厄尔尼诺次年夏季中国地区云的变化特征及其与降水的关系

基于1961—2010年中国地面台站和卫星观测等多种数据,对不同类型厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季中国地区云的变化特征和不同类型降水的变化特征进行了分析,探讨云的变化特征与总降水异常的复杂联系。结果表明:站点数据中,厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季总云量和低云量的异常与降水异常分布形势大致相同;积雨云、雨层云和层积云等低云的出现频率有所增加。云量与降水异常在全国范围内表现出显著的正相关;通过显著性检验的正相关站点,云量与降水异常的线性关系也通过了显著性检验,总云量和低云量与降水的增加比例分别接近1:3和1:1。卫星观测数据中,厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季高云量、深对流云量、光学厚度和云水路径的变化与站点降水异常基本呈正相关;黄河以南地区总降水的变化主要来源于对流降水的异常,其贡献比例高达80%。中国东部地区低云对降水具有很好的指示作用;厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季南方地区总降水的异常主要来自对流降水的变化;对流降水异常增加与深对流云的异常增多有关。厄尔尼诺事件的发生使得次年夏季中国季风区对流活动增强,对流云云量增多,云层增厚,云顶向上发展,故而对流降水增加,异常雨带形成。      

华北汛期降水与亚洲季风异常关系的研究

文中诊断分析了华北汛期降水与亚洲季风区环流异常以及低纬地区热源异常的关系,结果表明:在华北汛期干旱年,亚洲季风偏弱,而在华北汛期降水偏多年,亚洲季风较强,并巳存在两个明显的变化中心,一个位于印度半岛中北部地区,另一个位于菲律宾群岛附近。华北汛期干旱年上述两个地区的热源偏弱,而降水偏多年则偏强。 华北地区干旱年和降水偏多年的前期亚洲季风区热源就已存在明显的不同:华北汛期干旱年前期,亚洲季风区的热源偏弱且位置偏南,表现出季节变化推迟的趋势;华北汛期降水偏多年前期,亚洲季风区的热源偏强且位置偏北,表现出季节变化提早的趋势。 利用IAP L9R15 AGCM气候数值模式,进一步研究了亚洲季风区凝结潜热加热异常对大气环流和华北地区降水的影响,结果表明,印度半岛中北部地区和菲律宾附近地区的凝结潜热加热异常将引起青藏高压和西太平洋副高的异常变化,进而影响到华北地区的降水。     

东亚副热带夏季风指数及其与降水的关系

文中利用1961~1999年NCEP/NCAR的月平均再分析资料和中国160站月降水资料,考虑蒙古中纬度地区和西太平洋副热带地区的大气环流特征定义了一个简单的东亚副热带夏季风指数,研究了该指数与夏季大气环流和中国降水变率的关系,并与其他季风指数进行了比较。结果表明:文中所定义的季风指数表现出明显的长期气候变化趋势,20世纪60~70年代以高指数为主,而80~90年代以低指数为主。该指数不仅能够较好地反映以蒙古为中心的东亚大陆热低压和西太平洋副热带高压的变化特征,还能够指示东亚副热带夏季风的强弱以及中国长江流域降水的异常变化。与西太平洋副热带高压相比,蒙古低气压变化对长江流域的雨带变动有更大影响。当该季风指数较低时,蒙古低压和西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,中国大陆对流层低层盛行异常北风,高层主要盛行异常西南风。而低层的异常北风表示了东亚中纬度地区较强的冷空气活动,这可以使长江流域梅雨锋区的辐合和上升运动加强,造成长江流域降水增加。     

中国春季降水异常及其与热带太平洋海面温度和欧亚大陆积雪的联系

利用降水观测资料, 研究了1979～2004年中国春季 (3～5月) 标准化累积降水异常的时空特征及其与前冬、 春热带太平洋海面温度和春季欧亚大陆积雪的关系。中国春季标准化累积降水量EOF第一模态最大变率位于中国东部中纬度地区, 主要反映了中国东部中纬度地区春季降水的变化特征。同时, 中国东部春季降水异常具有南、 北反相变化的特征。当长江以南大部分地区的降水偏少时, 长江以北地区的降水偏多。春季降水异常具有显著的年际变化, 但在1980年代末出现年代际转型, 即年际变化的振幅明显增大变强、 周期变长。从华北到长江流域中纬度地区的春季降水异常特征与前冬热带太平洋海面温度有密切的关系。当前冬、 春热带东太平洋海温偏暖, 西太平洋海温偏冷时, 中国东部从华北到长江流域中纬度地区的春季降水偏多, 反之亦然。虽然当春季欧亚大陆楚科奇半岛和青藏高原积雪偏多, 贝加尔湖到中国东北地区的积雪偏少时, 对应着中国东部从华北到长江流域中纬度地区的降水偏多, 但当去掉ENSO信号后, 这种关系并不显著。说明EOF第一模态所反映的中国东部从华北到长江流域中纬度地区春季降水与欧亚大陆积雪的相关关系可能是前冬热带太平洋海面温度异常的一个体现。     

祁连山近45 a年降水异常的气候特征

利用祁连山地区17个测站1960~2004逐日降水资料,统计逐年不同量级的雨日数及年降水量,对年总降水量标准化后进行经验正交展开(EOF)和旋转经验正交展开(REOF),研究其异常的空间结构及时间演变规律。结果表明,祁连山地区年降水与不同量级雨日数的气候平均分布具有地理分布上的相似性。无论年降水还是不同量级的雨日数,同纬度地区西侧明显多于东侧,祁连山东段多于西段,等值线呈西北—东南走向。年降水异常在空间上主要表现为整体一致的变化特点,其次表现为东西相反的变化趋势。旋转载荷向量场(RLV)反映出4个异常型,即祁连山西段北坡区、祁连山东段区、祁连山中西段南坡区,祁连山中段北坡区。近45 a,祁连山西段北坡区年代际变化幅度明显,其他各区年代际变化幅度相对较小。小波分析发现,各区年降水周期变化并不一致,体现出祁连山地区年总降水的复杂性。     

长江三角洲夏季降水异常及气候成因

根据长江三角洲地区61个气象站的1961--2007年夏季降水量资料,应用EOF和REOF等统计方法分析了长江三角洲地区夏季降水的时空分布及演变特征,并探讨了夏季降水异常类型的初步成因。结果表明：47a来长江三角洲地区夏季降水有比较明显的年代际变化,1980s开始有明显增加,该地区降水异常可以分为两种类型,分别为一致偏多（少）型和北多（少）南少（多）型,并且通过分析500hPa环流型势、副热带高压和ENSO事件的特征,初步探讨了降水异常的可能成因。     

华南前汛期降水异常与水汽输送的关系

采用1958-2000年华南57站前汛期日降水资料和NCEP／NCAR逐日水汽输送再分析资料，分析了华南前汛期降水异常与水汽输送的关系，并对旱、涝年进行了比较分析。结果表明：华南地区经向水汽输送的异常变化将导致该地区的异常旱涝，而纬向水汽输送的异常变化只导致该地区出现小范围的降水异常。旱年和涝年的异常水汽输送不是简单的反位相关系。来自印度洋和西太平洋的水汽对华南地区前汛期的降水异常没有明显的作用，南海(主要是其北部)才是华南降水异常的关键区。     

玉林6月份降水异常及其环流形势分析

利用1961~2013年玉林地区五个台站6月份降水资料及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了玉林地区6月降水的异常及其环流形势特征。结果表明:玉林地区6月降水年际变化明显,总的降水趋势变化不明显;降水异常偏多年,南亚高压和西太平洋副高都偏弱,500h Pa垂直运动偏强,高层辐散和低层辐合增强,低层水汽通量辐合增强,都有利于降水的发生;少雨年则相反。     

甘肃河东地区伏期降水特征及异常研究

应用甘肃河东地区 55个测站 1968～ 1995年伏期旬降水资料 ,采用EOF、REOF、遥相关 ,对河东地区伏期降水的空间异常特征、时间变化规律以及降水异常的主要成因进行了诊断分析。结果表明 :EOF展开后前三项载荷向量场反映了河东地区伏期降水的空间总体结构。REOF展开后划分了河东八个空间异常敏感区     

青海省春季降水变化特征研究

利用青海省37个测站1959-1999年春季(3—5月)降水资料,采用EOF、RFOF及波谱分析等方法,对春季降水异常空间结构及时间演变特征做了研究。分析发现青海省春季降水异常变化主要表现为东部农业区、柴达木盆地、青南高原、祁连山区、小唐古拉山5种空间型。从各气候区的春季降水时间变化趋势看：除柴达木盆地的德令哈从80年代降水呈下降趋势外,其余地区的降水从80年代呈不同程度的上升趋势。从波谱分析可知,青海省春季降水的变化以短周期为主。     

MULTIPLE TIME SCALE ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE VARIATION IN MACAU DURING THE LAST 100 YEARS

The multiple time scale climate changes are studied and calculated with statistical analysis and wavelet transformation on the basis of daily series of observed data over the period 1901-2007 in Macau.The result shows that statistically significant oscillations with 2 to 5 years of period generally exist in the series of climate variables(e.g.annual mean surface air temperature and precipitation as well as evaporation etc.),but with obvious locality in time domain.The variation of annual mean surface air temperature has a quasi 60-year period.The phases of the 60-year variation approximately and consistently match that of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO).The oscillations of seasonal mean surface air temperature in summer and winter have the periods of quasi 30-year and quasi 60-year,respectively.These two periods of oscillations have statistically significant correlation with Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO) and AMO,individually.The multidecadal variations of the precipitation of the annually first flood period and annual evaporation are dominated by periods of quasi 30-year and quasi 50-year,respectively.     

南京过去100年极端日降水量模拟研究

在南京过去100年日降水资料的基础上,利用极值理论中的区组模型和阈值模型分析了极端日降水分布特征.首先通过广义极值(GEV)模型模拟了日降水的年极值序列(AMDR),用极大似然估计(MLE)方法计算了模型的参数,并借助轮廓似然函数估计出参数的精确误差区间,同时采用4种较直观的诊断图形对模型的合理性进行全面评估,结果表明Frechet是区组模型中最适合描述极端日降水分布特征的函数.其次,将日降水序列分3种情景构建极值分布的阈值模型(GPD),考察了观测数据的规模对应用该模型的限制,重点讨论了如何针对给定观测样本选择合适的阈值收集极值信息.分析结果认为,长度不小于50年的气候序列,采用24 mm的日降水量作为临界阈值均能进行GPD分析.该阈值处于年降水序列第91个百分位附近,即对目前长度为50年左右的日观测资料,第91个百分位点以上的数据基本能满足GPD研究的需要.另外,根据GEV和GPD对未来极端降水重现水平的推断情况,GPD预测值的置信区间要比GEV的窄,极值推断的不确定性相对也较小,更适合用于研究中国目前规模不大的气候资料.最后,对GPD模型的形状参数和尺度参数进行变换,分别引入描述线性变化的动态变量,分析降水序列中潜在的变异行为对极值理论应用的影响.这种变异包括降水序列中长期的均值变化及百分位变化,从模拟结果看,暂未发现资料变异行为对极值分析产生显著于扰.     

Analysis of the long-term precipitation series at Athens,Greece

In this paper, the characteristics of the long-term precipitation series at Athens (1858–1985) have been statistically analyzed. This study covers both the history and the analysis of the data. The ten-year mean amounts, the monthly and annual amounts averaged over the intervals 1858–1890, 1891–1985, 1951–1980, 1858–1985, the mean number of hours of precipitation and the precipitation intensity are given. The analysis of long-term time series of climatic data (in particular precipitation) is a useful tool for the study of past climate. Different statistical techniques are used in order to depict monthly, seasonal and annual variations, as well as trends, periodicities and recurrence intervals of the amount, intensity and number of precipitation days. The analysis reveals many interesting characteristics. These characteristics of the precipitation regime are extended to a time scale from seasonal variation to a semi-secular trend. The study of such long-term series may be helpful not only in practical applications of rainfall, but also for explaining the possible physical or anthropogenic mechanisms of climatic fluctuations and tendencies. The series of precipitation at Athens is one of the longest in south-eastern Europe.     

Comparison of statistically downscaled precipitation in terms of future climate indices and daily variability for southern Ontario and Quebec,Canada

Given the coarse resolution of global climate models, downscaling techniques are often needed to generate finer scale projections of variables affected by local-scale processes such as precipitation. However, classical statistical downscaling experiments for future climate rely on the time-invariance assumption as one cannot know the true change in the variable of interest, nor validate the models with data not yet observed. Our experimental setup involves using the Canadian regional climate model (CRCM) outputs as pseudo-observations to estimate model performance in the context of future climate projections by replacing historical and future observations with model simulations from the CRCM, nested within the domain of the Canadian global climate model (CGCM). In particular, we evaluated statistically downscaled daily precipitation time series in terms of the Peirce skill score, mean absolute errors, and climate indices. Specifically, we used a variety of linear and nonlinear methods such as artificial neural networks (ANN), decision trees and ensembles, multiple linear regression, and k-nearest neighbors to generate present and future daily precipitation occurrences and amounts. We obtained the predictors from the CGCM 3.1 20C3M (1971–2000) and A2 (2041–2070) simulations, and precipitation outputs from the CRCM 4.2 (forced with the CGCM 3.1 boundary conditions) as predictands. Overall, ANN models and tree ensembles outscored the linear models and simple nonlinear models in terms of precipitation occurrences, without performance deteriorating in future climate. In contrast, for the precipitation amounts and related climate indices, the performance of downscaling models deteriorated in future climate.     

1961—2010年云南干湿气候变化

利用15个站点1961—2010年日照时数、降水量和平均温度等气候资料,计算云南5个区域各季节相对湿润度指数,分析云南干湿气候变化特征。结果表明,相对湿润度指数可定量、准确地表达云南各区域自然气候干湿程度,能客观反映云南干湿气候的波动变化和区域性差别。20世纪90年代中期以来,云南干季、雨季潜在蒸散量呈增大变化趋势,同期降水量有减小的趋势变化,从而在气候变暖背景下引发云南气候的干旱化趋势。干季各地相对湿润度指数年际波动变化大,年代际差异明显;雨季各地干湿状况年际波动相对较小,且呈现明显的周期性波动变化趋势。云南5个区域的干湿气候变化既有一致性也有差异性：滇中和滇西南比较一致,滇西北与滇东南差异明显,滇西北与滇东北雨季差异突出、干季较为相似。     

Local air temperature tolerance: a sensible basis for estimating climate variability

The customary representation of climate using sample moments is generally biased due to the noticeably nonstationary behaviour of many climate series. In this study, we introduce a moment-free climate representation based on a statistical model fitted to a long-term daily air temperature anomaly series. This model allows us to separate the climate and weather scale variability in the series. As a result, the climate scale can be characterized using the mean annual cycle of series and local air temperature tolerance, where the latter is computed using the fitted model. The representation of weather scale variability is specified using the frequency and the range of outliers based on the tolerance. The scheme is illustrated using five long-term air temperature records observed by different European meteorological stations.     

华南春季降水的年代际变化及其与大气环流和海温的关系

利用1960—2010年中国降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA提供的海表温度资料以及太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)指数,分析了华南春季降水的年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系。结果表明:华南春季降水经历了偏少(1960—1971年)—偏多(1972—1992年)—次偏少(1993—2010年)三个阶段。第一阶段少雨期,500 hPa上西风气流较平直,不利于北方冷空气南下,华南地区的暖气团也不活跃,对应的水汽通量散度为异常辐散。第二阶段多雨期,500 hPa高度上,高原北部脊偏强,利于冷空气南下,与华南地区活跃的暖湿气团汇合,对应的水汽场上为水汽异常辐合。第三阶段少雨期,500 hPa西风气流上的槽脊系统偏强,利于北方强冷空气南下,孟加拉湾地区的南支槽填塞,南方暖湿空气向华南的输送减弱。华南春季降水与PDO指数存在正相关关系,从不同季节来看,在年代际时间尺度上,前期秋季的PDO指数与华南春季降水的正相关显著,PDO处于负位相时,华南春季降水偏少,反之亦然;从华南春季降水年代际变化的不同阶段来看,PDO指数与华南春季降水的正相关在1960—1971年少雨期较显著。     

Stochastic Modeling of the Effects of Large-Scale Circulation on Daily Weather in the Southeastern U.S.

Statistical methodology is devised to model time series of daily weather at individual locations in the southeastern U.S. conditional on patterns in large-scale atmosphere–ocean circulation. In this way, weather information on an appropriate temporal and spatial scale for input to crop–climate models can be generated, consistent with the relationship between circulation and temporally and/or spatially aggregated climate data (an exercise sometimes termed `downscaling'). The Bermuda High, a subtropical Atlantic circulation feature, is found to have the strongest contemporaneous correlation with seasonal mean temperature and total precipitation in the Southeast (in particular, stronger than for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon). Stochastic models for time series of daily minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation amount are fitted conditional on an index indicating the average position of the Bermuda High. For precipitation, a multi-site approach involving a statistical technique known as `borrowing strength' is applied, constraining the relationship between daily precipitation and the Bermuda High index to be spatially the same. In winter (the time of greatest correlation), higher daily maximum and minimum temperature means and higher daily probability of occurrence of precipitation are found when there is an easterly shift in the average position of the Bermuda High. Methods for determining aggregative properties of these stochastic models for daily weather (e.g., variance and spatial correlation of seasonal total precipitation) are also described, so that their performance in representing low frequency variations can be readily evaluated.     

Assessment of vegetation dynamics and their response to variations in precipitation and temperature in the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau is a region sensitive to climate change, due to its high altitude and large terrain. This sensitivity can be measured through the response of vegetation patterns to climate variability in this region. Time series analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery and correlation analyses are effective tools to study land cover changes and their response to climatic variations. This is especially important for regions like the Tibetan Plateau, which has a complex ecosystem but lacks a lot of detailed in-situ observation data due to its remoteness, vastness and the severity of its climatic conditions. In this research a time series of 315 SPOT VEGETATION scenes, covering the period between 1998 and 2006, has been processed with the Harmonic ANalysis of Time Series (HANTS) algorithm in order to reveal the governing spatiotemporal pattern of variability. Results show that the spatial distribution of NDVI values is in agreement with the general climate pattern in the Tibetan Plateau. The seasonal variation is greatly influenced by the Asian monsoon. Interannual analysis shows that vegetation density (recorded here by the NDVI values) in the entire Tibetan Plateau has generally increased. Using a 1 km resolution land cover map from GLC2000, seven meteorological stations, presenting monthly data on near surface air temperature and precipitation, were selected for correlation analysis between NDVI and climate conditions in this research. A time lag response has also been found between NDVI and climate variables. Except in desert grassland (Shiquanhe station), the NDVI of all selected sites showed strong correlation with air temperature and precipitation, with variations in correlation according to the different land cover types at different locations. The strongest relationship was found in alpine and subalpine plain grass, the weakest in desert grassland.     

由斑玛云杉年表重建青海高原东南部夏季降水序列

用青海省东南部斑玛地区的一个云杉年表与其周围的单站和区域的气象要素反复校准和验证,发现该云杉年表对其临近的单站或所在区域的盛夏降水都有委强的响应,并确认了这种关系显著且稳定,说明了它可以反映青海高原东南部夏季降水的变化。而它与各月气温和冬、春、秋季降水均无明显无关。因此我们用它重建了该地区盛夏（７月）２６５年（１７２３～１９８７年）雨量。并对重建的区域降水进行了统计分析。