An Easy Method for Interpretation of Gravity Anomalies Due to Vertical Finite Lines

A new method is introduced to determine the top and bottom depth of a vertical line using gravity anomalies. For this, gravity at a distance x from the origin and horizontal derivative at that point are utilized. A numerical value is obtained dividing the gravity at point x by horizontal derivative. Then a new equation is obtained dividing the theoretical gravity equation by the derivative equation. In that equation, assigning various values to the depth and length of vertical line, several new numerical values are obtained. Among these values, a curve is obtained for the one that is closest to the first value from attending the depth and length values. The intersection point of these curves obtained by repeating this procedure several times for different points x yield the real depth and length values of the line. The method is tested on two synthetics and field examples. Successful results are obtained in both applications.     

RESISTIVITY MODELLING FOR ARBITRARILY SHAPED TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES*

A numerical technique is developed to solve the three-dimensional potential distribution about a point source of current located in or on the surface of a half-space containing arbitrary two-dimensional conductivity distribution. Finite difference equations are obtained for Poisson's equations by using point- as well as area-discretization of the subsurface. Potential distributions at all points in the set defining the half-space are simultaneously obtained for multiple point sources of current injection. The solution is obtained with direct explicit matrix inversion techniques. An empirical mixed boundary condition is used at the “infinitely distant” edges of the lower half-space. Accurate solutions using area-discretization method are obtained with significantly less attendant computational costs than with the relaxation, finite-element, or network solution techniques for models of comparable dimensions.     

聊古一井数字化氡与模拟水氡观测资料的对比评价

数字化氡在聊古一井投入观测已近4年, 与模拟水氡观测相比, 具有采样率高, 数字传输、保存和资料处理快捷方便, 人为观测误差少的优点, 从而使氡的信息量大大增加, 为捕捉地震短临异常信息提供了有利条件。对数字化氡与模拟水氡同期观测资料的对比分析结果表明, 二者的变化趋势、方差及均值变化均不一致, 数字化氡与模拟水氡观测的物理含义不同,是一种新的测项, 尚不能完全替代原有的模拟水氡观测; 数字化氡在反映地震短临异常方面优于模拟水氡; 气水分离装置(脱气装置)是实现氡数字化观测的重要基础环节, 对于获取真实可靠的观测结果具有重要作用。     

香港青马大桥在交通荷载作用下的疲劳评估

在全桥三维有限元模型基础上 ,进行了车载响应分析 ,得到全桥的动力响应 ,并与实测结果进行了分析对比 ;对疲劳危险部位建立局部有限元模型 ,并进行了局部应力分析。在结构健康安全监测系统实测数据基础上 ,得到应变循环标准块 ,用基于热点应力疲劳评估方法对危险部位进行了疲劳寿命评估。     

PSEUDOREFLECTION PROFILING METHOD: AN EFFICIENT COMPLEMENT TO CDP METHOD1

A method for pseudoreflection profiling (PRP) is presented. By using transmission seismograms, this method produces time sections similar to those obtained using the common depth point (CDP) method. Pseudoreflection profiles are obtained using the following procedure. Equivalent transmission responses at sites on soft deposits are derived by Wiener filter estimation using seismograms acquired on the sites and on the basement rock. These responses are substituted into the Claerbout-Kunetz equation to obtain the pseudoreflection profiles. A 3D subsurface model is produced when the PRP method is applied to explosion seismograms. The time sections thus obtained are consistent with those obtained using the CDP method in a neighbouring area. The maximum station interval for obtaining coherent profiles with this method is estimated to be one quarter of the wavelength of the transmitted waves. This technique should be used in combination with another method such as the CDP method because it has two weak points: the velocity structure cannot be obtained directly and undesirable waves cannot be eliminated through processing.     

利用观测的TEC和电离图推导顶部电离层剖面的一个方法

给出一个利用观测的ＴＥＣ和电离图参数来推导顶部电离层电子密度剖面的方法．基本原理是，利用反演的峰下剖面计算出峰下积分电子含量，然后由观测的ＴＥＣ推算出顶部的积分电子含量。假定ＩＲＩ计算的顶部剖面经一个修正标高因子修正后所得的积分电子含量与观测值一致，从而得到修正标高因子。     

Airflow pattern and droplet trajectories about an electrostatic cloud droplet probe

Summary This study considers the numerical results for the airflow pattern to obtain droplet trajectories around and into a leading edge hole of a cloud droplet sampling probe. The probe was initially conceived at MIT and developed into a practical airborne system in the Cloud Physics Program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The probe is designed to be an ellipsoid of revolution with a circular sampling hole at the forward stagnation point. The external flow field is assumed to be steady, axisymmetric, irrotational and incompressible and depends on four parameters: the hole radius, axial speed in the hole, free stream velocity and the fineness ratio of the ellipsoid. The trajectory calculations are based on a three-dimensional gravity field with a fluid resistance computed from experimental drag coefficients on spheres. Both numerical and theoretical solutions for the flow field have been obtained for various combinations of the above parameters. For these flow fields, trajectories for droplets have been obtained. From the trajectory calculations we have obtained collection efficiencies for the probe and have compared these trajectories with experimental trajectories obtained at NCAR.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

地震动随机函数模型研究(Ⅰ)——模型建立

基于随机过程的随机函数解释,发展了一种随机地震动模型.模型包括两个部分,分别是基于理论物理关系的Fourier幅值谱模型和基于经验关系的Fourier相位谱模型.基于拟加速度谱概念建立的幅值谱模型能够反映强震记录的幅值特性,而Fourier相位谱模型则利用累积相位谱的单值连续特性,以线性多项式与三角级数组合的形式给出.模拟记录与实测记录对比结果显示两者不仅在波形结构上相似性良好,而且反应谱层次亦吻合良好.     

Bounds for natural frequencies,Dunkerley's formula and application to soil–structure interaction

A new expression for a lower bound for the fundamental natural frequency of a structure is presented and its relationship with Dunkerley's formula is examined. A related improved estimate for the fundamental frequency is also obtained and applied to obtain an approximate expression for the fundamental frequency of a soil–structure system including a 1-DOF structure, a flat rigid foundation, and an elastic soil. The resulting approximation is then compared with the now standard result first obtained by Jennings and Bielak [6]     

On the using cumulant expansion method and van Kampen’s lemma for stochastic differential equations with forcing

Second-order exact ensemble averaged equation for linear stochastic differential equations with multiplicative randomness and random forcing is obtained by using the cumulant expansion ensemble averaging method and by taking the time dependent sure part of the multiplicative operator into account. It is shown that the satisfaction of the commutativity and the reversibility requirements proposed earlier for linear stochastic differential equations without forcing are necessary for the linear stochastic differential equations with forcing when the cumulant expansion ensemble averaging method is used. It is shown that the applicability of the operator equality, which is used for the separation of operators in the literature, is also subjected to the satisfaction of the commutativity and the reversibility requirements. The van Kampen’s lemma, which is proposed for the analysis of nonlinear stochastic differential equations, is modified in order to make the probability density function obtained through the lemma depend on the forcing terms too. The second-order exact ensemble averaged equation for linear stochastic differential equations with multiplicative randomness and random forcing is also obtained by using the modified van Kampen’s lemma in order to validate the correctness of the modified lemma. Second-order exact ensemble averaged equation for one dimensional convection diffusion equation with reaction and source is obtained by using the cumulant expansion ensemble averaging method. It is shown that the van Kampen’s lemma can yield the cumulant expansion ensemble averaging result for linear stochastic differential equations when the lemma is applied to the interaction representation of the governing differential equation. It is found that the ensemble averaged equations given for one the dimensional convection diffusion equation with reaction and source in the literature obtained by applying the lemma to the original differential equation are restricted with small sure part of multiplicative operator. Second-order exact differential equations for the evolution of the probability density function for the one dimensional convection diffusion equation with reaction and source and one dimensional nonlinear overland flow equation with source are obtained by using the modified van Kampen’s lemma. The equation for the evolution of the probability density function for one dimensional nonlinear overland flow equation with source given in the literature is found to be not second-order exact. It is found that the differential equations for the evolution of the probability density functions for various hydrological processes given in the literature are not second-order exact. The significance of the new terms found due to the second-order exact ensemble averaging performed on the one dimensional convection diffusion equation with reaction and source and during the application of the van Kampen’s lemma to the one dimensional nonlinear overland flow equation with source is investigated.     

用相空间重建法研究武定地震序列

选取了两种方案得到武定地震序列,并利用相空间重建法重构武定地震序列,探讨其吸引子的存在性。结果表明第二种方案得到的武定地震序列不存在吸引子,而第一种方案得到的武定地震序列确实存在吸引子,它具有自相似分形几何结构,其分维数d=2．856,所以为奇异吸引子。根据奇异吸引子的性质,探讨了武定地震发生的整个过程。并且论证了用此法研究武定余震分维数时,所必须取的维数。的范围。     

Radially symmetrical thermoelastic disturbances in generalised dynamical theory of thermoelasticity

Summary In this paper, a dynamical problem for a spherical cavity in an infinite medium in the generalised theory ofthermoelasticity has been considered. An approximate solution is obtained by perturbation expansion and asymptotic solution for small times has also been obtained.     

Modal analysis of coupled motion of horizontally excited embedded footings

A modal analysis formulation of the equations of motion of horizontally excited embedded footings is presented. Numerical solutions obtained with these equations are compared with the results obtained from direct solutions. It is shown that the two methods of solution are in good agreement for frequencies near to the first resonance.     

Power-law velocity profile in turbulent boundary layers: An integral reynolds-number dependent solution

Geophysical flows of practical interest encompass turbulent boundary layer flows. The velocity profile in turbulent flows is generally described by a log- or a power-law applicable to certain zones of the boundary layer, or by wall-wake law for the entire zone of the boundary layer. In this study, a novel theory is proposed from which the power-law velocity profile is obtained for the turbulent boundary layer flow. The new power-law profile is based on the conservation of mass and the skin friction within the boundary layer. From the proposed theory, analytical expressions for the power-law velocity profile are presented, and their Reynolds-number dependency is highlighted. The velocity profile, skin friction coefficient and boundary layer thickness obtained from the proposed theory are validated by the reliable experimental data for zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers. The expressions for Reynolds shear stress and eddy viscosity distributions across the boundary layer are also obtained and validated by the experimental data.     

Crustal structure along the coast of California from Rayleigh waves

The dispersion curve of Rayleigh waves is obtained for the path San Fernando Valley-Berkeley, using the single-station surface wave method. The crustal model obtained from dispersion data is in excellent agreement with seismic refraction results. Dispersion data enable the rejection of one of the models previously proposed on the basis of refraction data.     

Geothermal map of Mexico

Silica temperatures were calculated for 326 water samples from hot and warm springs located throughout Mexico as an attempt to estimate heat flow. Available heat flow data (Smith, 1974; Smith et al., 1979) for northern Mexico were related to silica temperature data to obtain the appropriate constants for the regional conditions according to Swanberg and Morgan's equation (1979, 1980). The constants obtained are similar to those obtained for the United States, therefore heat flow can be estimated on the basis of silica temperature data. By contouring calculated temperatures a map is obtained where the main geothermal provinces are shown.     

采样方式对地震监测闪烁室法测氡仪校准结果的影响研究

利用HD-6型多功能自控氡室, 配合国际标准计量仪器AlphaGUARD PQ2000Pro测氡仪, 分别采用循环采样和负压采样两种方式, 对FD-125氡钍分析器的3个闪烁室进行校准实验, 计算3个闪烁室K值和相对固有误差。 结果表明: 循环采样方式得到的闪烁室K值比负压采样方式小, 负压采样方式得到的K值偏大, 已经接近《地震水文地球化学观测技术规范》要求的闪烁室K值的极限。 循环采样得到的闪烁室相对固有误差≤5%, 达到了《地震水文地球化学观测技术规范》的要求, 而负压采样方式得到的闪烁室相对固有误差>5%, 未达到《地震水文地球化学观测技术规范》的要求; 因此, 循环采样方式更适合地震监测闪烁室法测氡仪的氡室校准。     

安徽及邻区地震烈度衰减关系研究

利用安徽及邻区15次地震的40条等震线资料,采用联合统计回归的方法,得到统计回归方程及地震烈度衰减关系．将此地震烈度衰减关系与其他烈度衰减关系进行对比,并结合地震烈度分布资料对衰减关系进行检验．认为本次统计回归所得的烈度衰减关系对安徽地区是适用的。     

沿球面大圆的积分逆变换及其应用

本文给出了从沿球面上大圆的积分值直接反推球面上函数分布的关系式,即得到了球面上大圆的积分变换和反变换对。如利用的是整个大圆的积分,得到的是球面上任何点及其对蹠点上函数的平均值,或者说得到的是球面上函数的偶对称部分。如果进行积分的球面域小于半球面,反演将是唯一的。所得结果可应用于从地震表面波资料反演三维地球内部构造的地球物理问题。     

Comparison between different techniques for evaluation of predominant periods using strong ground motion records and microtremors in Pereira Colombia

This paper presents a comparison between different techniques for evaluation of predominant periods in soft soil, for the urban area of Pereira city, Western Colombia. In this study we used microtremor and strong ground motion records obtained by a local array of seven accelerographs stations deployed in the city. Response spectra and spectral ratios have been calculated and compared with strong seismic events recorded in solid rock and soft soil stations. These observations allowed the determination of dominant response spectra for several sectors in the urban area. For the microtremor measurements and earthquake data, dominant periods were determined using interpretation of Fourier amplitude spectra and Nakamura's technique. A comparison between dominant periods obtained from strong ground motion records and those obtained from microtremor measurements show similarities, which is in the range 0.2–0.5 s. A preliminary version of a site response map for Pereira city was obtained from this analysis.