面移动目标探测。但是,海面目标（如船只）反射的GNSS信号能量微弱,常被淹没在背景噪声和干扰信号中。针对这一问题,本文提出利用目标的运动特点聚集目标回波能量的目标探测方法。首先,将船只的运动轨迹看作合成孔径,采用SAR成像技术——距离多普勒算法（range-Doppler algorithm,RDA）实现目标回波能量的压缩聚集,同时抑制干扰信号（如海面杂波）。然后,使用相位梯度自聚焦算法（phase gradient autofocus,PGA）作自聚焦处理,进一步聚集目标回波能量。通过现场试验采集的数据验证了本文算法。试验结果表明,本文方法能够同时聚集多个目标回波能量,精确地估计目标到接收机的距离,并判断目标的移动方向。     

Bistatic Spotlight SAR Processing Using the Frequency-Scaling Algorithm

This letter derives the bistatic point target spectrum for the translational invariant case. Based on the derived spectrum and the linear approximation of the bistatic range cell migration factor, a bistatic frequency-scaling algorithm (FSA) is proposed for spotlight synthetic aperture radar data processing. This algorithm leads to a very precise and efficient processing since it performs the focusing in the frequency domain and no interpolation is required in the whole processing chain. In addition, it is shown that the case considered in the monostatic FSA is a specialization of the more general one considered in this letter. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the validity of the presented approach.     

DEM数据辅助的星载SAR俯仰向数字波束形成

俯仰向数字波束形成(DBF)处理是星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)实现高分辨率宽测绘带成像的关键。然而,在处理较大地形起伏区域的回波信号时,传统俯仰向波束扫描(SCORE)方法会出现波束指向偏差问题,导致接收回波的增益降低,影响SAR系统成像性能。针对这一问题,本文详细分析了高分宽幅星载SAR系统的俯仰向DBF接收波束扫描指向问题,提出了一种基于数字高程图(DEM)的俯仰向DBF处理方法。该方法基于星载SAR成像几何模型,首先利用成像场景的DEM数据和卫星轨道参数计算距离门单元对应的地面高程值,并进一步计算距离门单元对应的目标波达角,然后根据该对应关系计算每个距离门单元的俯仰向DBF加权矢量,从而确保在俯仰向DBF处理过程中接收波束指向正确。通过X波段的星载SAR系统进行仿真实验,结果表明(1)当地面高程值大于1.9 km时,传统SCORE方法处理得到的目标信号幅度下降都超过2.8 dB,本文方法处理得到的目标信号幅度下降都小于0.4 dB,本文方法优于传统SCORE方法;(2)由DEM数据误差导致的地面目标高程偏差对本文方法影响较小。因此本文方法能够有效改善地形起伏较大区域的回波信号接收增益。     

Quartic-Phase Algorithm for Highly Squinted SAR Data Processing

In this letter, an algorithm based on a quartic-phase model is discussed for processing highly squinted synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from a large range swath. In the algorithm, a precise quartic-phase model is adopted to describe a range-dependent property of the SAR signal; a constant factor and a secondary scaling process are introduced to make the algorithm easy to be utilized compared with traditional nonlinear chirp scaling algorithms. The novel algorithm can process SAR data under a squint angle above 50deg and achieve a focus depth over 60 km     

SAR图像斑点噪声抑制方法与应用研究

通过详细分析SAR图像的判读和应用斑点噪声的算法,得出:多视处理能有效地平滑噪声,但降低空间分辨率;基于空间域滤波算法能有效地平滑斑点噪声,但不同程度地损失边缘和细节信息;基于变换域的小波多尺度滤波可以较好地保持边缘信息,然而其滤波效果不理想。在此基础上提出利用小波分析技术把两种或两种以上的单个滤波方法进行融合,在有效去除斑点噪声时能够较好地保持边缘、细节和纹理信息。最后初步讨论在实际应用中应根据不同情况和要求选择相应的滤波方法。     

Reduced-Dimensional Processing for Ground Moving Target Detection in Distributed Space-Based Radar

With multisatellite radar systems, several additional features are achieved: multistatic observation, interferometry, ground moving target indication (GMTI). In this letter, a new reduced-dimensional method based on joint pixels sum-difference (Sigma-Delta) data for clutter rejection and GMTI is proposed. The reduced-dimensional joint pixels Sigma-Delta data are obtained by the orthogonal projection of the joint pixels data of different synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images generated by a multisatellite radar system. In the sense of statistic expectation, the joint pixels Sigma-Delta data contain the common and different information among SAR images. Then, the objective of clutter cancellation and GMTI can be achieved by adaptive processing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method even with clutter fluctuation and image coregistration errors     

SAR图像对地定位的严密共线方程模型

SAR图像对地定位是解决SAR遥感信息在哪里的根本问题,它是遥感应用和处理的重要步骤。作者在分析现有几种SAR图像对地定位模型的基础上,根据SAR成像的严格几何关系导出SAR图像对地定位的严密共线方程模型。首先根据斜距图像的近地点斜距和远地点斜距推导中心投影等效焦距的计算公式,然后详细推导并给出斜距图像转化成严密中心投影图像时涉及的图像改化公式,最后根据实际星载SAR图像定位的精度对比,证明严密共线方程模型是可行的,而且其定位精度要明显优于传统的近似共线方程模型。     

Change detection method based on fractal model and wavelet transform for multitemporal SAR images

The interaction is quite complex between a ground object and an electromagnetic wave transmitted by synthetic aperture radar (SAR). In a ground resolution cell illuminated by a radar beam, there are many chaotic scatterers and the whole scattering echo has the chaotic characteristics which is usually described with the fractal theory, and the fractal dimension can be used to detect the change information for multitemporal SAR images. In order to improve the change detection effect with fractal model, this paper proposes a new multitemporal SAR image change detection algorithm based on the fractal model and wavelet transform (called FMWT algorithm). The FMWT algorithm has two advantages. One is insensitive to speckle noise; the other is that the change detection accuracy is improved, comparing with a general fractal change detection (GFCD) algorithm. Since the FMWT algorithm adopts the two-dimensional discrete stationary wavelet transform (TDDSWT) technique, it can obtain different direction sub-images and avoid down-sampling of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In the paper, not only the simulative data test has been carried out, but also the real natural disaster SAR images have been checked. Experimental results verify that the FMWT algorithm is feasible for multitemporal SAR image change detection, it is not sensitive to speckle noise of SAR images, and the performance of it is better than that of the GFCD algorithm. At the same time, the size of a sliding window will bring some affection in counting fractal dimensions.     

Generation of wide-swath and high-resolution SAR images from multichannel small spaceborne SAR systems

Future spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems will be required to produce high-resolution imagery over a wide area of surveillance. However, the minimum antenna area constraint makes it a contradiction to simultaneously obtain both unambiguous wide-area and high azimuth resolution. To overcome this limitation, a technique has been suggested that combines a broad illumination source with multiple receiving channels. Then, the coherent combination of the recorded multichannel signals will allow for the unambiguous SAR mapping of a wide ground area with fine azimuth resolution. This letter first gives an overview of current research work carried out about the generation of wide-swath and high-resolution SAR images from multichannel small spaceborne SAR systems, and then a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) approach combined with conventional SAR imaging algorithms is presented, which could be of help to overcome the existing difficulties in data processing. The main idea of the approach is to use a STAP-based method to properly overcome the aliasing affect caused by the lower pulse repetition frequency and thereby retrieve the unambiguous azimuth wide (full) spectrum signal from the received signal. Following this operation, conventional SAR data processing tools can be applied to fully focus the SAR images. The performance of the approach is also discussed in this letter. The approach has the advantages of simplicity, robustness, and high efficiency.     

Modeling and sensitivity analysis of navigation parameter errors for airborne synthetic aperture radar stereo geolocation

For the high-resolution airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) stereo geolocation application, the final geolocation accuracy is influenced by various error parameter sources. In this paper, an airborne SAR stereo geolocation parameter error model, involving the parameter errors derived from the navigation system on the flight platform, has been put forward. Moreover, a kind of near-direct method for modeling and sensitivity analysis of navigation parameter errors is also given. This method directly uses the ground reference to calculate the covariance matrix relationship between the parameter errors and the eventual geolocation errors for ground target points. In addition, utilizing true flight track parameters’ errors, this paper gave a verification of the method and a corresponding sensitivity analysis for airborne SAR stereo geolocation model and proved its efficiency.     

Modeling and sensitivity analysis of navigation parameter errors for airborne synthetic aperture radar stereo geolocation

For the high-resolution airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) stereo geolocation application, the final geolocation accuracy is influenced by various error parameter sources. In this paper, an airborne SAR stereo geolocation parameter error model, involving the parameter errors derived from the navigation system on the flight platform, has been put forward. Moreover, a kind of near-direct method for modeling and sensitivity analysis of navigation parameter errors is also given. This method directly uses the ground reference to calculate the covariance matrix relationship between the parameter errors and the eventual geolocation errors for ground target points. In addition, utilizing true flight track parameters’ errors, this paper gave a verification of the method and a corresponding sensitivity analysis for airborne SAR stereo geolocation model and proved its efficiency.     

基于RPC的TerraSAR-X影像立体定向平差模型

针对新型高分辨率雷达卫星TerraSAR-X立体像对,本文提出采用基于RPC的平差模型,通过少量的地面控制点来拟合因传感器不稳定、平台星历数据不精确及测距误差引起的影像几何畸变,从而达到精确定向目的.为验证RPC平差模型的适用性,通过在立体成像区域均匀市设人工角反射器点的方法验证其模型精度,并评估了其三维定向平差后的精...