胶东上庄与夏甸金矿床金红石化学成分标型特征研究

对上庄与夏甸金矿的含矿花岗岩、绢英岩以及黄铁绢英岩中的金红石化学成分标型特征进行了详细的研究,探讨了其中Fe、Si、Ti、W元素含量变化的规律。研究表明,上庄金矿与夏甸金矿中的金红石为变质成因,主要通过黑云母蚀变释放Ti而形成金红石,此类金红石主要赋存在黑云母的边缘、解理及裂隙之间。金红石中Ti含量存在由绢英岩向黄铁绢英岩的下降趋势。矿体周围能够形成Ti晕,可作为强烈矿化的标志。另外,金红石中W的含量从花岗岩到绢英岩再到黄铁绢英岩呈现不断富集的趋势,表明金红石中W的含量变化可指示金矿化的强弱,高W金红石的出现指示金矿的形成,这为胶东金矿的找矿研究提供了新的思路。     

陕西南郑五里浸金矿地质特征及矿床成因

陕西省南郑地区的五里浸金矿位于汉南杂岩西南缘。通过野外勘查和综合研究,笔者认为该矿床受构造-岩浆作用控制明显,矿化蚀变带与多期活动的F4断层破碎带密切伴生,矿体主要分布于该断层破碎蚀变带的黄铁绢英岩化带内。含矿带内共发现8条矿体,其中Ⅰ至Ⅶ为金矿体,Ⅷ为铜矿体,矿床类型应属构造蚀变岩型。在成矿过程中,F4断层可能为中基性岩浆及矿液运移的通道,也为矿液沉淀提供了空间条件。通过单矿物~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法对主要含矿岩石-黄铁绢英岩中的绢云母进行年龄测定,结果显示绢云母的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄为754.50±2.09 Ma,表明五里浸金矿的主要成矿时代可能为新元古代南华纪。     

河南熊耳山干树金矿成矿作用与围岩蚀变特征

干树金矿是河南熊耳山矿集区内的构造蚀变岩型金矿,矿区的金矿体主要赋存在构造蚀变岩带内,且与多阶段的热液活动密切相关。深源的含金成矿流体沿深大断裂向上运移,在温度、压力控制下,在构造的有利部位与围岩发生交代作用,形成多种围岩蚀变和金矿化。其中,硅化、绢云母化、黄铁绢英岩化、钾化与金矿化关系密切;围岩蚀变具有水平分带和垂直分带特征:从中心向两侧,蚀变依次为黄铁绢英岩化→石英绢云母化→钾化→绢云母化→绿泥石化,金品位呈逐步降低的分布规律;从地表向深部,则出现蚀变为褐铁矿化-高岭土化-硅化-碳酸盐化-绢云母化-钾化-黄铁矿化-黄铁绢云岩化,金品位呈由低转高的变化趋势。     

江西岿美山金矿床地质地球化学特征

岿美山金矿，是目前赣南钨锡矿外围发现的众多金矿点中规模最大的金矿床，估算其金储量达中型以上，金矿体受NW向断裂构造控制，长＞600m，延深＞170m，呈上芝下窄的漏斗状，主要含金岩石为次生石英岩，黄铁绢英岩，含硫化物石英脉，通过矿床地质，地球化学研究认为，属浅成低温热液型金矿床，是燕山期构造一岩浆演化钨金成矿系列的重要组成部分，通过岿美山金矿床成因，找矿标志研究，为赣南钨锡矿区基底构造层浅变质碎屑岩建造中寻找同类型金矿床提供了重要的理论依据和找矿线索。     

东天山玉峰金矿热液蚀变作用与元素迁移规律

玉峰金矿位于中亚造山带东天山东缘,是近年来新发现的含银高品位金矿床。该矿床目前已探明6个金矿体,均赋存在石英斑岩中。矿区热液蚀变作用发育,与成矿关系最密切的为黄铁绢英岩化和硅化,显示明显的蚀变分带:以石英硫化物脉为中心,黄铁绢英岩化带在其两侧大致对称分布。本文选取矿体上盘和下盘的石英斑岩、黄铁绢英岩进行了全岩的主、微量元素及成矿元素测试,并对其中的长石和绢云母进行电子探针成分分析。测试结果表明,黄铁绢英岩中的Au含量较蚀变前呈指数级增长,Ag、Cu、As等成矿元素大量增加,CaO、Na_2O、P_2O_5、P_2O_5、Sr、Pb、Th、U、Sb等元素显著迁出,而SiO_2、Al_2O_3、TiO_2含量和稀土元素含量变化较小,表现稳定。热液蚀变过程中,石英斑岩中71%～76%的正长石发生绢云母化,导致K_2O大量迁出;而钠长石几乎全部蚀变为绢云母,造成Na_2O大量迁出。热液流体的贡献使得蚀变岩中MgO、Fe_2O_3~T含量成倍增加,并主要富集在绢云母和/或黄铁矿晶格中。综合分析认为,绢英岩化蚀变带,Au、Cu、As和Bi等元素的综合化探异常,低电阻率、高激化率的地球物理特征可以作为玉峰矿区深部和外围找矿的标志。研究区内的石炭纪石英斑岩带,尤其是在构造叠加部位,热液活动使其更有利于矿化富集,是找矿勘探的有利部位。     

山东界河金矿矿化类型、地质勘查模型及成矿预测

按照矿石矿物组成、矿石组构、矿石类型以及围岩蚀变特点等,将山东招远界河金矿的金矿化类型分为钾化花岗岩型、黄铁绢英岩型、石英一多金属脉型和似青盘岩型等4种.钾化花岗岩型金矿化分布于"蚀变岩型金矿"成矿系统的深部,是富钾岩浆热液钾交代作用和黄铁矿脉充填作用的结果,一般形成于大矿体的下部或旁侧或作为大矿体的下部或根部的一部分.黄铁绢英岩型矿化位于成矿系统中部的主控矿断裂中的最佳成矿部位,是深部岩浆和浅部天水热液发生混合、交代和充填的最理想部位,往往构成大型和特大型工业矿体.脉状多金属型矿化位于该成矿系统的中浅部,地下水热液参与较多,成矿温度低,只能形成小而富的多金属硫化物型金矿体.在成矿系统的边部,热液活动更弱,形成以绿泥石化为主的似青盘岩化带,矿化较弱或构成无矿节理化带,本身不具工业意义,但可以指示深部成矿作用和隐伏矿体的存在.不同金矿化类型在界河金矿范围内有规律地分布是界河金矿深部和外围探矿的重要地质依据.     

石膏矿床的地质特征及对硫化矿床的指示意义

从研究划分石膏矿化的成因类型入手,进行热液化学成分来源分析和岩石蚀变分带研究,结合典型矿床实例分析,总结出在碳酸盐岩中出现热液交代型石膏矿化体附近,往往伴生有金属硫化矿体或含硫化矿物丰富的岩石,该规律对寻找硫化物型金属自矿体的意义巨大.     

胶西北新城金矿床热液蚀变作用

新城金矿床是胶西北金矿集区中典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,其矿体受控于NE-NNE向焦家断裂及其次级断裂系统,主要赋存于断裂下盘(黄铁)绢英岩与红化花岗岩体中。焦家断裂下盘分带性明显,自主断裂面向外依此发育主断裂面和断层泥、挤压片理带、构造透镜体带、密集节理带和稀疏节理带。其中,主断裂面和断层泥发育粘土化蚀变;挤压片理带发育面状黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,其内赋存黄铁绢英岩型矿体;构造透镜体带发育脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化、面状绢英岩化和硅化蚀变,其次级断裂内赋存石英硫化物脉型矿体;节理带(包括密集节理带和稀疏节理带)主要发育成红化和细脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化,沿节理面赋存细脉型矿体。碳酸盐化蚀变叠加于上述热液蚀变之上。焦家断裂带表现为以水平为主的蚀变-矿化特征,(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变与金成矿关系最为密切。论文在厘定断裂构造分带与蚀变-矿化分带空间关系的基础上,通过对各类蚀变岩与新鲜新城花岗岩体元素地球化学分析,剖析了热液蚀变作用过程及其机制。选取TiO_2作为不活动组分,质量平衡计算表明,成矿前新城花岗岩体发生红化作用时,带入组分有Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Al_2O_3以及少量Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分有SiO_2、CaO和Na_2O等;成矿期红化花岗岩体蚀变为(黄铁)绢英岩过程中,明显带入组分有SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、FeO、Al_2O_3、Mg O、K_2O、Au、Ag、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分为Na_2O。稀土元素地球化学特征与REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线表明,红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化热液蚀变作用影响REE迁移。REE分别在红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中带入和带出;Eu在红化过程中呈显著带入,表现为显著Eu正异常(δ_(Eu)=1.34),而在(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中活化带出,表现出Eu负异常(0.89~0.95)。成矿期发生(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变时,Eu从氧化态Eu~(3+)转变为Eu~(2+),进入流体被带走,造成Eu负异常。金主要以Au(HS)~-_2形式在变质流体中运移。成矿流体沿片理面运移时,在挤压片理带发生黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,硫化作用使得流体还原硫活度降低,导致Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并赋存于黄铁矿和石英等矿物裂隙或晶格中,形成黄铁绢英岩型矿化;在构造透镜体带,成矿流体沿次级断裂面和碎裂岩裂隙发生蚀变形成脉型(黄铁)绢英岩,成矿元素在次级断裂面/裂隙内沉淀并形成石英硫化物脉型矿化;在节理带,成矿流体压力瞬时降低导致流体发生不混溶现象,使得Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并充填节理中形成细脉型矿化。     

塔吾尔别克-阿庇因迪斑岩型金矿特征

矿床的形成与矿区二长斑岩岩体有关.岩体内发育4组原生节理或裂隙带,这些节理或裂隙带控制了矿体的分布,特别是它们的交汇部位是成矿的良好部位.矿体形态为脉状、网脉状和透镜体状.有4种矿石类型:黄铁矿石英脉型;黄铁矿硅酸盐石英脉型;黄铁绢英岩型和细脉浸染型.矿床可以划分为2个成矿期:内生成矿期和表生成矿期.内生成矿期划分3个成矿阶段,第2成矿阶段是金矿主成矿阶段.矿物组合为黄铁矿、自然金、银金矿、石英、绿泥石、方解石、白云石、绢云母、白云母和重晶石.矿体的围岩蚀变主要为硅化、绢云母化、黄铁绢英岩化、绿泥石化、硅酸盐化.氢氧同位素、硫同位素以及流体包裹体的研究表明,成矿热液为岩浆热液和大气降水的混合体.成矿热液温度为130℃,成矿压力为22MPa,盐度1.03%,氧逸度-36.7~-38.8,pH=5.8~8.8.成矿流体早期显酸性,晚期显碱性.认为该矿床为浅成低温、低盐度流体成矿,属于次火山斑岩型金矿.     

海南岭壳铜(银-金)矿床地质特征及找矿方向

岭壳铜(银-金)矿床赋存于白垩纪岭壳村组流纹质角砾凝灰熔岩和早白垩世花岗闪长岩中.目前已发现11条铜(银-金)矿(化)体,矿体的产出严格受断裂破碎带控制,与成矿关系密切的围岩蚀变呈现出自东(20线)向西的钾化→绢云母化→强高岭石化、绿泥石化蚀变分带,矿化相应呈现从铜(金)向铜(银)的过渡.根据其对称性的蚀变分带,应加强20线以东的地质找矿;根据成矿元素分形和统计研究发现,Au,Ag矿化具有专属性,即在流纹质凝灰熔岩中寻找Cu,Ag矿,而在花岗闪长岩中以寻找Cu,Au矿为主.     

中国金矿床主要工业类型及其分布特征

石英脉型、蚀变碎裂岩型及糜棱岩型目前仍然是我国金矿床的主要类型.金矿床的空间分布上具有丛聚性,在矿床类型及成矿时代方面,东、西部表现出明显差别.东间地区主要为石英脉型、蚀变碎裂岩型、冰长石一绢云母石英脉型、矽卡岩型、铁帽型及红土型等,成矿时代主要为燕山期,铁帽型及红土型主要形成于第四纪;西北部地区主要有蚀变碎裂岩型、冰长石一绢云母石英脉型和石英脉型等,成矿时代主要为海西期;西南部地区主要为微细浸染型、蚀变碎裂岩型、石英脉型及红土型等,成矿时代主要为印支一喜马拉雅期.砂砾层型在各矿化集中区均有不同程度分布,主要为现代地质作用的产物.     

柬埔寨KW铜金矿床地质特征及控矿条件

柬埔寨KW铜金矿床产于安山质火山岩中,矿化受NE-NNE向断裂控制,为中低温热液脉型矿化;矿体一般长80~640m,厚0.13~7.05m,品位Cu0.56%~3.48%,Au0.36×10-6~2.56×10-6;矿石金属矿物以黄铜矿、黄铁矿、毒砂为主,非金属矿物以石英为主,含少量绢云母、绿泥石、方解石等,近矿围岩蚀变以硅化-绢云母化-绿泥石化。矿区安山岩属高钾低钠的钙碱性岩类,矿石与安山岩有相似的稀土配分特征,显示成矿与安山质岩浆活动有密切的成因联系。矿区青磐岩化、细脉状石膏较为普遍,显示可能存在与次火山岩体有关的蚀变岩型矿化,该类型矿化是下一步找矿突破的重要方向。     

Shear-related gold mineralization in Northwest Ghana: The Julie deposit

The Julie deposit is currently the largest gold prospect in NW Ghana. It is hosted in sheared granitoids of TTG composition of the Paleoproterozoic Julie greenstone belt. The main mineralization consists of a corridor of gold-bearing quartz veins forming a network of a few tens of metres in thickness, trending E–W and dipping 30–60° N, contained within the main shear zone that affects these rocks. The core of this vein corridor is altered by sericite, quartz, ankerite, calcite, tourmaline and pyrite, and is surrounded by an outer halo consisting of albite, sericite, calcite, chlorite, pyrite and rutile. A second set of veins, conjugate to the first set, occurs in the area. These veins have alteration halos with a similar mineralogy as the main corridor, however, their extent, as well as the size of the mineralization, is less important. In the main corridor, gold forms micron-sized grains that occur in pyrite as inclusions, on its edges, and in fractures crosscutting it. Silver, tellurium, bismuth, copper and lead commonly accompany the gold. Pyrite occurs disseminated in the veins and in the surrounding rocks. Up to several ppm Au occurs in the structure of pyrite from the main mineralization.     

吉林省海沟金矿床成矿条件及找矿潜力探讨

海沟金矿床的围岩为燕山早期中酸性花岗岩体—海沟岩体,受北东向、近东西向断裂构造控制,矿化深度约1～3 km,成矿流体主要源于岩浆,成矿物质源于上地幔,成矿温度范围为119～420℃。矿化岩石为石英脉,构造片理化带（绢云石英千糜岩）、片理化闪长玢岩脉、含金石英脉构成了海沟金矿床＂三位一体＂的成矿标志和找矿标志。矿床虽然经过多次勘查,但仍有较大找矿潜力,根据成矿条件和地质工作程度,优选出5个找矿远景区。     

Early Tertiary epithermal gold mineralization, Bahcecik prospect, northeastern Turkey

The Bahcecik prospect is located in the eastern Pontide tectonic province of the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. It is one of the first low sulfidation epithermal systems to be described from this area of Turkey. Gold mineralization occurred within Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanic rocks and is localized along east-trending normal faults and lithologic contacts. An early quartz–sericite alteration event was focused along the major fault in the area and resulted in precipitation of arsenian (?) pyrite with anomalous gold. A later, more spatially extensive, advanced argillic alteration event overprinted the quartz–sericite event. Native gold was precipitated during this event as disseminations and fracture fillings in quartz. Gold mineralization is restricted to the high-temperature portion of the alteration zone characterized by quartz veins with diaspore–pyrophyllite selvages. The prospect area was subjected to Tertiary to Holocene supergene alteration.     

华北克拉通和西澳克拉通金矿床对比研究及其对中国金矿勘查的启示

华北克拉通固结时间较晚,活动性较强,金矿床赋矿围岩以中深变质的镁铁质岩石和花岗岩类岩石为主,大规模金矿床一般产在韧、脆性剪切叠加的构造带中,成矿时代在188~46Ma之间.西澳克拉通固结较早,稳定性较好,金矿床主要产在太古宙花岗岩-绿岩地体中,一般产在韧-脆性剪切过渡带或叠加的构造带中,金矿化年龄在2640~2600Ma之间.华北克拉通金矿床比西澳金矿床形成晚,受剥蚀程度低,许多矿床尚未出露地表,在深部寻找盲矿体前景可观.     

Alteration Patterns Related to Hydrothermal Gold Mineralizaition in Meta-andesites at Dungash Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt

Abstract: The hydrothermal alteration patterns associating with the gold prospect hosted by metavolcanics in the Dungash area, Eastern Desert of Egypt, were investigated in order to assign their relationship to mineralization. The metavolcanics of andesitic composition are generated by regional metamorphism of greenschist facies superimposed by hydrothermal activity. Epidote and chlorite are metamorphic minerals, whereas sericite, carbonates, and chlorite are hydrothermal alteration minerals. The auriferous quartz vein is of NEE‐SWW trend and cuts mainly the andesitic metavolcanics, but sometimes extends to the neighbouring metapyroclastics and metasediments. Quartz‐sericite, sericite, carbonate‐sericite, and chlorite‐sericite constitute four distinctive alteration zones which extend outwards from the mineralized quartz vein. The quartz‐sericite and sericite zones are characterized by high contents of SiO₂, K₂O, Rb, and As, the carbonate‐sericite zone is by high contents of CaO, Au, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Y, and the chlorite‐sericite zone is by high contents of MgO, Na₂O, Zn, Ba, and Co. Gold and sulphide minerals are relatively more abundant in the carbonate‐sericite zone followed by the sericite one. The geochemistry of the alteration system was investigated using volume‐composition and mass balance calculations. The volume factors obtained for the different alteration zones, mentioned above (being 1.64, 1.19, 1.17, and 1.07, respectively), indicate that replacement had taken place with a volume gain. The mass balance calculations revealed addition of SiO₂, K₂O, As, Cu, Rb, Ba, Ni, and Y to the system as a whole and subtraction of Fe2O3 from the system. Initial high aK+ and aH+ for the invading fluids is suggested. As the fluids migrated into wallrocks, they became more concentrated in Mg, Ca, and Na with increasing activities of CO₂ and S. The calculated loss‐gain data are in agreement with the microscopic observations. Breakdown of ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars in the quartz‐sericite, sericite, and chlorite‐sericite zones accompanied by loss in Mg, Fe, Ca, and Na under acidic conditions and low CO2/H2O ratio may obstruct the formation of carbonates and sulphides, and the precipitation of gold in these zones. The role of metamorphic fluids in the area is expected to be restricted to the liberation of Au and some associated elements from their hosts.     

Orogenic Gold Mineralization in the Qolqoleh Deposit, Northwestern Iran

The Qolqoleh gold deposit is located in the northwestern part of the Sanandai‐Sirjan Zone, northwest of Iran. Gold mineralization in the Qolqoleh deposit is almost entirely confined to a series of steeply dipping ductile–brittle shear zones generated during Late Cretaceous–Tertiary continental collision between the Afro‐Arabian and the Iranian microcontinent. The host rocks are Mesozoic volcano‐sedimentary sequences consisting of felsic to mafic metavolcanics, which are metamorphosed to greenschist facies, sericite and chlorite schists. The gold orebodies were found within strong ductile deformation to late brittle deformation. Ore‐controlling structure is NE–SW‐trending oblique thrust with vergence toward south ductile–brittle shear zone. The highly strained host rocks show a combination of mylonitic and cataclastic microstructures, including crystal–plastic deformation and grain size reduction by recrystalization of quartz and mica. The gold orebodies are composed of Au‐bearing highly deformed and altered mylonitic host rocks and cross‐cutting Au‐ and sulfide‐bearing quartz veins. Approximately half of the mineralization is in the form of dissemination in the mylonite and the remainder was clearly emplaced as a result of brittle deformation in quartz–sulfide microfractures, microveins and veins. Only low volumes of gold concentration was introduced during ductile deformation, whereas, during the evident brittle deformation phase, competence contrasts allowed fracturing to focus on the quartz–sericite domain boundaries of the mylonitic foliation, thus permitting the introduction of auriferous fluid to create disseminated and cross‐cutting Au‐quartz veins. According to mineral assemblages and alteration intensity, hydrothermal alteration could be divided into three zones: silicification and sulfidation zone (major ore body); sericite and carbonate alteration zone; and sericite–chlorite alteration zone that may be taken to imply wall‐rock interaction with near neutral fluids (pH 5–6). Silicified and sulfide alteration zone is observed in the inner parts of alteration zones. High gold grades belong to silicified highly deformed mylonitic and ultramylonitic domains and silicified sulfide‐bearing microveins. Based on paragenetic relationships, three main stages of mineralization are recognized in the Qolqoleh gold deposit. Stage I encompasses deposition of large volumes of milky quartz and pyrite. Stage II includes gray and buck quartz, pyrite and minor calcite, sphalerite, subordinate chalcopyrite and gold ores. Stage III consists of comb quartz and calcite, magnetite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite and gold ores. Studies on regional geology, ore geology and ore‐forming stages have proved that the Qolqoleh deposit was formed in the compression–extension stage during the Late Cretaceous–Tertiary continental collision in a ductile–brittle shear zone, and is characterized by orogenic gold deposits.     

祁连山西段党河南山北坡3个不同特征的金矿床研究

黑刺沟金矿床以富As和Sb的微细浸染蚀变岩型金矿化和部分石英脉型锑－金矿化为特征,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-毒砂(辉锑矿)-石英;贾公台金矿床以少硫化物石英脉型金矿化和蚀变岩型金矿化为特征,As和Sb的质量分数不高,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-自然金(方铅矿)-石英-钾长石;鸡叫沟金矿床以蚀变岩型金矿化为主,次之为石英脉型金矿化,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-石英.3个金矿床的成因均与岩浆岩有密切联系,但各矿区的岩浆岩在岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素及稀土元素特征具有差异,表明其成因不尽相同.这可能是造成3个金矿床地质特征差异的主要原因.