滹沱河古河道晚第四纪高分辨率地层层序及沉积特征

高分辨率层序地层学摆脱了与海平面变化相联系的束缚,对于远离海洋的陆相地层尤其是河流相地层而言,具有明显的理论优势和实践意义,更适用于内陆流域第四纪地层的划分和对比。本文运用高分辨率层序地层学理论和分析方法,利用滹沱河冲洪积扇区典型钻孔的岩芯记录、粒度数据和光释光年龄建立了滹沱河古河道晚第四纪的高分辨率地层层序,为滹沱河流域晚第四纪河流相地层的划分和对比提供了重要基础。结果表明:滹沱河古河道晚第四纪沉积物为一套辫状河沉积,发育河道和泛滥平原两种沉积亚相,其粒度参数统计特征存在明显差异;滹沱河古河道晚第四纪地层可识别出4个超短期旋回和2个短期基准面旋回, 2个短期旋回之间的层序界面处于短期基准面的最低值,具有地层对比意义。在该界面之上发育厚层叠置的辫状河道沉积,界面之下发育厚层、富含钙质结核的干旱冲积平原沉积。该界面特征明显、易识别,在整个古河道发育区可对比,其界面年龄约为76 ka。     

惠州凹陷A区块珠海组潮汐沉积层序地层与储层分布预测

惠州凹陷珠海组沉积时期,海侵自西南方向进入凹陷,潮流对来自西北方向的古珠江三角洲沉积物有强烈改造作用,在凹陷西南部形成近海潮汐沉积,研究区以潮坪沉积作用为主。运用高分辨率层序地层学原理分析了A/S值变化过程中潮汐相的沉积学与地层学响应,以岩心、测井资料为基础,对珠海组进行了高频基准面旋回划分。在时间地层单元格架内,以潮汐相沉积模式为指导,以井—震界面标定与追踪后的三维数据体为基础,运用地震沉积学分析方法和地层切片技术,优选地震属性,对研究区储层分布进行了预测,分析了其时空演化特征,为该区油气勘探与开发提供了依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区下侏罗统高分辨率层序地层学分析

根据层序沉积时限以及基准面旋回界面识别标志,运用高分辨率层序地层学理论和方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地中南部甘泉地区下侏罗统进行了划分。识别出下侏罗统各级旋回层序界面,并将其划分为1个超长期、8个长期、32个中期、86个短期旋回层序。应用地层等时对比技术,以长期旋回层序为地层对比框架、中期旋回层序为地层对比单元,建立了研究区下侏罗统等时地层格架。下侏罗统沉积于盆地基底快速沉降、缓慢抬升的构造环境,在基底抬升速度周期性变化过程中,盆地边缘沉积了数层可采煤层,成为划分层序的重要依据。      

有机地球化学参数在层序划分对比中的应用——以冀中拗陷束鹿凹陷沙三下亚段为例

深水细粒沉积层系的层序地层单元细分和对比,是建立合理的层序地层格架的关键,也是进行深水区岩性油气藏勘探开发的一项重要基础研究工作。但往往由于细粒沉积层系层序地层单元划分标志不明显,其划分对比较为困难,这也是层序地层学研究的难点。依据高分辨率层序地层学原理,从沉积层序的成因及其表现入手,应用表征沉积环境或沉积物特征的有机地球化学参数在纵向上的周期性变化规律,对渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷束鹿凹陷沙三段下亚段半深湖—深湖相泥灰岩沉积进行了层序地层单元划分和对比,较好地识别出了4级旋回与5级旋回,为建立高分辨率层序地层格架奠定了基础。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部上三叠统层序地层学研究

高分辨率层序地层学是对地层记录中反映基准面变化旋回的时间地层单元的二级划分。鄂尔多斯盆地南部上三叠统成油体系可明显的划分为1个中期地层层序和10个短期地层层序，它们在时空上的演变反映基准面、可容纳空间变化对沉积物沉积厚度、堆积方式有明显的控制作用。三角洲水下分流河道砂体的储集物性变化也明显受基准面、可容纳空间变化的影响。上升旋回的水下分流河道砂体物性随基准面上升变差，下降旋回的水下分流河道砂体物性随基准面下降变好，且下降旋回砂体物性好于上升旋回的砂体物性。     

试论沉积学原理与地层学中应用的几个问题

本文简要地讨论了当前沉积学，层序地层学，旋回地层学以及与传统的岩石地层和生物地层有关的一些基本问题及彼此的关系。强调了沉积学原理在地层层序划分工作中的作用。将层序界面划分为四种类型，提出应以岩相突变面作为层序的界面。     

天文地层学的兴起

“天文地层学”是由旋回地层学等演变而成的一个新名词,可明确地与层序地层学等其他研究旋回的学科相区别。天文地层学的主要优点是把地质时间与天文因素相联系,它的研究成果可以有助于进行比阶一级年代地层单位更精细的划分;它是应用连续沉积物的自组织特性,求出其中由于响应天文轨道周期的影响而形成的旋回特性,可用以进行地层高分率的划分和对比。     

东海陆架盆地古近-新近系高分辨率层序

东海陆架盆地是我国重要的新生代海上含油气盆地,其中堆积了巨厚的古近-新近系含油层系。作者通过对录井资料的分析,在古近-新近系含油层系中大致识别出6大沉积体系、12种沉积相和13种沉积亚相。在此基础上,本文借助相序、相组合、相分异、沉积物体积划分以及地层叠置样式的综合分析,对该含油层系进行了高分辨率层序地层学研究,在其中识别出了59~64个短期旋回、21~29个中期旋回和7~11个长期旋回。最后,将文中所划分的高分辨率层序与前人的地震层序进行了对比。      

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组高分辨率层序地层研究

为了进一步认识四川盆地须家河组的层序格架和时空分布,基于高分辨率层序地层学及沉积学相关理论,通过露头剖面、钻井岩心的观察及测井、地震等资料的分析,开展了四川盆地须家河组层序地层研究,结果发现盆地内虽然具有构造复杂、物源多样、岩相不均、组名不统一的特点,但依然具有全盆地范围内可追溯的不整合面和湖泛面。通过层序界面追踪及沉积旋回分析,将四川盆地须家河组划分为3个超长期基准面旋回、6个长期基准面旋回及21个中期基准面旋回,并建立了盆地内各级旋回的对比关系。通过全盆地对比结果表明,须家河组在南北方向上各级旋回个数变化不大,沉积厚度相对稳定;东西方向上旋回变化复杂,西部缺失LSC6旋回和大部分LSC5旋回,东部则缺失大部分LSC1旋回,由于沉降与沉积中心位于龙门山前缘坳陷,盆地近西部沉积速率极高,整体的沉积体展布呈现西厚东薄的楔形体形态特征。在层序对比研究的基础上,尝试性地建立了年代地层格架,通过层序地层学与年代地层学、古生物地层学的综合对比,推测了各旋回的相对年龄值以及不整合面的沉积间断时间,为四川盆地须家河组下一步油气资源探勘开发提供了理论支持。     

鲁北济阳坳陷东营凹陷南坡沙河街组第四段上亚段高分辨率层序地层格架

应用高分辨率层序地层学与沉积学等理论,通过对地震、录井、测井资料的分析,对鲁北东营凹陷南坡沙河街组第四段上亚段进行了高分辨率层序地层学的划分与对比,总结出各层序地层单元及其界面在录井和地震资料中的判识标志,把研究区基准面旋回划分为短期、中期和长期3个级别的旋回层序。整个沙河街组第四段上亚段由一个长期基准面旋回组成,并划分出5个中期基准面旋回,首次建立了研究区内该亚段高分辨率层序地层格架,有利于东营凹陷南坡该亚段沉积微相和储层结构描述等精细地质研究的进一步开展。     

Architecture and formation of transgressive–regressive cycles in marginal marine strata of the John Henry Member,Straight Cliffs Formation,Upper Cretaceous of Southern Utah,USA

Marginal marine deposits of the John Henry Member, Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation, were deposited within a moderately high accommodation and high sediment supply setting that facilitated preservation of both transgressive and regressive marginal marine deposits. Complete transgressive–regressive cycles, comprising barrier island lagoonal transgressive deposits interfingered with regressive shoreface facies, are distinguished based on their internal facies architecture and bounding surfaces. Two main types of boundaries occur between the transgressive and regressive portions of each cycle: (i) surfaces that record the maximum regression and onset of transgression (bounding surface A); and (ii) surfaces that place deeper facies on top of shallower facies (bounding surface B). The base of a transgressive facies (bounding surface A) is defined by a process change from wave‐dominated to tide‐dominated facies, or a coaly/shelly interval indicating a shift from a regressive to a transgressive regime. The surface recording such a process change can be erosional or non‐erosive and conformable. A shift to deeper facies occurs at the base of regressive shoreface deposits along both flooding surfaces and wave ravinement surfaces (bounding surface B). These two main bounding surfaces and their subtypes generate three distinct transgressive – regressive cycle architectures: (i) tabular, shoaling‐upward marine parasequences that are bounded by flooding surfaces; (ii) transgressive and regressive unit wedges that thin basinward and landward, respectively; and (iii) tabular, transgressive lagoonal shales with intervening regressive coaly intervals. The preservation of transgressive facies under moderately high accommodation and sediment supply conditions greatly affects stratigraphic architecture of transgressive–regressive cycles. Acknowledging variation in transgressive–regressive cycles, and recognizing transgressive successions that correlate to flooding surfaces basinward, are both critical to achieving an accurate sequence stratigraphic interpretation of high‐frequency cycles.     

Sequence stratigraphy of a Mesozoic carbonate platform-to-basin system in western Sicily

Sequence stratigraphic studies of the Triassic through Paleogene carbonate successions of platform, slope and basin in western Sicily (Palermo and Termini Imerese Mountains) have identified a sedimentary cyclicity mostly caused by relative oscillations of sea level. The stratigraphic successions of the Imerese and Panormide palaeogeographic domains of the southern Tethyan continental margin were studied with physical-stratigraphy and facies analysis to reconstruct the sedimentary evolution of this platform-to-basin system. The Imerese Basin is characterized by a carbonate and siliceous-calcareous succession, 1200–1400m thick, Late Triassic to Eocene in age. The strata display a typical example of a carbonate platform margin, characterized by resedimented facies with progradational stacking patterns. The Panormide Carbonate Platform is characterized by a carbonate succession, 1000–1200 m thick, Late Triassic to Late Eocene, mostly consisting of shallow-water facies with periodic subaerial exposure. The cyclic arrangement has been obtained by the study of the stratigraphic signatures (unconformities, facies sequences, erosional surfaces and stratal geometries) found in the slope successions. The recognized pattern has been compared with coeval facies of the shelf. This correlation provided evidence of sedimentary evolution, influenced by progradation and backstepping of the shelf deposits. The stratigraphic architecture of the platform-to-basin system is characterized by four major transgressive/regressive cycles during the late Triassic to late Eocene. These cycles, framed in a chronostratigraphic chart, allows the correlation of the investigated shelf-to-basin system with the geological evolution of the African continental margin during the Mesozoic, showing tectono-eustatic cycles. The first cycle, encompassing the late Triassic to early Jurassic, appears to be related to the late syn-rift stage of the continental margin evolution. The following three cycles, spanning from the Jurassic to Eocene, can be related to the post-rift evolution and to thermal subsidence changes.     

Tectonic Setting and Nature of the Provenance of Sedimentary Rocks in Lanping Mesozoic- Cenozoic Basin： Evidence from Geochemistry of Sandstones

The geochemical composition of sandstones in the sedimentary basin is controlled mainly by the tectonic setting of the provenance, and it is therefore possible to reveal the tectonic setting of the provenance and the nature of source rocks in terms of the geochemical composition of sandstones. The major elements, rare-earth dements and trace elements of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sandstones in the Lanping Basin are studied in this paper, revealing that the tectonic settings of the provenance for Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Lanping Basin belong to a passive continental margin and a continental island arc. Combined with the data on sedimentary facies and palaeogeography, it is referred that the eastern part of the basin is located mainly at the tectonic setting of the passive continental margin before Mesozoic, whereas the western part may be represented by a continental island arc. This is compatible with the regional geology data. The protoliths of sedimentary rocks should be derived from the upper continental crust, and are composed mainly of felsic rocks, mixed with some andesitic rocks and old sediment components. Therefore, the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin is a typical continental-type basin. This provides strong geochemical evidence for the evolution of the paleo-Tethys and theb asin-range transition.     

PALEOGENE(?) DEPOSYSTEMS AND BASIN EVOLUTION IN THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU: NANGQIAN AND XIALAXIU BASINS

PALEOGENE(?) DEPOSYSTEMS AND BASIN EVOLUTION IN THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU: NANGQIAN AND XIALAXIU BASINS     

陆相盆地层序地层学研究中几个问题的探讨

将层序地层学理论应用于陆相盆地研究仍处于探索阶段。陆相盆地的层序界面、最大洪泛面和首次洪泛面的识别标志都有别于海相地层。依据层序地层学理论和对松辽盆地的探索性研究, 对陆相盆地提出了层序界面、最大洪泛面和首次洪泛面的识别标志。     

晋北晚古生代高分辨率含煤层序

本文介绍了以基准面升降为驱动机制的高分辨率层序地层学的理论和方法。此方法是在沉积相分析的基础上，通过沉积体积划分和相分异反演出可容纳空间的单向迁移方向、地层叠置样式、基准面升降及界面位置，进而划分出不同级次的基准面旋回（即层序），并由长期旋回到短期旋回逐级进行对比。此后，作者用该法对以陆相沉积为主的山西大同晚古生代煤系进行详细划分对比，澄清了过去某些模糊认识，探讨了聚煤作用与高分辨率层序的关系。研究结果表明，该方法能极大地提高地层划分与对比精度，是陆相层序地层研究的有效方法。此外本方法在储层对比和储层预测方面也是十分有用的     

羌塘盆地晚三叠世岩相古地理特征与烃源岩

羌塘盆地晚三叠世古地理格局是研究其沉积演化史和油气资源评价关键基础。通过地层划分对比、沉积相分析、沉积序列等方法,结合最新的地质调查及其研究结果,对羌塘盆地晚三叠世岩相古地理环境进行恢复,并讨论了上三叠统烃源岩基本特征。羌塘盆地晚三叠世受北侧碰撞造山挤压和南侧班公湖—怒江中特提斯洋盆打开双重影响,北羌塘前陆盆地逐渐萎缩消亡,南羌塘则经历走滑作用开始接受沉积。盆地北部的可可西里造山带、东部的岛链状隆起带和中部的中央隆起带为该时期盆地内三个物源区。北部边缘、中央隆起带东部边缘和盆地的中、东部地区,形成滨岸—三角洲相沉积。盆地中西部沉积较稳定的缓坡相碳酸盐岩。南羌塘坳陷的南部,沉积了向上水体逐渐变深的浅海陆棚相沉积物。此时期碳酸盐岩缓坡相区发育的烃源岩,具有高残余有机碳,高成熟度,低残余生烃潜量等基本特征,综合评价属于中等—较好烃源岩,以生气为主。推测多格错仁地区是今后油气勘探的优选目标和首选地区。     

The St George Group (Lower Ordovician) of western Newfoundland: tidal flat island model for carbonate sedimentation in shallow epeiric seas

The St George Group consists of peritidal carbonate rocks deposited on the continental shelf of North America bordering the ancient Iapetus Ocean. These Lower Ordovician rocks are similar to other lower Palaeozoic limestones and dolostones that accumulated in epeiric seas and veneer cratonic areas worldwide. A wide variety of facies in the St George is grouped into seven lithotopes, interpreted to represent supratidal, intertidal and shallow, high- and low-energy subtidal environments. Rapid lateral facies changes can be observed in some field exposures, and demonstrated by correlation of closely spaced sections. The stratigraphic array of these lithotopes, although too irregular to be simplified into shallowing-upward cycles, suggests that they were deposited as small tidal flat islands and banks. Shallow subtidal areas around islands generated sediment and permitted tidal exchange. Tidal flat islands were somewhat variable in character at any one time, and evolved with changing regional hydrographic conditions. The St George rocks suggest an alternative theory of carbonate sedimentation in large, shallow epeiric seas, namely as small islands and banks built by processes that operated in a tidal regime. Furthermore, this island model provides a framework for a mechanism of cyclic carbonate sedimentation, by which small-scale, peritidal cycles represent tidal flat islands that accreted vertically and migrated laterally as local sediment supply from neighbouring subtidal areas waxed and waned during relatively constant subsidence.     

Cyclicity in the nearshore marine to coastal, Lower Permian, Pebbley Beach Formation, southern Sydney Basin, Australia: a record of relative sea-level fluctuations at the close of the Late Palaeozoic Gondwanan ice age

The Lower Permian (Artinskian to Sakmarian) Pebbley Beach Formation (PBF) of the southernmost Sydney Basin in New South Wales, Australia, records sediment accumulation in shallow marine to coastal environments at the close of the Late Palaeozoic Gondwanan ice age. This paper presents a sequence stratigraphic re‐evaluation of the upper half of the unit based on the integration of sedimentology and ichnology. Ten facies are recognized, separated into two facies associations. Facies Association A (seven facies) comprises variably bioturbated siltstones and sandstones with marine body fossils, interpreted as recording sediment accumulation in open marine environments ranging from lower offshore to middle shoreface water depths. Evidence of deltaic influence is seen in several Association A facies. Facies Association B (three facies) comprises mainly heterolithic, interlaminated and thinly interbedded sandstone and siltstone with some thicker intervals of dark grey, organic‐rich mudstone, some units clearly filling incised channel forms. These facies are interpreted as the deposits of estuarine channels and basins. Throughout the upper half of the formation, erosion surfaces with several metres relief abruptly separate open marine facies of Association A (below) from estuarine facies of Association B (above). Vertical facies changes imply significant basinward shift of environment across these surfaces, and lowering of relative sea level in the order of 50 m. These surfaces can be traced over several kilometres along depositional strike, and are defined as sequence boundaries. On this basis, at least nine sequences have been recognized in the upper half of the formation, each of which is < 10 m thick, condensed, incomplete and top‐truncated. Sequences contain little if any record of the lowstand systems tract, a more substantial transgressive systems tract and a highstand systems tract that is erosionally truncated (or in some cases, missing). This distinctive stacking pattern (which suggests a dominance of retrogradation and progradation over aggradation) and the implied relative sea‐level drop across sequence boundaries of tens of metres are remarkably similar to some other studies of continental margin successions formed under the Neogene icehouse climatic regime. Accordingly, it is suggested that the stratigraphic architecture of the PBF was a result of an Icehouse climate regime characterized by repeated, high‐amplitude cycles of relative sea‐level change.     

松辽盆地七棵树油田沙河子组层序地层格架与油气的关系

应用层序地层学和沉积学原理及方法,建立松辽盆地七棵树油田沙河子组层序地层格架,并划分沉积相,识别了沉积相在纵向上的演化规律和横向上的展布特征。同时,在上述研究基础之上分析层序地层格架内砂体的展布特征和油气的分布规律,并预测了研究区岩性油气藏的类型及分布。研究结果表明:沙河子组为一个三级层序,内部可划分出2个四级层序,其整体演化经历了一个由快速退积到缓慢进积的过程。受构造沉降、湖平面变化和沉积物供给的影响,砂体主要发育在四级层序的基准面下降半旋回,是寻找岩性透镜体油气藏和岩性上倾尖灭油气藏的有利部位。