珠江三角洲土壤镉高含量区的化学形态特征

珠江三角洲冲积平原区存在镉的高含量区, 其主要分布于第四纪海陆和陆海交互相。第四纪不同沉积相镉的全量和不稳定相态的含量特征也存在显著的差异, 海陆交互相、陆海交互相、陆相的全量和不稳定相态的含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。从地表至深部, 在地下水位附近不稳定相态的含量比例相对较大。     

陆海统筹地形地貌综合编图方法研究

由于陆海地形数据在调查程度和精度上存在较大差距,地形图件陆海联编较为困难。系统梳理了海岸带地形地貌陆海统筹的复杂程度,总结了陆海联编地形图的基本原则,探讨不同情况下陆海地形数据的无缝拼接方法和图件编制的主要要素。以南通陆海统筹地形地貌综合图为例,按照成果类型综合归类,进行地形、地貌、坡度、冲淤变化等信息的综合集成,绘制陆海统筹的地形地貌综合成果图,通过1张图即可查询。陆海统筹地形地貌综合成果新的展现形式,有利于成果的查询和实际应用,供后期开展相应的陆海图件联编参考。     

煤矿区构造环境内涵及类型划分

开展煤矿区构造环境类型划分是提高采煤沉陷预计精度的有效途径。将影响采煤沉陷地质因素总结为构造介质、构造界面、构造形态和构造应力4个因素,在此基础上探讨了煤矿区构造环境的内涵,确定了煤矿区构造环境类型分类的指标。认为煤矿区构造环境突出采煤沉陷灾害发生的地质构造背景是地质环境的重要组成部分,更多地反映着地球的内动力地质作用。按照构造介质的不同,把煤矿区构造环境划分为浅埋介质型和深埋介质型;按照构造界面的不同,将其分为连续型、似连续型和不连续型;按照构造形态的不同,将其划分为近水平型、倾斜型和褶皱型;按照煤矿区构造应力的性质,把煤矿区构造环境划分为自重应力型、挤压构造型和拉张构造型。以铜川矿区为例,对煤矿区构造环境类型做了划分,铜川矿区以A型构造环境为主。      

多层介质含水系统中石油类污染预测评价：以大庆市纳污湖泡区为例

本文选取大庆贴不贴泡区的多层介质含水系统为研究对象,在分析水文地质条件和研究各层介质渗透规律的基础上,运用地质统计学方法和数值模拟技术建立起此类含水系统中石油类污染运移数值模拟模型,应用所建模型对地下水污染趋势进行了预测,并提出了污染控制措施。     

垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分在包气带中的迁移转化规律

通过室内土柱实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分氮、COD在包气带不同介质中的迁移转化特征。实验结果表明,岩性不同的包气带介质是影响氮素、COD迁移转化的重要因素之一,不同介质对氮、COD的净化能力不同;渗滤液对地下水不会造成氮素污染,但会造成有机污染。     

多年冻土区土壤多环芳烃污染研究进展

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）是一种难降解、毒性强的致癌性污染物,其广泛分布于各环境介质中,陆地环境中90%的PAHs累积在土壤中。随着资源的开发,由油品泄漏、垃圾渗滤、污水排放等行为造成的多年冻土区PAHs土壤污染问题日益突显,并且在气候变化背景下,多年冻土中的PAHs具有重新释放而造成二次污染的风险,多年冻土区土壤多环芳烃污染分布特征和迁移规律研究对评估多年冻土区生态环境风险,防治土壤持久性有机物污染,保障广大多年冻土居民生命健康安全具有重要意义。通过回顾目前国内外多年冻土区土壤中PAHs污染的相关研究,分析发现多年冻土区未受污染的土壤中PAHs的污染水平远低于中低纬度人口密集区域,可代表地球土壤中PAHs的背景值;高纬度或高海拔的地理位置以及严寒的气候使得冻土区土壤中PAHs一个普遍且最重要的来源是大气远距离传输;活动层的冻融作用主要通过改变土壤理化性质和控制水分运移方向影响PAHs在多年冻土区土壤中的垂向分布特征,多年冻土的低渗透性具有阻碍PAHs垂向迁移的作用。综合分析已有研究成果,表明目前冻土区土壤PAHs污染研究还是大量集中于表层土壤中的污染分布调查和来源解析,而关于PAHs在活动层和多年冻土层中的垂向迁移研究还仅限于对其在土壤剖面中分布状况的解释性分析,冻融作用对PAHs在土壤中的迁移、转化和归宿的影响机制还不清楚。未来多年冻土区土壤中PAHs的研究将集中于迁移转化机理与污染治理技术两方面,针对PAHs在多年冻土区土壤中迁移行为的模拟模型亟待研究开发,以实现PAHs污染储量和迁移通量的定量预测;此外,多年冻土区土壤污染问题的深入研究还需要紧密联系多圈层、多界面、多介质、多要素以及多目标污染物而开展。     

不同景观区金的表生地球化学异常特征研究——以两类景观区对比研究为例

依据地球化学景观条件和采样介质的不同, 有针对性地选用顺序相态提取分析技术,对亚热带湿润－ 半湿润低山丘陵景观区和亚热带岩溶景观区内两个卡林型金矿区的表生地球化学异常特征进行了研究, 分析了景观条件、表生作用等因素对金在表生介质中的存在形式、含量变化、异常元素组合及在土壤中富集层位的影响, 探讨了导致这两类不同景观区中金的表生地球化学异常特征存在差异的原因, 并在此基础上讨论了这两类不同景观研究区中制约金的表生地球化学异常发育的重要因素。     

黄土覆盖区金属矿床地气元素特征及示踪研究

为了探讨地气成矿元素分布特征及微量元素、稀土元素示踪方法在地气物质来源研究中的应用效果,本文对黄土覆盖区蛟龙掌矿区不同介质的成矿元素、微量元素和稀土元素分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,矿体上方地气异常元素与矿石富集元素一致;背景区地气样品微量元素和稀土元素分布特征明显不同于异常区和其他固体介质,可能受到多种因素(地质体、分析环境和空白)的影响。异常区地气样品微量元素分布特征与矿石相似,受到了矿体的影响;异常区地气样品个别稀土元素分布与固体介质差异很大,可能与分析精度不够和捕集效率太低有关,只要不断改进稀土元素分析方法和捕集效率,稀土元素示踪方法可提供地气物质来源信息。     

煤矿区土壤环境质量评价

文章选取山西大同矿区和长治矿区,从煤矸石堆放区土壤污染及开采沉陷区土壤养分变化两方面进行了煤矿区土壤环境质量评价,认为煤矸石中污染土壤的主要污染因子有SO42-、Cu、Zn等,其中SO42-污染范围较大,Cu、Zn受环境背景条件影响较大,其它污染因子如NO3-、As、Pb、Cd等均对土壤有不同程度的污染。而开采沉陷对沉陷区土壤中的P、K、N和有机质等养分含量有一定的影响,但影响程度不是很明显。     

轻非水相液体污染源区结构的影响因素数值分析

轻非水相液体（light non-aqueous phase liquid,LNPAL）在地下介质中的运移分布与残余捕获受多种因素影响和控制。LNAPL污染场地概念模型中一般视LNAPL从地表泄漏后穿过包气带至潜水面。然而地下介质的非均质性与包气带含水量的空间变异分布可形成复杂的LNAPL污染源区结构,LNAPL可能无法到达潜水面,而在毛细水带蓄积。文章基于数值模型综合分析了LNAPL泄漏量、介质非均质性与含水量空间变异分布、潜水面周期性变化等多种因素对LNAPL污染源区结构的影响。研究表明:（1）当泄漏量较大时,LNAPL可运移至潜水面;（2）当泄漏量较小时,对于上粗下细的层状非均质条件,LNAPL可能在毛细水带边缘发生蓄积,无法到达潜水面;（3）包气带中黏土透镜体并非都是LNAPL运移的阻碍,LNAPL可以穿透低含水量的黏土透镜体,只有高含水量的黏土透镜体才对LNAPL的入渗有阻碍作用;（4）潜水面周期性变化将导致污染范围扩大。     

兰坪中新生代盆地沉积岩源区构造背景和物源属性研究--砂岩地球化学证据

沉积盆地中砂岩的地球化学成分主要受物源区控制。因此，通过分析砂岩的化学成分可以揭示盆地沉积岩的源区构造背景和物源属性。对兰坪盆地中新生界砂岩的常量成分、稀土和微量元素进行的分析，揭示盆地沉积岩的源区构造背景属被动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧，结合岩相古地理资料认为在中生代以前，盆地东侧可能主要处于被动大陆边缘环境。而西侧则可能以大陆岛弧环境为主，这与区域地质资料相吻合。沉积物源岩的原始物质应来自上地壳，以长英质岩石为主，并有少量安山质岩石和古老沉积物的混入，故兰坪中新生代盆地属典型的大陆型盆地。从而为正确认识古特提斯洋的演化和盆山转换过程提供了强有力的地球化学证据。     

被动大陆边缘构造演化对深水区烃源岩形成的控制

以世界被动大陆边缘含油气盆地构造演化、油气田资料为基础,采用地质综合分析方法,探讨了不同类型被动大陆边缘盆地在不同构造演化阶段深水区烃源岩的形成条件:开阔海型被动大陆边缘盆地群裂谷阶段发育大型局限湖盆,区域分布的厚层湖相富生油黑色泥页岩为主力烃源岩;边缘海型被动大陆边缘盆地群裂谷阶段发育受河流—波浪控制的大型三角洲,海陆过渡相富生气炭质泥页岩和煤系为主力烃源岩;被动大陆边缘阶段盆地群发生持续性海侵,在高水位体系域缺氧环境下的富有机质海相泥页岩为盆地重要的烃源岩。     

Late Carboniferous to early Permian sedimentaryetectonic evolution of the north of Alxa,Inner Mongolia,China: Evidence from the Amushan Formation

The late Paleozoic evolution of the Wulijishanhen(WSH)-Shangdan(SD) area near to the Chaganchulu Ophiolite belt is reinterpreted. Analysis of the upper Carboniferous to lower Permian sedimentary sequence, biological associations, detrital materials, sandstone geochemistry and volcanic rocks indicates that the SD area was an epicontinental sea and rift during the late Paleozoic rather than a large-scale ocean undergoing spreading and closure. This study reveals that the actual evolution of the study area is from the late Carboniferous to the early Permian. The fusulinids Triticites sp. and Pseudoschwagerina sp.in the limestones demonstrate that the Amushan Formation develops during the late Carboniferous to the early Permian. The limestones at the base of the SD section indicate that it is a stable carbonate platform environment, the volcanic rocks in the middle of the sequence support a rift tectonic background, and the overlying conglomerates and sandstones are characteristic of an epicontinental sea or marine molasse setting. The rift volcanism made the differences in the fossil content of the SD and WSH sections and led to two sections expose different levels within the Amushan Formation and different process of tectonic evolution. Moreover, the geochemical characteristics and detrital materials of the sandstones show that the provenance and formation of the sandstones were related to the setting of active continental margin. The quartz-feldspar-lithic fragments distribution diagram indicates that the material source for the sandstones was a recycled orogenic belt. Thus, the source area of the sandstones may have been an active continental margin before the late Carboniferouseearly Permian. The characteristics of the regional tectonic evolution of the area indicate that the region may form a small part of the Gobie Tianshan rift of southern Mongolia.     

胜利油田滩浅海地区地震勘探技术

滩浅海地区由于特殊的地表条件和复杂多变的表层结构,既不同于陆上勘探也不同于海上勘探,尤其在两栖地带存在海陆2种施工方式。笔者对滩浅海地区地震勘探的激发震源、检波器和观测系统等野外采集各环节进行了系统研究,提出解决滩浅海地区野外难以采集到高品质地震资料问题的方法,开展了地震记录上的干扰波压制、差异校正等方面的深入研究,形成一整套适用于滩浅海地区油气资源探查的高精度实用性的特色技术,取得了较好的地质效果。     

The geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface (without soils) and comparison with the upper continental crust

The terrestrial surface, the “skin of the earth”, is an important interface for global (geochemical) material fluxes between major reservoirs of the Earth system: continental and oceanic crust, ocean and atmosphere. Because of a lack in knowledge of the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface, it is not well understood how the geochemical evolution of the Earth’s crust is impacted by its properties. Therefore, here a first estimate of the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface is provided, which can be used for further analysis. The geochemical average compositions of distinct lithological classes are calculated based on a literature review and applied to a global lithological map. Comparison with the bulk composition of the upper continental crust shows that the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface (below the soil horizons) is significantly different from the assumed average of the upper continental crust. Specifically, the elements Ca, S, C, Cl and Mg are enriched at the terrestrial surface, while Na is depleted (and probably K). Analysis of these results provide further evidence that chemical weathering, chemical alteration of minerals in marine settings, biogeochemical processes (e.g. sulphate reduction in sediments and biomineralization) and evaporite deposition are important for the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface on geological time scales. The movement of significant amounts of carbonate to the terrestrial surface is identified as the major process for observed Ca-differences. Because abrupt and significant changes of the carbonate abundance on the terrestrial surface are likely influencing CO₂-consumption rates by chemical weathering on geological time scales and thus the carbon cycle, refined, spatially resolved analysis is suggested. This should include the recognition of the geochemical composition of the shelf areas, now being below sea level.     

Arsenic distribution in the environment: The effects of scale

The distribution of As in a variety of sample materials was studied at different scales, from continental to local, combining published data sets with the aim of delineating the impact and relative importance of geogenic vs. anthropogenic As sources. Geochemical mapping of As with a variety of sample materials demonstrates that variation is high at all scales (local to continental) – from sample densities of 400 sites per km² to 1 site per 5000 km². Different processes govern the As distribution at different scales. A high sample density is needed to reliably detect mineralisation or contamination in soil samples. In both cases the impact on the much larger geochemical background variation is limited to a local scale. Distribution patterns in geochemical maps on the sub-continental to continental scale are dominated by natural variation. Given that the geochemical background is characterised by a high variation at all scales, it appears impossible to establish a reliable single value for “good soil quality” or a “natural background concentration” for As for any sizeable area, e.g., for Europe. For such a differentiation, geochemical maps at a variety of scales are needed.     

Low-density geochemical mapping in Portugal

This paper reports the first results of a low-density geochemical survey covering the whole continental area of Portugal, taking both topsoils and active stream sediments as the sampling media. The data were obtained in a consistent way from 653 sites at a sampling density of 1 site/135 km². The samples were analysed for 31 elements by ICP-AES and after quality control the following 19 were selected: Al, As, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Th, V and Zn. The baseline levels for these elements are presented. The first geochemical maps of Portugal were prepared and the geochemical patterns are generally well correlated to geological factors sometimes combined with anthropogenic influences. Some general trends can be observed between geochemical patterns and soils distribution.     

Mudstones of the Tanqua Basin, South Africa: an analysis of lateral and stratigraphic variations within mudstones, and a comparison of mudstones within and between turbidite fans

Permian deep‐water mudstones in the Tanqua Basin, South Africa, have been studied using geochemical and spectral gamma ray techniques. The mudstones occur as thick sequences between sand‐rich submarine fans, but also occur as thinner mud‐rich units within each fan. The interfan mudstones are interpreted to have accumulated during transgression and the consequent period of relatively high sea‐level, while the submarine fans and their intrafan mudstones were deposited during regression and relatively low sea‐level. Geochemical analyses revealed systematic differences between interfan and intrafan mudstones because the two types of mudstones have slightly different source lithologies. Differences between the two types of mudstone suggest that changes in relative sea‐level played a role in controlling exposure of sediment source areas. There are geochemical signals that display systematic stratigraphic trends within both interfan and intrafan mudstones. These are best explained by gradual denudation, exposure and weathering of different lithologies within a single sediment source area. Both interfan and intrafan mudstones have uniform geochemical signals along the flow direction except for the relative amount of uranium. It is most likely that the basinward increase in uranium in the mudstones is the result of reduced clastic dilution of uranium‐bearing pelagic fallout.     

中国东部陆上和海域CO2成因及运聚规律与控制因素分析

通过对中国东部陆上及海域大量地质地球化学资料的分析，重点对CO2成因及运聚成藏规律与主控因素进行了深入地探讨，并在此基础上对有利CO2分布区进行了初步预测。研究表明，中国东部陆上诸断陷盆地与东南沿海海域的东海盆地及南海北部大陆架琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地CO2气藏及高含CO2油气藏中，CO2均属典型的火山幔源型成因，其运聚富集主要受控于幔源型火山活动与沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的导气配置作用，CO2气源主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动伴生的大量CO2；南海北部大陆架西区莺歌海盆地CO2气藏及含CO2油气藏中的CO2，属于壳源型及壳幔混合型成因，主要受控于泥底辟热流体晚期分层分块多期的局部上侵活动与沉积巨厚海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学作用，其运聚分布具多期和分层分区的特点。因此，根据不同成因类型CO2运聚成藏规律，可以追踪气源，分析和预测天然气尤其是CO2的运聚分布，评价其资源潜力，为天然气勘探部署及决策提供依据，降低勘探风险。     

新疆东昆仑鸭子泉地区早石炭世浊流沉积及其意义

新疆东昆仑鸭子泉地区的早石炭世地层主要由深海浊流沉积组成,发育鲍玛序列的ＢＣ和ＤＣＢ组合,多形成于浊积扇的中扇环境。古水流的方向表明,当时的大陆坡倾向ＳＥ。浊积岩的地球化学成分反映其形成的构造环境为活动大陆边缘,沉积物主要来源于当时其ＳＥ方向的火山岛弧。