A study of surface subsidence and coal pillar safety for strip mining in a deep mine

Some villages and bridges are located on the ground surface of the working district no. 7 in the Wanglou Coal Mine. If longwall mining is adopted, the maximum deformation of the ground surface will exceed the safety value. Strip mining is employed for the working district no. 7 which is widely used to reduce surface subsidence and the consequent damage of buildings on the ground surface. To ensure the safety of coal pillars and improve the recovery coefficient, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation (FLAC 3D) were adopted to determine the coal pillar and mining widths and to discuss the coal pillar stress distribution and surface subsidence for different mining scenarios. The results revealed that the width of coal pillars should be larger than 162 m, and the optimized mining width varies from 150 to 260 m. As the coal seam is exploited, vertical stress is mainly applied on the coal pillar, inducing stress changes on its ribs. The coefficient of mining-induced stress varies from 2.02 to 2.62 for different mining scenarios. The maximum surface subsidence and horizontal movement increase as the mining width increases. However, when the mining width increases to a certain value, increasing the pillar width cannot significantly decrease the maximum subsidence. To ensure the surface subsidence less than 500 mm, the mining width should not be larger than 200 m. Considering the recovery coefficient and safety of the coal pillar, a pillar width of 165 m is suggested.     

Experimental study on excavating strip coal pillars using caving zone backfill technology

Strip mining was the major method to control surface subsidence when mining under buildings in China; however, its coal recovery ratio was only 30 to 50%, resulting in a large amount of coal resource waste due to the retained strip coal pillars. As such, it is of important significance to recover the retained pillars while guarantee the safety of the buildings at surface. In order to address this issue, excavating strip coal pillars using caving zone backfill technology was proposed in this study. The process of this technology was to grouting backfill the original strip caving zones using high-water content material at first, creating a combined backfill body of caved gangue and high-water content material, the backfill body acted as the temporary support. Then the retained pillars were excavated and the newly produced caving zones were backfilled with one interval, which effectively prevented the movement and deformation of the strata. The backfilling system and technology were designed and trailed to excavate the retained pillars at mining area 911 in Bucun colliery. It was found that the backfilling rate reached 96.8 to 98.7% in the original caving zones, the backfilling body in caving zones was highly compacted, and the maximum surface subsidence was only increased to 67 mm with no growth in the failure depth of floor. The retained coal pillars in three of the mining areas were safely excavated and the safety of buildings on the ground was preserved.     

Subsidence prediction method of solid backfilling mining with different filling ratios under thick unconsolidated layers

Solid backfill mining for coal pillar recovery in industrial squares has to ensure that the mine infrastructure, such as the shafts and substations, is not degraded or has its utility impaired by that mining. At the same time, it is important to recover as much coal as possible. As a result, it is necessary to predict mining subsidence during solid backfilling mining of coal pillars in industrial squares and to optimize the design of the working faces. At the Baishan coal mine in Anhiu province, China, there are thick layers of unconsolidated overburden above the coal seam so it is not appropriate to use the surface subsidence prediction method of equivalent mining height to predict subsidence during the mining of the coal pillars there. In order to find a reasonable coal pillar recovery scheme for the Baishan mine, a numerical simulation method is used to determine the relationships between the compression ratio of the backfilling material and the surface subsidence prediction parameters. Research was done to determine the appropriate parameters, and based on the final prediction parameters and taking the mandated protection standards for buildings and structures into account, surface subsidence is predicted and a backfill mining scheme for pillar recovery is proposed. The results show that of the six mining schemes considered, scheme 5 is the best scheme for coal pillar recovery in the industrial square at the Baishan mine. The research results are significant for similar mines with thick unconsolidated overburden anywhere in the world.     

Mechanisms of the development of water-conducting fracture zone in overlying strata during shortwall block backfill mining: a case study in Northwestern China

In this work, a shortwall block backfill mining (SBBM) technique is proposed for the recovery of residual corner coal pillars and irregular blocks left behind during the exploitation of coal mines, and a solution is provided for the risks associated with gangue piling and the loss of water resources owing to coal mining. Based on the theory of beams on elastic foundations, a mechanical analysis model was established for calculating the height of a water-conducting fracture zone (WCFZ) in the overlying strata of coal mines exploited using the SBBM technique. It was found that the key factors influencing the development of the WCFZ are the mining height, width of the protective coal pillars, backfill percentage, block length, and number of mining blocks. The relationships between these factors and the height of the WCFZ were obtained by incorporating the relevant parameters in the above-mentioned model. In the field experiment site, it was discovered that the minimum coal pillar width and goaf backfill percentage required to prevent the development of water-conducting fractures that could reach an aquifer are 5 m and 65%, respectively. Based on this result, the protective pillars of the site were designed to be 5 m wide, while the goaf backfill percentage was set as 80%. The borehole fluid method was used to measure the height of the WCFZ, which was found to be 26.8 m. This is consistent with the theoretical calculations (27.0 m) of this study, and thus, validates the reliability of the proposed mechanical model. The findings of this work will improve the recovery rate of residual coal resources in coal mining areas, and they are significant for the refinement of water conservation mining theories.     

Grout injection into bed separation to control surface subsidence during longwall mining under villages: case study of Liudian coal mine,China

Surface subsidence can cause many environmental problems and hazards (including loss of land area and damage to buildings), and such hazards are particularly serious in coal mining districts. Injecting grout into the bed separation in the overburden has been proposed as an effective control measure against surface subsidence during longwall mining. However, no field trials of this technique have been implemented in mines under villages in China, and thus, its ability to control subsidence in such areas has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, field trials using this technique were carried out during longwall mining under villages in the Liudian coal mine, China. The maximum surface subsidence observed after the extraction was only 0.298 m, which accounts for 10 % of the mining height and is 79 % less than the predicted subsidence. Moreover, no damage occurred to the village buildings either during or after extraction and these buildings remain stable. Thus, this study represents the first successful attempt to control surface subsidence under villages in China using grout injection during longwall mining.     

Bearing Capacity of Backfill Body and Roof Stability During Strip Coal Pillar Extracted with Paste Backfill

2351 working face with paste backfill method of Daizhuang coal mine in eastern China is selected as engineering background, bearing characteristics of backfill body and supporting intensity of hydraulic support during coal pillar mining with paste backfill are researched. Researches show that: Even if the confining pressure is only 1 Mpa, the paste backfill material shows typical plasticity hardening. The overlying strata of working face with paste backfill method include fractured zone, continuous deformation zone, don’t include caved zone. The distribution of vertical stress above the backfill body is not a horizontal line nor presents saddle-shaped, but presents a wave distribution. The stress above backfill body does not appear abrupt change but tends to be increasing at first and stable at last. The mechanical model of roof stability during coal pillar mining with paste backfill is built, and the mechanics related formula of supporting intensity is also concluded. The hydraulic supports used in 2351 working face can control the roof subsidence effectively, but the efficiency of hydraulic supports is lower, which should be optimized properly.     

基于四旋翼无人机的宁夏羊场湾煤矿采煤沉陷量监测

小型无人机遥感技术具有成本低、操作灵活便利等优点,在地质调查中的作用愈来愈重要。采煤地表沉陷量变形监测是掌控采煤地表岩移变形规律和治理塌陷的关键性工作。重点探索四旋翼无人机遥感技术监测在羊场湾煤矿Y120212工作面采煤沉陷量的监测研究,通过野外踏勘与控制点布设、无人机航线规划与执行、4D产品制作的工作程序和监测方法,探索无人机遥感技术监测在矿山地质塌陷监测的应用。研究结果表明,通过对无人机遥感技术生成的DSM处理,经过多期地面高程的对比,得到Y120212工作面最大沉陷量达6.5m。结合分析、对比,无人机遥感技术可以实现采煤塌陷区地表沉陷变形监测,进而形成和发展了煤矿地面塌陷新的监测技术。     

Monitoring of coal mining subsidence in peri-urban area of Zonguldak city (NW Turkey) with persistent scatterer interferometry using ALOS-PALSAR

This paper presents the results of spatiotemporal monitoring of surface subsidence over a mining area in Zonguldak Province of Turkey using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, providing maps of subsidence rates in the radar line of sight direction. A total of 18 SAR images, acquired between January 2007 and June 2010 by the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite, have been used to map the surface displacements using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique. The use of Phased Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data has proved useful for avoiding signal decorrelation and estimating surface deformation in the heavily vegetated study region. The technique enables the monitoring of continuous small displacements over a large area. Our findings present that many Persistent Scatterers were located on the vegetation cover. The results reveal areas of ground surface subsidence up to 44 mm/year that are well correlated with the underground coal mining galleries particularly in the Gelik region where the Karadon mining galleries are present.     

ANSYS在煤矿开采数值模拟中应用研究

以典型矿井山东华丰矿、阜新五龙矿和北京大台井为例,利用ANSYS有限元软件,对煤矿开采引起的地表沉陷、冲击地压危险区域确定和俯伪斜采煤法参数优化进行了数值模拟分析.分别针对所处的地质条件和赋煤状况,建立了二维或三维有限元模型,模拟计算了地表沉陷曲线和最大沉陷位置,指出山东华丰矿随开采推进沉陷位移和影响范围将逐渐扩大,最大沉陷位移逐步向开采方向前移的规律,当开采800 m时出现最大下沉速度3.5 mm/d,最大沉陷位移为3.7 m.五龙矿311面当开采100m和400 m时分别由于火成岩墙和应力集中区贯通导致顶板易断裂而极易发生冲击地压事故;大台井俯伪斜采煤法煤层倾角只有在60°～67° 时,推采距离才对煤层顶板法向最大压应力具有明显影响,且顶底板法向最大位移规律为上部位移大于中部位移,西中部位移又大于下部位移,在煤层倾角70°时,工作面超前支撑压力作用范围最小为30 m,而下巷道支撑压力作用范围最大为25 m,巷道数为3时,顶板下巷道超前支撑压力峰值位置为5.3 m.ANSYS计算结果表明,该数值模拟是合理的,与实际情况基本吻合,说明ANSYS在煤矿开采领域是一种有效的数值模拟工具.     

Stability of goaf-side entry driving in 800-m-deep island longwall coal face in underground coal mine

Goaf-side entry driving in underground coal mines could greatly improve coal recovery rates. However, it becomes more difficult to maintain stability, especially in deep coal mines. Pillar width plays a pivotal role in the stability of goaf-side entry driving. To obtain a reasonable and appropriate narrow pillar width, theoretical calculations of the widths of mining-damaged zone and limit equilibrium zone in the pillar are derived according to limit equilibrium theory. Based on the stability issues of goaf-side entry driving in the first island longwall coal face (LCF) at a depth of 800 m below the surface in Guqiao Coal Mine in China, a numerical model is established by FLAC software to analyze the stability of the surrounding rock of goaf-side entry driving during excavation, using various coal pillar widths and support schemes. The results obtained from theoretical calculations, numerical simulation, and engineering practice indicate that an 8-m-wide coal pillar is relatively reasonable, appropriate, and feasible. Field measurements show that deformations of the surrounding rock could be efficiently controlled 31 days after the support schemes were implemented in goaf-side entry driving with an 8-m-wide narrow pillar along the adjacent goaf side with a compaction duration of 10 months. The mining influence range of the overlying LCF on the stability of goaf-side entry driving is found to be the area from 50 m ahead of the LCF to 70 m behind the LCF as it passes over the measurement point.     

基于时序InSAR技术的甘肃金川铜镍矿区地表沉降研究

文章采用时序InSAR技术对甘肃省金川铜镍矿区域地表沉降规律开展研究.利用Senti-nel-1A干涉影像,基于SBAS-InSAR技术和时序D-InSAR技术,反演2018年1月-11月金川铜镍矿区域地表沉降.经过2种技术结果对比及验证分析表明,2018年矿区有2个沉降漏斗,分别是西二采区5-7行和老矿坑.西二采区5...     

煤层重复采动对水渠稳定性及渗漏性影响评价

为了科学评价煤层重复采动对拟建水渠工程安全性的影响程度,围绕"采煤安全"、"水渠安全运行"这两条主线,在现场调研的基础上,采用理论分析、数值模拟和概率积分法等手段,对重复采动影响下水渠的变形特征进行了分析评价。首先从地层的工程地质结构、水文地质结构、力学结构和开采结构4方面分析了岩土体的结构特征,利用FLAC3D对各煤层开采引发的导水裂隙带发育高度的变化规律进行了模拟分析,同时,根据地表移动和变形预计结果,分析了重复开采引发的地表下沉、倾斜变形及水平变形对水渠坝体的影响。结果表明:多煤层开采后导水裂隙带不会波及到水渠内的地表水,不会影响采煤安全;重复采动会引起水渠不同程度的沉降,堤体地面标高由69.34 m沉降至65.50 m,沉降后的堤体顶面比设计水面降低了1.94 m,过水断面由580 m2减少至196 m2,设计流量将损失66%,对水渠安全运行构成影响。      

Shaft failure characteristics and the control effects of backfill body compression ratio at ultra-contiguous coal seams mining

Solid backfill coal mining is a mainstream method in green coal mining, which has gradually become a key technology to control shaft deformation when recovering industrial square pillars during mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. On the basis of the engineering background of Nantun Coal Mine, this paper combined physical simulation, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis for studying shaft deformation, failure characteristics, and stress variation rules during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. The results revealed that shaft deformation and failure were the results of the movement of strata caused by coal mining; in addition, the backfill body compression ratios in two adjacent coal seams were the key factors in shaft deformation control during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. Moreover, the effects of the backfill body compression ratios on shaft deformation in ultra-contiguous coal seam mining were simulated by ABAQUS, and the optimal compression ratios of backfill body in two coal seams were determined. Finally, based on the probability-integral method, the vertical compressive deformation and the inclined deformation of shaft were estimated and the results showed that the shaft safety and stability at ultra-contiguous coal seam mining can be provided when the backfill body compression ratios of 3_upper and 3_lower coal seams were set at 85%.     

Design of backfilled thin-seam coal pillars using earth pressure theory

In underground coal mining any increase in coal recovery rate is dependent on a decrease in pillar size. Backfilling is one way of reducing the required size of pillars and hence the volume of coal left underground. Therefore any comparisons made between a self-supported mine layout and backfill supported mine layout are based directly on pillar design. The most effective way to examine the effect of backfill on pillar support, and subsequently the rate of recovery, would be to incorporate the mechanisms of backfill support directly into the current design procedure for coal pillars. This paper presents a review of the mechanics of backfill support, a method of estimating the magnitude of that support based on earth pressure theory, and an example that incorporates backfill support into current coal pillar design.     

大采高综放面区段煤柱合理留设研究

侧向支承压力分布、资源回收率以及煤柱和巷道的稳定性是大采高综放面区段煤柱宽度留设要兼顾的因素,为了确定大采高综放面区段煤柱宽度,以某矿8103面为工程背景,首先,采用理论计算和现场应力监测等方法确定大采高综放工作面倾向支承压力分布规律,得出应力降低区宽度约为8 m,原岩应力区为巷帮侧28 m外。其次,采用工程类比方法确定大采高综放工作面巷帮外侧煤体严重破裂区宽度约为4 m。最后,采用FLAC3D数值软件分析了下区段工作面回采时窄煤柱（6、8 m）和宽煤柱（28、30 m）的应力场、位移场及塑性区特征,获得不同煤柱宽度时巷道和煤柱力学特征。研究表明：当煤柱宽度6 m和8 m时,在采动支承压力下煤柱几乎无承载能力,且巷道变形量较大;当煤柱宽度28 m和30 m时,在采动支承压力下煤柱中央仍有一定的弹性核,煤柱保持稳定且巷道变形量较小。综合考虑资源回收、巷道稳定性、次生灾害控制等因素,确定大采高综放工作面区段煤柱宽度为28 m。     

厚松散层下开采地表动态移动变形规律实测及预测研究

为了掌握厚松散层覆盖地区地表在采动过程中的动态移动变形情况,以地表移动观测站实测数据为基础,获得厚松散层开采地表动态移动参数在开采过程中的变化规律,以及走向主断面方向上任意时刻、任意点的下沉速度预计公式。结果表明：当工作面推过最大下沉点170 m左右时,该点的下沉速度达到最大值,其值为22.85 mm/d;地表点最大下沉速度值及其滞后距随工作面开采距离的增大而增加,当工作面推进距离达到600 m左右后,两者增加的幅度逐渐减小,并分别达到稳定值22.00 mm/d和150 m,认为此后的采动过程是地表点下沉速度曲线以固定形状与工作面保持一定的滞后距随开采不断向前移动;参考国内松散层下开采案例,通过多元线性回归分析得到地表动态移动变形参数与地质及开采技术参数之间的关系式;最后根据动态移动参数在采动过程中的变化规律,建立了走向断面上任意时刻、任意点的下沉速度预测公式,通过预测值与实测值的对比,认为预测结果能够满足工程实践需要。     

高水材料充填技术在减小地表沉降中的应用

高水材料用于采空区充填有着工艺简单、凝结速度快、性能稳定等优点。采用建立地表沉降观测站方式,研究了用高水材料充填采空区后地表沉降变形规律。结果显示,充填后地表的下沉量明显减小。2009年5—12月,充填后地表最大下沉值为165.6 mm,月平均下沉20.7 mm。该方法用于减小开采引起的地表沉降,比传统的充填方法效果明显。      

大断面综放沿空巷道煤柱合理宽度与围岩控制

确定合理的区段煤柱宽度及巷道支护型式和参数,对于提高资源回采率和巷道安全性及实现综放开采高产高效意义重大。以王家岭煤矿20103区段运输平巷为工程背景,采用FLAC3D数值分析了不同煤柱宽度下围岩主应力差、变形及破坏演化规律,认为合理煤柱宽度为6～10 m,并结合实际地质和生产条件确定试验巷道煤柱宽度为8 m。采用理论分析和现场钻孔窥视方法综合确定基本顶断裂线位于距采空区约7 m处,认为由于综放沿空巷道围岩性质结构和应力分布沿巷道中心线呈明显非对称性,将引发煤柱侧顶板严重下沉和肩角部位煤岩体错位、嵌入、台阶下沉等非对称破坏特征,靠煤柱侧顶板及肩角部位是巷道变形破坏的关键部位。在此研究基础上,针对性地提出了以高强锚梁网、不对称锚梁、锚索桁架为主体的综合控制技术,详细阐明了具体支护措施的控制机制,并进行现场应用。工程实践表明,8 m煤柱宽度合理,该支护技术能够保证窄煤柱沿空巷道围岩稳定,并已在王家岭煤矿大面积推广应用,对类似工程条件的支护技术具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

宁东煤炭基地金凤煤矿GPS地面变形监测研究

掌握采空区地面变形规律是科学预防和治理地面塌陷的前提与基础,是煤矿地质环境动态变化的重要监测内容。以宁东煤炭基地金凤煤矿为例,在收集、了解金凤煤矿0110202和011805工作面开采时间、开采深度、开采煤厚、工作面长度、工作面宽度、工作面走向等参数的基础上,建立工作面地表自动化GPS监测点,将工作面开采进程与地面变形时间、空间统一起来,研究工作面地面变形时间和变形量的规律。结果表明,金凤煤矿011202工作面地面变形一般在采后13个月左右进入变形活跃阶段,从开始变形到地面开始稳定的持续时间为16～19个月,最大累积变形量约为3300mm;011805工作面采空区地面变形一般在采后10～11个月进入变形活跃阶段,从开始变形到地面开始稳定的持续时间为13～16个月,最大累积变形量约为2600mm。研究结果为金凤煤矿后续工作面开采地表变形规律及类似开采条件下采空塌陷的预防与治理提供了定量化的依据。     

A study on the development of subsidence due to the extraction of 1203 slice with its associated factors around Barapukuria underground coal mining industrial area,Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Subsidence as a result of an underground coal mine is a hazard to human life, properties and environment. This incidence usually occurs over a long period of time which directly or indirectly pertinent with various factors that needs to be carefully considered and systematically analyzed when exploring land subsidence. In reality the relationships among factors, their effects and the subsidence are crucial to have the suitable management plan for the mine-induced ground subsidence around the mining area. In this research, primarily the development of subsidence caused by the extraction of 1203 slice has been evaluated under the profile functions and influence functions methods. The results show that the calculated subsidence profile is almost trough-like subsidence where the maximum amount of subsidence is about 0.89 m. Secondly, based on this result, the analysis on different factors such as the deeper coal bed (420 m depth level) and higher angle of draw (42.5^o) show less subsidence which are 0.58 and 0.87 m, respectively, whereas the dip of the coal bed up to 20^o does not have significant effect on subsidence. In latter cases, the different preceding scientific papers have been consulted and analyzed for recognizing various influencing factors of subsidence which replicate that the geology and stratigraphic configuration, structural setting of the coal basin, hydro-geological characteristics, less competent nature of overlying rock body, applied mining method, presence of multi-coal seams, ultra thicken coal seam and so on are the major factors in affecting the subsidence event in the area. Moreover, intensive site investigations revealed similar pattern of subsidence and its associated factors around the mine.