三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻对太平洋纺锤水蚤繁殖与生化指标的影响

采用实验生态的方法,探讨三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonassubcordiformis)对太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)繁殖及其生化指标的影响.实验结果表明,三角褐指藻对太平洋纺锤水蚤产卵量和卵的孵化率均具有抑制作用,随着投喂时间的增加,太平洋纺锤水蚤的产卵量由15.02±3.15 ind/d下降到3.25±3.15 ind/d(p<0.05),其卵的孵化率由22.88%±2.49%下降到14.84%±1.20%(p<0.05).而投喂亚心形扁藻的太平洋纺锤水蚤其产卵量和卵的孵化率与对照组无显著差异(p>0.05).投喂三角褐指藻后,太平洋纺锤水蚤的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力相对于投喂亚心形扁藻的增加了20.94±0.04μg/mg,其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力增加了15.812±1.240 U/mg.这表明相对于亚心形扁藻,三角褐指藻对太平洋纺锤水蚤的抗氧化性酶具有诱导作用.     

饵料、温度和盐度对两种海洋桡足类摄食与排粪的影响

中华哲水蚤是中国近海典型的浮游桡足类,猛水蚤是青岛胶州湾和汇泉湾常见底栖桡足类,研究2种海洋桡足类的摄食和排粪规律可为大量培养桡足类提供最佳条件。论文研究了在6种不同饵料(球等鞭金藻、亚心形扁藻、小球藻、绿色巴夫藻、三角褐指藻、小新月菱形藻)的条件下,温度和盐度对中华哲水蚤和猛水蚤摄食和排粪的影响。温度和盐度对2种桡足类摄食和排粪的影响具有种间差异性。中华哲水蚤在15℃的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率高于在20和25℃的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率。在15、20和25℃3个温度范围内,猛水蚤的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率随温度升高而升高。在20～36盐度范围内,中华哲水蚤的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率随盐度的升高先升高后降低,在盐度为28时达到最大值,猛水蚤的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率随盐度升高而逐渐降低,猛水蚤摄食和排粪的最适盐度为20。温度和盐度实验均表明,在6种饵料中,亚心形扁藻和球等鞭金藻有利于中华哲水蚤的摄食,球等鞭金藻有利于猛水蚤的摄食,而小球藻对2种桡足类的摄食均不利。     

常用海产植物性活饵料氨基酸的测定

本文报道9种浮游植物所含有的重要氨基酸种类与含量的仪器测定结果,并与长毛对虾肉的氨基酸含量作营养价的比较.氨基酸的总含量小新月菱形藻为干样的34.6%,简单钙质角毛藻27.0%,三角褐指藻25.9%,亚心形扁藻22.9%,小球藻21.4%,异胶藻20.0%,盐藻19.6%,中肋骨条藻18.3%,湛江叉鞭金藻10.5%,长毛对虾肉60.9%,小新月菱形藻、简单钙质角毛藻、三角褐指藻、亚心形扁藻和长毛对虾肉不含有蛋氨酸,但是赖氨酸的含量高于其他种粪.我国当前较优质的植物性活饵料是小新月形藻、简单钙质角毛藻,三角褐指藻、亚心形扁藻和中肋骨条藻.     

几种微藻对珠母贝面盘幼虫生长和存活的影响

研究了不同浓度的湛江等鞭金藻（Isochrysis zhanjiangensis Hu ＆Liu）、亚心形扁藻[Platymonas subcordiformis（Wille）Hazen]、小球藻（Chlorella sp.）以及这3种微藻以一定的比例混合后（简称混合藻）对珠母贝面盘幼虫生长和存活的影响.结果表明：幼虫对3种微藻都能摄食,但4种饵料相比,以湛江等鞭金藻和混合藻的饵料效果为好,亚心形扁藻在面盘幼虫发育到93μm时可以投喂,小球藻饵料效果较差,不宜单独作为面盘幼虫的饵料;湛江等鞭金藻、亚心形扁藻和混合藻的浓度对面盘幼虫生长和存活都有显著影响,小球藻对其没有显著的影响.湛江等鞭金藻和混合藻适宜的投喂浓度分别为1 000-1 500个/cm^3和1 500-2 000个/cm^3,在适宜浓度下,湛江等鞭金藻组面盘幼虫最大生长速度、存活率和壳初率以及幼虫进入壳初的时间分别为5.663μm/d、69.34%、63.68%、6d,混合藻组为6.28μm/d、69.46%、54.49%、5-6 d.     

不同饵料对桡足类无节幼体存活、发育的影响研究

在食物中碳质量浓度为1.0 mg/L的条件下,通过室内实验研究了不同食物对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)无节幼体存活和发育的影响。结果表明,桡足类无节幼体发育速度与存活率之间存在正相关关系。单种食物中粒径较小的微绿球藻和三角褐指藻在桡足类开口摄食期是最适宜的饵料,但在发育后期以及整个发育期则粒径较大的亚心型扁藻和中肋骨条藻更为适宜。在相同的发育阶段,小型桡足类双刺纺锤水蚤和中型桡足类中华哲水蚤对于食物粒径的选择也是不同的。与非硅藻食物相比,硅藻并非桡足类无节幼体发育的理想食物,而单种硅藻对桡足类无节幼体发育的负面影响可以通过对混合食物的摄食得到有效的减弱。     

环境因子对硬壳蛤Mercenaria mercenaria稚贝成活率和生长率的影响

采用室内模拟的方法，对盐度、饵料、底质和温度对硬壳蛤稚贝成活率和生长率的影响进行了研究。结果表明，硬壳蛤稚贝存活和生长的适宜盐度范围为18－42，最适盐度范围为24－36。从稚贝成活率看，几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为：等鞭金藻＞美国扁藻＞混合藻＞亚心形扁藻＞大溪等鞭金藻＞三角褐指藻＞小球藻＞中肋骨条藻；但从稚贝日生长率看，几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为：混合藻＞等鞭金藻＝美国扁藻＝亚心形扁藻＞大溪等鞭金藻＞三角褐指藻＞小球藻＞中肌骨条藻。硬壳蛤对底质环境有一定的选择性，稚贝在纯砂底质中的成活率和日生长率均高于在纯海泥底质中，但砂的粒径大小对稚贝成活率和日生长率没有明显影响。硬壳蛤稚贝具有很强的耐高温能力，在室内控温条件下，能够耐受30－35℃的高温，但在室外自然温度条件下，当温度为21．8－35．4℃（平均为30．1℃）时，稚贝成活率却很低，无砂情况下只有32％，有砂情况下为零。     

对二甲苯和苯乙烯对海洋微藻生长和光合能力的影响

为了探讨对二甲苯和苯乙烯对海洋微藻的毒性效应,本研究以三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻为材料,分别比较了不同浓度的对二甲苯和苯乙烯胁迫对微藻生长以及叶绿素含量的影响,并计算对二甲苯和苯乙烯对三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻96hEC50。研究表明,对二甲苯和苯乙烯对三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻生长的抑制呈显著的剂量-效应关系,对二甲苯和苯乙烯对三角褐指藻96hEC50分别为60.20mg/L和47.82mg/L,对亚心形扁藻的96hEC50值分别为26.49mg/L和85.62mg/L,相比而言,三角褐指藻对苯乙烯敏感,而亚心形扁藻对对二甲苯更为敏感。同时研究还发现,对二甲苯和苯乙烯胁迫下,试验微藻的叶绿素含量均随处理浓度以及处理时间而显著降低。这些结果为评估对二甲苯和苯乙烯对海洋微藻的毒性效应提供了依据。     

几种海洋微藻的固定化培养

用褐藻酸钙固定化培养了7种海洋微藻,它们是等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、微形角刺藻(Chaetoccros minutissimus)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis Tseng et T.J.Chang)、亚心形扁藻(Pl.subcordiformis)、隐杆藻(Aphanothece sp.)和盐藻(Dunaliella sp.).     

海洋微藻除菌及降菌与自然带菌微藻生长特点比较

于１９９５年４－１２月在中国科学院海洋研究所进行微藻除菌及比较除菌与自然带菌微藻生长特点的研究,经平板培养排除霉菌后,利用组合抗生素（青霉素＋卡那霉素＋链霉素＋庆大霉素）获得除菌球等鞭金藻,三角褐指藻及小球藻,对抗生素处理前后的微藻生长特点进行比较研究,结果表明,与未除菌时相比,除菌后的球等鞭金藻及小球藻不易老化（可保持良好悬浮３０ｄ以上）;回加细菌于除菌藻,藻细胞下沉附底,说明细菌可促使微藻细胞老化。无维生素时,除菌后的球等鞭金藻细胞形态发生一定变化,回加细胞后藻细胞形态有部分恢复,与未除菌时相比,除菌后三角褐指藻更能面受高温（如３０℃）,另外,某些抗生素能够刺激球等鞭金藻的生长。     

饵料对网纹藤壶幼虫发育和附着的影响

研究了亚心形扁藻Platymonas subcordiformis、小球藻Chlorella sp.对网纹藤壶Balanus reticulatus幼虫发育和附着的影响。结果表明,在幼虫存活率以及金星幼虫和Ⅵ期无节幼虫所占比例方面,旺盛期亚心形扁藻对网纹藤壶幼虫的投喂效果均明显优于小球藻;旺盛期亚心形扁藻培养的金星幼虫附着率明显高于老化扁藻(p0.01)。因此,以旺盛期亚心形扁藻作为幼虫培养饵料应更有利于藤壶幼体的生长发育。     

温度和饵料对双刺纺锤水蚤产卵率和孵化率的影响

Acartia bifilosa (Copepoda: Calanoida) is a common species in offing of global waters and it often becomes dominant species in some estuaries. This species develops different strategy according to variation of environment. Despite its ecological role, Acartia bifilosa also has been concerned as live feeds in aquaculture, but study on egg production rate of this species in saturated diet in different temperature and different diet is so far not available. In order to interpret the importance of temperature and diet on natural population variation and also on aquaculture as foods of larval fish, the functional response of reproductive success of Acartia bifilosa was quantified in the laboratory using different temperatures and diets. Acartia bifilosa was captured in Jiaozhou Bay and acclimated to corresponding temperature for 3~4 days. In order to reduce the effect of large extent temperature range on organism, we captured Acartia bifilosa from March to June and acclimated them to temperature which is adjacent to natural temperature. Daily egg production rate (EPR, eggs female-1day-1) was detected for 11~15 days at 5 different temperatures ranged from 8.0 to 23 °C and all the females was feed on saturated diet all through the experiments. EPR on first day was not calculated in the mean EPR to eliminate the effect of different diets. This result showed that Acartia bifilosa spawned continuously during the experiment days and no obvious regulation was found. EPR was positively correlated with temperature from 8.0 to 23 °C. The highest mean EPR was observed at 23 °C (7.3 eggs female-1day-1), and the lowest value was found at 8 °C (3.8 eggs female-1day-1). The effect of diets on EPR was evaluated at two different temperatures (8.0 °C and 12.5 °C). Same trends were found at the two temperatures: mean EPR fed on Chaetoceros sp. was higher than that fed on Skeletonema costatum, and during the 14-day experiments, EPR was higher for females fed on Skeletonema costatum than chaetoceros sp. in the first few days (3~5 days), but it changed reversely in the subsequent days until the end of the experiments. Hatched eggs were observed in the two experiments at temperature 8°C and 12.5 °C and no diapause eggs were found. The hatching success rate was low at 8°C but reached 93.2% at 12.5 °C. According to the results in this paper, we detected the comfortable temperature range for EPR, and evaluated the effect of Skeletonema costatum which often brings out red tide in natural waters. These results are beneficial to ecological research for explaining population variation and population recruitment of this species, These data also can be used in Acartia bifilosa aquaculture.     

中肋骨条藻-裸甲藻-双毛纺锤水蚤营养传递的级联效应

中型浮游动物因摄食微型浮游动物,释放了微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力,这种营养级联效应会增加浮游植物丰度和降低中型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率,从而弱化浮游生物网营养传递过程中的下行控制作用。本研究在实验室模拟了食物链中肋骨条藻-裸甲藻-双毛纺锤水蚤的营养传递过程,发现在中肋骨条藻低生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好于选择摄食裸甲藻;高生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好选择摄食中肋骨条藻。营养传递过程中存在正的级联效应(0.018~0.12 d^-1),级联效应的大小与裸甲藻的摄食率和双毛纺锤水蚤对裸甲藻的摄食选择指数呈现显著的正相关关系。双毛纺锤水蚤对中肋骨条藻的直接摄食死亡率大于营养级联效应,从而导致中肋骨条藻生物量的降低。因此,营养级联效应对中型浮游动物摄食浮游植物的影响要弱于中型浮游动物的直接摄食作用。     

Influence of food quality on egg production and viability of the marine planktonic copepod Acartia omorii

Egg production, egg viability and fecal pellet production were determined for individual Acartia omorii, which were fed diets of two species of diatoms (Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) and three species of dinoflagellates (Scrippsiella trochoidea, Heterocapsa triquetra and Cochlodinium polykrikoides). Diets were analyzed for fatty acid content as an indicator of food quality. Depending on the diet, egg production of A. omorii varied over time, diminishing with some diets (S. trochoidea, C. polykrikoides, P. tricornutum). This rate of reduction was much more rapid for a diet of C. polykrikoides, which caused egg production to decrease to ca. 2.4 eggs f⁻¹ d⁻¹ in only four days. As for all diets, egg viability was high at the beginning but with the C. polykrikoides and P. tricornutum diets, it rapidly decreased with time. Fecal pellet production also varied with time, depending on the diet. Egg production rate was closely correlated with fecal pellet production. There was no direct relationship between egg viability and egg production rate, but both egg production and viability were affected by the nutritional quality of food. Egg viability was also highly dependent on the composition of fatty acids in the eggs. Egg viability showed positive correlation with the ratio of ω3:ω6 groups among egg fatty acids, and negative correlation with the ratio of 20:5 (n−3) : 22:6 (n−3). While comparing several diets, egg production rate was higher on diets (H. triquetra and S. trochoidea) containing ample amounts of essential fatty acids such as 18:4 (n−3) and 22:6 (n−3). The results suggest that fertility of A. omorii was dependent upon the quality of the food, and dinoflagellate diets, with the exception of C. polykrikoides, were preferable to diatom diets.     

塔胞藻在中国海的发现与应用

我们于1981年秋采到、1982年春分离出一种单细胞藻——塔胞藻(Pyramimonas sp.),属绿藻纲(Chlorophyceae),多毛藻科(Polyblepharidaceae)。细胞略呈卵形或筒形,长12—16微米,宽8—12微米;前端具一圆锥形凹陷,由凹陷中央向前伸出四条鞭毛;不具细胞璧,易为幼虫消化吸收。我们曾先后试用它为     

N/P比失衡对两种硅藻元素组成及水体中氮磷组成的影响

近半个世纪以来,近海富营养化问题日益突出,微藻对C、N、P的吸收容易偏离Redfield比,自身元素组成受到影响。本文探究了在正常、低N/P和高N/P培养条件下,三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的元素(C、N、P)组成和其所在培养液营养盐含量的变化。结果表明:两种硅藻培养液的DIN、DIP和DIN/DIP在三处理组中,随时间的变化趋势不同;N/P比失衡的培养条件影响了两种硅藻的C/P、C/N和N/P值。高N/P比条件下,C/P值较对照组大幅度增加;低N/P比条件下,C/N值较对照组大幅度增加。而且,三角褐指藻各实验组的C、N、P化学计量比较中肋骨条藻表现出更强的稳定性;同种硅藻在N/P比失衡的培养条件下,P含量的变化幅度均大于N含量,表现出了更强的不稳定性。上述研究为营养限制对生物地球化学循环的影响的研究提供了重要的基础数据。     

Seasonal factors affecting egg production and viability of eggs of Acartia tonsa Dana from East Lagoon, Galveston, Texas

Egg production and hatching success were determined between March 1981 and March 1982 for the copepod Acartia tonsa Dana from East Lagoon, Galveston, Texas. During three-day experiments in the laboratory, field collected females were fed diets of (1) natural particles collected over the water column, (2) some modification of this and (3) the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. The latter served to isolate the effects of temperature and salinity from the effects of the natural particle diets on egg production. Specific rates of egg production, i.e. μg egg biomass/μg body biomass/time, were consistently higher per unit carbon than nitrogen.The influence of seasonal factors on egg production was compared. Salinity was inversely correlated with egg production, but had less effect than temperature. Positive correlations with temperature were always higher for specific rates per unit nitrogen than carbon. At 15°C, females produced 0·25 of their body carbon (or nitrogen) as eggs per day, whereas at 28°C, they produced at least their own biomass as eggs per day (up to 1·80). These high rates of A. tonsa were probably due to its reproductive biology and adaptation to the subtropical habitat as well as the high temperatures and food concentrations. The correlation between specific egg production rate and temperature was less with the natural particle diets than with the unialgal diet. This indicated that the quantity or quality of natural particle assemblages in East Lagoon influenced egg production. Egg viability was highest in the spring, but was not related to diet or the percentage of females with spermatophores.     

火腿伪镖水蚤对抑食金球藻中国株的摄食行为及摄食后的表现

全球河口海域屡屡爆发褐潮，但我们对致因种抑食金球藻和浮游桡足类之间的营养关系还不甚清楚。我们就浮游桡足类火腿伪镖水蚤摄食抑食金球藻中国株的单种或混合饵料时的摄食行为和生长、发育等表现进行了研究。研究发现：火腿伪镖水蚤的无节幼体、桡足幼体和成体摄食单种抑食金球藻饵料时，摄食率和食物浓度之间的关系符合米氏方程。较之桡足类幼体和成体，无节幼体摄食抑食金球藻时的I_max（最大摄食率）值最大，同时大于其摄食中肋骨条藻的I_max值。通常情况下，火腿伪镖水蚤在摄食抑食金球藻和中肋骨条藻的混合饵料时避食抑食金球藻，但于无节幼体，这种情况并不明显。无节幼体摄食单种抑食金球藻饵料在无节幼体期末期死亡，无法进入桡足类幼体期，与饥饿状态下的个体相似。但是，饵料中抑食金球藻的存在对桡足幼体的生长无明显效应，但却极大地减少了成体的生殖率。我们的研究表明火腿伪镖水蚤无节幼体，在褐潮的控制中有潜在作用，然而，这种潜在控制作用由于桡足类种群的衰落难以持续。     

Exposure of phytoplankton to ekofisk crude oil

Solutions of Ekofisk crude oil in sea water were prepared by slow stirring for 21h in a closed system. Headspace and GC/MS techniques were applied to establish dose composition and levels. The standardized test medium produced in a closed system contained approximately 14 mg oil per litre and was dominated by low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols.The toxicity of the standarized oil-containing medium to three marine diatoms was studied in a cage culture turbidostat and by conventional batch culture technique. The three algal species differed in sensitivity to the oil compounds, but showed identical ranking in both test systems.Standardized test medium diluted to 50% with respect to oil content stopped the growth of the most sensitive alga, Skeletonema costatum. For comparison naphthalene was applied and gave 50 % growth reduction at a concentration of 400 μg litre^?1. The growth of Chaetoceros ceratosporum was only slighty affected by the full strength standard test medium, which had no influence on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the least sensitive organism. The presence of an oil layer on the surface of the standard test medium during the growth test greatly increased its toxicity and blocked completely the photosynthesis even of P. tricornutum after 4 days.     

湛江港浮游植物与赤潮植物的初步研究

于1987年8月在湛江港设13个点采样。鉴定表明，共有浮游植物37属94种和变种；优势种类有中肋骨条藻、日本星杆藻、佛氏海毛藻等。湛江港浮游植物密度较高，港内外平均达1．3×104cell／L和7．3×105cell／L。经单项营养指数和营养状态结合指数分析表明，除两个点无机氮浓度略超标外，所有站位均未达到富营养化水平。调查期间，共发现赤潮生物31种，其中主要有中肋骨条藻、日本星杯藻、佛氏海毛藻、尖刺菱形藻和夜光藻等，中肋骨条漠和日本星杆藻曾形成水华。