土壤及大气尘矿物及非自然源晶体及源物指示意义——以长沙、株洲和湘潭地区为例

通过对长沙、株洲、湘潭地区近地表大气尘和土壤中矿物X-射线射弱峰的分级分析,获得其存在非自然源晶体信息,通过矿物及非自然源晶体空间分布分析,获得其环境指示意义.     

长株潭近地表大气尘矿物特征及环境指示意义

通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜/能谱(SEM/EDX)方法对长沙、株洲和湘潭(以下简称长株潭)地区近地表大气尘中矿物成份进行分析研究,结果显示大气尘中含有石英、石膏、方解石、白云石、硫酸镉等23种自然矿物,还含有SiS2、Cadmium Arsenide(Cd3As2)、RhZn、Cr2Nb、NiTi、HfMo2等14种非自然矿物;近地表大气尘矿物形貌特征显示Cd元素主要富集在有矿物颗粒的地方,且呈近浸染状分布,能谱半定量分析,Cd含量可达4%,表明Cd易被吸附在矿物表面。分析长株潭地区大气尘中矿物成份、空间分布特征及其来源,对长株潭城市一体化具有及其重要的环境指导意义。     

长沙、株洲、湘潭三市土壤中重金属元素的来源

为追踪长沙、株洲、湘潭3个城市表层土壤中Cd、As、Pb等重金属元素的来源,分析了土壤、基岩、大气干湿沉降、水、悬浮物等介质之间重金属元素的质量平衡和土壤自身重金属元素含量随时间变化的特点。结果显示,除As外,区内基岩中的重金属元素含量低于克拉克值;残积物中Cd相对基岩贫化,As、Pb、Cu、Hg等重金属元素相对基岩的富集小于3倍;大气干湿沉降重金属元素相对土壤富集了数倍至数十倍;湘江水体主要向沿江潮土提供As、Cd物源:近50年内土壤重金属元素有较高的增加速率。不同介质间重金属元素的质量变化特点支持长沙、株洲、湘潭三市土壤重金属元素富集的主要物源为大气沉降,地表水及悬浮物是沿江湖土重金属元素的主要物源,基岩对土壤提供的物源有限的结论。     

地貌及风向对长沙-株洲-湘潭地区土壤重金属富集的影响

应用地理信息系统的空间分析和叠置分析,研究地貌及风向对长沙-株洲-湘潭地区土壤重金属富集的影响.     

湘江长潭株段河床沉积物重金属污染源的铅同位素地球化学示踪

本次工作利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)对湘江长沙-湘潭-株洲河段河床沉积物重金属含量和铅同位素组成进行了系统的分析。结果表明,河床沉积物富集V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Th、U、Cu、Pb、Zn等多种重金属,其中Cu、Zn、Pb等重金属于株洲段沉积物中达高度至极度富集。沉积物重金属的富集特征暗示沉积物存在较严重的重金属污染。沉积物铅同位素组成以相对富Th铅为特征,具明显的人为源和自然源铅,其~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb值在1.1723至1.1855之间,~(206)Pb/~(208)Pb值在0.4760至0.4786之间。其中自然源铅主要为花岗岩铅,而人为源铅则为铅锌矿矿石铅和燃煤铅构成,即沉积物铅同位素组成为花岗岩铅、铅锌矿矿石铅、燃煤铅组成的三元混合铅。铅同位素比例估算显示,长沙、湘潭段沉积物铅锌矿矿石源铅比例平均依次为23%、32%,燃煤源铅比例平均依次为47%、23%,自然源铅比例平均依次为30%、45%;株洲段沉积物的自然源铅比例较低,平均为17%,而矿石铅和燃煤铅的比例较高,平均依次为34%和49%。V、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、U等其他重金属与Pb一样,长沙、湘潭段沉积物人为源比例小于67%,株洲段沉积物人为源比例达70%。因此,湘江长潭株段河床沉积物重金属污染问题值得引起高度重视。     

成都市近地表大气尘的矿物学特征及其环境指示意义

通过对成都市近地表大气尘X射线衍射、电镜扫描分析等研究显示:其主要由石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石、方解石、石膏等矿物组成;就其形状看有致密的不规则粒状、片状单矿物、不规则粒状聚合体、浑圆形球状飘珠、聚合体放大观察可见片状的粘土矿物和细小的粒状单矿物,偶见藻类;矿物形貌特征及矿物组成空间分布特征的研究显示:球形状飘珠及伊利石、绿泥石、石膏的空间分布特征与工业布局和表层土壤的pH值密切相关,成都市近地表大气尘主要为地表扬尘和工业烟尘的混合物;与土壤的矿物组成比较可见,近地表大气尘重金属污染除土壤贡献外,还有其他污染贡献;石膏在本次研究中平均含量高达8.2%,推测可能成为成都市往年燃煤量大而无明显酸雨现象的原因之一。     

自然重砂成因矿物学特征及找矿指示作用

自然重砂是地质体经自然风化、剥蚀、搬运、沉积等地质作用而分离出的单矿物(或矿物组合)。自然重砂矿物晶体由于仍然保留有许多矿物成因信息,包括颜色、形态、化学成分、物理性质和矿物组合等特征,因此常用于追溯源区地质体或者找矿勘查。这种方法被认为是一种经济实用的找矿方法——自然重砂测量。本文基于全国自然重砂找矿的数据资料,系统梳理了自然重砂的矿物类型、出现频率及其分布等特点,分析了自然重砂的矿物组合和成因矿物学特征,研究了自然重砂矿物的源区烙印、搬运距离及标型指示矿物组合特征,探讨了自然重砂成因矿物学研究意义及其找矿应用前景。自然重砂矿物的颜色、形态及内部结构依然保留着明确的成因矿物学信息:其颜色和晶体形态具有继承性而与其源区母体联系起来,体现源区母体的特性;其矿物组成可分出残余原生重矿物(包括造岩矿物、副矿物、矿石矿物等)和新生重砂矿物两个部分,如赤铜矿、孔雀石等反映着源区岩性体的成分或者赋存状态特征,其矿物组合也在很大程度上继承原生共生矿物而体现诸如有无矿化等意义;重砂颗粒的磨圆度、边界光滑性等表面特征反映搬运距离,有利于明确响应源区母体或者物源,而具有良好的找矿指示意义。     

支持向量机对长沙、株洲、湘潭土壤质量的未来变化的预测

为了定量预测长沙、株洲、湘潭三市土壤质量未来变化,通过分析人类活动对土壤重金属元素富集影响,建立了基于人类活动的土壤重金属元素分布未来变化预测模型.工业、农业总产值、国内生产总值、人口总数等影响因子的数据输入模型后,即可获得土壤重金属污染等级所占比例,达到定量预测由于人类活动的变化对土壤质量产生的影响.     

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

鲁西南平原区大气干湿沉降元素输入通量及来源浅析:以巨野县为例

大气干湿沉降是农耕区表层土壤中某些元素的主要输入途径,其沉降物质中的重金属等元素对土壤环境质量有着很大的影响。对山东省巨野县大气干湿沉降的调查研究发现,随着近年来区内煤炭开采和化工工业的快速发展,区内大气干湿沉降物质总量有明显升高,显著高于我国其他一些地区。同时,区内重金属元素沉降通量也较高,其中Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni可达我国其他地区的2～3倍。大气沉降物质中Cd、Pb、Hg等的富集程度较高,其富集因子(EF)的高值区与煤炭开采和煤炭化工排放源分布吻合,说明工业区大气干湿沉降是Cd、Pb、Hg等重金属污染元素进入土壤环境的重要途径,工矿业活动对区内大气干湿沉降的增加有重要影响。此外,富集因子显示燃煤尘是大气沉降物及当地土壤S、Se的主要来源,而大气沉降物中Ni、Cr、As主要源自土壤扬尘,Ca和Mg与区内石材开采或水泥制造密切相关。     

唐山市曹妃甸地区大气降尘矿物学特征及环境意义——以华北理工大学校区为例

大气降尘矿物学特征研究具有重要的环境学意义。文章以华北理工大学校区采集样品为例,应用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、X射线粉末衍射、电感耦合等离子体质谱等对河北省唐山市曹妃甸地区大气降尘矿物学特征进行了初步分析研究。结果表明,曹妃甸地区大气降尘粒径较粗,颗粒物包括块状、柱状、片状、球状及不规则粒状集合体,主要由石英、长石、石膏、云母、绿泥石、角闪石、白云石、方解石和赤铁矿等矿物组成;降尘样品中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等重金属元素含量均较高。研究分析表明,降尘样品中硅酸盐矿物主要源自地面扬尘,而石膏、方解石等碳酸盐矿物可能为环境中的次生矿物,样品中重金属污染主要来源于燃煤、工矿企业生产排放和少部分汽车尾气排放。     

淄博市大气降尘矿物微形貌及其来源判识

用场发射扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪和X射线衍射仪,对淄博市中心城区大气降尘的矿物组成、微形貌和微区成分进行了分析.结果表明,淄博市大气降尘的矿物组成有石英、长石、石膏、方解石、赤铁矿、白云母、伊利石和非晶质等.矿物微形貌特点和矿物组成揭示了降尘组分主要来源于3种途径:与高温过程有关的工业活动排放的产物,自然成因和大气化学反应的产物.球形赤铁矿、板状方解石和絮状石膏是本研究中观察到的3种典型矿物微形貌.     

Composition Characteristic and Surface Charge Simulation of Atmospheric Dust Fall in Tianshui City

In order to know the particle size distribution and mineral compositions of dust in Maiji town, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, size distribution and physical compositions of atmosphere natural dropping dust have been analyzed. Based on the natural dropping dust ζ potential and the mass percentage of main mineral compositions in dust fall, we present two models (calculation method and hybrid method) for the zeta potential of atmospheric dust fall in pure water. The results illustrated that the natural dropping dust in Maiji town belongs to inhalable particles. The main mineral compositions and contents of the dust are quartz (57.08%), calcite (27.79%), albite (10.29%), muscovite (4.84%). Atmospheric dust fall in pure water is electronegativity and ζ potential decreased with increasing pH. There are some differences exist in the two modeling ways, but have a similar tendency. The zeta potential differences between natural dropping dust and modeling dust reflects the zeta potential contribution rate of main mineral particles in dust and the effect of trace polarity organic pollutants or other minerals.     

Use of rare earth element patterns to trace the provenance of the atmospheric dust near Beijing, China

Atmospheric dust is one of the important indicators of urban air quality. In this study, atmospheric dust and topsoil samples were collected monthly from four sites in Beijing and surrounding areas, and analyzed for rare earth elements (REEs). Total REE concentrations (∑REE) in the dusts ranged from 43.10 to 164.43 mg kg^?1; concentrations in Beijing and Miyun were higher than those in Zhangbei and Fengning. Most of sampling sites showed the same seasonal depletion in dust ∑REE concentrations in summer, probably caused by the “dilution effect” of added organic matter in summertime samples. Most of the dusts have consistent Ce-anomaly (Ce/Ce*) values (0.91–1.00) and Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*) values (0.93–1.36); some dusts show slight positive Eu anomalies. The REE patterns of both the dusts and topsoils (normalized to post-Archean shales from Australia, PASS) show different signatures at different sites, whereas the temporal patterns are consistent at each site. These results suggest that local topsoils are likely to be the main provenance of the dusts in the study area.     

Assessment of geochemical and sedimentological characteristics of atmospheric dust in Shiraz,southwest Iran

Geogenic dust is commonly believed to be one of the most important environmental problems in the Middle East.The present study investigated the geochemical characteristics of atmospheric dust particles in Shiraz City(south of Iran).Atmospheric dust samples were collected through a dry collector method by using glass trays at 10 location sites in May 2018.Elemental composition was analysed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.Meteorological data showed that the dustiest days were usually in spring and summer,particularly in April.X-ray diffraction analysis of atmospheric dust samples indicated that the mineralogical composition of atmospheric dust was calcite+dolomite(24%)palygorskite(18%)quartz(14%)muscovite(13%)albite(11%)kaolinite(7%)gypsum(7%)zircon=anatase(3%).The high occurrence of palygorskite(16%-23%) could serve as a tracer of the source areas of dust storms from the desert of Iraq and Saudi Arabia to the South of Iran.Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the sizes of the collected dust varied from 50 μm to0.8 μm,but 10 μm was the predominant size.The atmospheric dust collected had prismatic trigonal-rhombohedral crystals and semi-rounded irregular shapes.Moreover,diatoms were detected in several samples,suggesting that emissions from dry-bed lakes,such as Hoor Al-Azim Wetland(located in the southwest of Iran),also contributed to the dust load.Backward trajectory simulations were performed at the date of sampling by using the NOAA HYSPLIT model.Results showed that the sources of atmospheric dust in the study area were the eastern area of Iraq,eastern desert of Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and Khuzestan Province.The Ca/Al ratio of the collected samples(1.14) was different from the upper continental crust(UCC) value(UCC=0.37),whereas Mg/A1(0.29),K/Al(0.22) and Ti/Al(0.07) ratios were close to the UCC value(0.04).This condition favours desert calcisols as the main mineral dust sources.Analysis of the crustal enrichment factor(EF_(crustal)) revealed geogenic sources for V,Mo,Pb,Sr,Cu and Zn(2),whereas anthropogenic sources affected As,Cd,Cr and Ni.     

Outline of Classical and Current Approaches to the Research of Morphology of Selected Mineral Crystals in China (CD-ROM)

The research on morphology of mineral crystals in China includes classical goniometry of 100 minerals such as hsianghualite, orthobrannerite, jamesonite and bertrandite and surface microtopography of 20 minerals such as wolframite and diamond, among which 5 new minerals and 34 uranium minerals were discovered and measured by Chinese mineralogists. These have enriched mineralogy and crystal morphology and strengthened the study of information of morphological genesis.     

Morphological, geochemical composition and origins of near-surface atmospheric dust in Changsha city of China

Near-surface atmospheric dust in Changsha city of China was analyzed in terms of morphological and geochemical composition. Morphological and chemical composition of the dust particles were analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Results indicated that the atmospheric dusts were mainly composed of spherule, plate, irregularly shaped and agglomerate, which contains variable sizes and amounts of particles. The dust particles could be categorized into five groups based on their chemical characteristic: Al-, Si-, Ca-, C-rich particles and aggregate. These particles and aggregate could be directly related to nearby polluting activities, such as building construction, traffic emission and coal combustion. The X-ray diffraction results show that the main minerals for atmospheric dust are gypsum, quartz and calcite. Mica, halloysite, montmorillonite, hematite, brushite, zeolite, sepiolite, feldspar, alite, dickite, SiS₂, Fe₆(OH)₂CO₃, FeSO₄, CdSO₄, Pb(NO)₂O₃, Al₂SO₄(OH)₄, As₂O₃SO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄Cl, K(NH₄)·Ca(SO₄)₂·H₂O are also detected in samples. The identification of heavy metals shows that the concentrations of Cr (403.5?mg?kg^?1), Cu (126?mg?kg^?1), Zn (1541.5?mg?kg^?1), Cd (2.5?mg?kg^?1) and Pb (348?mg?kg^?1) in the atmospheric dust are much higher compared to background value of soil. It indicates that the heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the atmospheric dust is mainly due to human activities. The identification of main sources of atmospheric dust collected in typical areas can help to control the polluting sources in urban area.     

人工合成锆石Lu-Hf同位素标样方法研究

研究了人工合成锆石并加入微量元素的实验方法和条件。人工合成锆石是以氧化锆和硅酸锂为原料,以钼酸锂和氧化钼为助熔剂,并加入其他元素如Hf、Lu、Yb、U、Th、Pb等元素,充分混匀后转入带盖铂金坩埚中,在高温马弗炉中连续加热生长形成锆石晶体。利用激光剥蚀系统与电感耦合等离子体质谱技术分析了合成锆石晶体中微量元素含量和Lu-Hf同位素组成,结果表明合成锆石晶体中Lu、Yb、U、Th、Pb等微量元素含量不均一,而Hf的含量和Lu-Hf同位素组成有很好的均一性。