内蒙古嘎顺诺尔湖泊沉积物磁化率与粒度的古环境意义

湖泊沉积物磁化率和粒度已被广泛地应用于古环境和古气候研究,但在不同地区两者的关系不同,一般与磁性矿物来源、种类和赋存粒级有关。查明磁性矿物来源和赋存状态是利用粒度和磁化率恢复古环境的重要基础。通过测定干旱区嘎顺诺尔GXN剖面湖泊沉积物的磁化率与粒度及两者的相关关系,结合代表性样品的岩石磁学特征,揭示此类地区湖泊沉积物磁性矿物来源和赋存状态,探讨它们在干旱区湖泊沉积物中所反映的环境变化信息。结果显示,剖面下部（200~105 cm）和上部（36~0 cm）沉积物磁化率与粗砂含量呈正相关,中部（105~36 cm）与粉砂含量呈正相关,表明磁性矿物主要富集于粗颗粒和较粗颗粒组分中。剖面下部和中部沉积物以顺磁性矿物为主,含少量亚铁磁性矿物（如磁铁矿+磁赤铁矿）,含少量顺磁性矿物;剖面上部沉积物以亚铁磁性矿物为主（如磁赤铁矿+磁铁矿）,含少量顺磁性矿物。根据嘎顺诺尔晚全新世湖泊沉积物剖面的岩性、磁化率和粒度组合特征,可将其划分为河漫滩相沉积（200~105 cm）、浅湖相沉积（105~36 cm）和滨浅湖相沉积（36~0 cm）3个阶段。该湖粒度组分中<4 μm和4~64 μm颗粒主要反映了湖泊水动力的变化,受碎屑物来源和水动力条件的控制;而河漫滩相中>64 μm粗颗粒组分的峰值是风力作用的结果。河漫滩相及滨浅湖相的磁化率高值则指示了湖面较低,水动力较强,有较多的磁性矿物随粗颗粒入湖;浅湖相的磁化率低值则指示该时期湖面较高,水动力较弱,磁性矿物随入湖粗颗粒含量的减少而降低。     

中晚全新世毛乌素沙地东南部气候变化过程

位于中国北方半干旱区的毛乌素沙地对气候变化响应敏感,是研究气候变化的理想区域。通过对毛乌素沙地东南部锦界剖面磁化率、有机质含量、CaCO₃含量的分析,重建了7.5 ka BP以来的气候变化过程。结果显示：中晚全新世毛乌素沙地东南部环境与气候变化可分为3个阶段：7.5～4.6 ka BP,夏季风占主导,气候暖湿,与全新世大暖期对应;4.6～3.3 ka BP,气候突变为干冷并波动频繁;3.3～2.5 ka BP气候以干冷为主。另外,存在5次千年尺度的干旱事件：7.0～6.8 ka BP、6.6～5.7 ka BP、4.6～4.1 ka BP、3.7～3.5 ka BP、3.3～2.5 ka BP。研究区气候变化与全球具有较好的一致性。     

青藏高原中部色林错湖泊沉积物色度反映末次冰盛期以来区域古气候演化

色林错湖位于青藏高原内部,是西藏第一大咸水内陆湖。研究区剖面选自色林错第三湖泊阶地,利用常用气候替代指标色度,结合粒度、碳酸盐含量［CaCO³（%）］、矿物分析和全有机质（TOC）等进行对比分析,同时采用¹⁴C测年方法对剖面进行准确的年代划分,初步探讨了末次冰盛期以来色林错湖泊沉积物色度增强机制的差异性。研究表明： a^*、b^*与中粗粒砂、磁化率具有较好的相关性;亮度L^*与CaCO³（%）具较好相关性;因而沉积物色度变化可反应区域古气候变化。同时对湖泊沉积物矿物分析发现,影响色度变化的制色矿物主要是针铁矿,且以还原环境为主。红度a^*高值与亮度L^*低值对应气候暖湿气候环境,沉积物粒度较粗,碳酸盐含量低,有机质含量高,磁化率较高值;反之,红度a^*低值,L^*高值,粒度较细,碳酸盐含量高,有机质含量低,磁化率低值,对应干冷气候。在17.4～15.5 cal ka BP阶段,对应干冷的气候特点;在15.5～10.4 cal ka BP阶段,对应温暖湿润的气候;在10.4～5.2 cal ka BP阶段,整体属于温暖湿润的气候特点;其中,在9.7～9.4 cal ka BP和8.75～8.5 cal ka BP为两个重要的冷事件,属于干湿的气候特点;在5.2～1.2 cal ka BP阶段,反映了干冷的气候特征;在4.3～4.0 cal ka BP,3.3～3.0 cal ka BP和2.4～1.75 cal ka BP,反映了干旱温暖的气候特点;在1.2 cal ka BP以后,色林错湖湖水迅速下降。     

广东湛江湖光岩玛珥湖全新世磁化率变化特征及其环境意义

对湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物进行了低频磁化率(下称磁化率)、粒度组合特征、烧失量以及磁化率随温度变化(κ-T)的分析.磁化率随温度变化的特征显示湖光岩沉积物中最主要的磁性矿物是磁铁矿;磁化率与黏土矿物含量呈正相关,反映了湖光岩沉积物中的磁性矿物主要赋存于黏粒组分中;全新世以来湖光岩地区的磁化率的低值指示湿润的气候条件,高值则反...     

晚更新世以来东昆仑山区黄土沉积及其气候意义

分布于东昆仑山北坡、发育于距今约24kaB.P.以来的高海拔黄土提供了东昆仑山区晚更新世以来气候变化的完整记录。根据黄土岩性、粒度、重矿物及其地磁分析,结合本区内的古冻土研究结果,东昆仑山约24kaB.P.以来经历了晚更新世末寒冷期(24～10.7kaB.P.);早全新世转暖期(10.7～8.8kaB.P.);中全新世暖湿期(8.8～6.0kaB.P.);中全新世暖干期(6.0～4.5kaB.P.);全新世后期(4.5kaB.P.)以来等气候演化阶段。     

西安地区第三层古土壤研究

野外观察发现,陕西西安地区的第三层古土壤是由3层构成的复合古土壤。通过对长安双竹村剖面及蓝田段家坡剖面的地层结构、磁化率、颗粒成分以及有机质含量的分析,可以把形成第三层古土壤的中更新世时段(330~272 ka B.P.)分为6个温湿、冷干阶段,构成为3个气候变化旋回。     

新疆博斯腾湖全新世沉积磁性矿物组成与沉积环境探讨

中国西北干旱区湖泊沉积物存在磁性矿物种类复杂和磁化率普遍偏低等问题,使得利用环境磁学手段重建古环境、古气候的方法受到了限制。选择新疆博斯腾湖BST12B钻孔顶部岩芯(深度0~2.5 m)不同沉积相的代表性样品,进行载磁性矿物富集,并将原样品和富集获得的样品分别做XRD(X荧光衍射)岩石矿物检测。结果显示,所有湖相样品中均有黄铁矿和磁铁矿检出,而没有磁黄铁矿和针铁矿检出,说明博斯腾湖全新世湖相沉积物的主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿,并含有少量黄铁矿;富集获得的样品中粘土矿物(如绿泥石等)含量明显增加,石英、长石和方解石含量降低,富集后的残留样品的磁化率大幅度降低,说明粘土矿物对干旱区湖泊沉积物的磁学贡献不容忽视。结合沉积物粒度、色度、硫元素含量以及沉积物磁性矿物的组合特征推断,黄铁矿可以作为湖泊高水位的指示矿物种类,因而具有重建湖泊古水位变化的潜力,并应用到博斯腾湖的全新世湖泊环境重建,发现博斯腾湖BST12B钻孔位置早全新世为接近氧化环境的浅湖相环境,而中晚全新世为深湖相沉积环境并存在一个浅水的湖滨相沉积环境。研究结果说明,利用载磁性矿物富集的方法对干旱区湖泊沉积物中所含磁性矿物进行富集后检测是开展干旱区湖泊环境磁学研究的可行手段,对研究湖泊环境变化具有重要意义。     

新疆博斯腾湖全新世沉积磁性矿物组成与沉积环境探讨北大核心CSCD

中国西北干旱区湖泊沉积物存在磁性矿物种类复杂和磁化率普遍偏低等问题,使得利用环境磁学手段重建古环境、古气候的方法受到了限制。选择新疆博斯腾湖BST12B钻孔顶部岩芯(深度0~2.5 m)不同沉积相的代表性样品,进行载磁性矿物富集,并将原样品和富集获得的样品分别做XRD(X荧光衍射)岩石矿物检测。结果显示,所有湖相样品中均有黄铁矿和磁铁矿检出,而没有磁黄铁矿和针铁矿检出,说明博斯腾湖全新世湖相沉积物的主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿,并含有少量黄铁矿;富集获得的样品中粘土矿物(如绿泥石等)含量明显增加,石英、长石和方解石含量降低,富集后的残留样品的磁化率大幅度降低,说明粘土矿物对干旱区湖泊沉积物的磁学贡献不容忽视。结合沉积物粒度、色度、硫元素含量以及沉积物磁性矿物的组合特征推断,黄铁矿可以作为湖泊高水位的指示矿物种类,因而具有重建湖泊古水位变化的潜力,并应用到博斯腾湖的全新世湖泊环境重建,发现博斯腾湖BST12B钻孔位置早全新世为接近氧化环境的浅湖相环境,而中晚全新世为深湖相沉积环境并存在一个浅水的湖滨相沉积环境。研究结果说明,利用载磁性矿物富集的方法对干旱区湖泊沉积物中所含磁性矿物进行富集后检测是开展干旱区湖泊环境磁学研究的可行手段,对研究湖泊环境变化具有重要意义。     

晚冰期以来乌伦古湖沉积物多指标高分辨率的古环境演化

对位于北疆福海县的乌伦古湖Ulungur10B孔岩芯进行分析,以AMS~(14)C测年为年代框架,结合粒度、烧失量和色度指标重建了该地区12.3 cal ka BP以来的古环境演化。结果显示:12.3~11.2 cal ka BP期间,湖泊有机质含量较高,区域有效湿度较大;11.2~7.4 cal ka BP期间,沉积物平均粒径大,有机质含量低,色度a*值、b*值偏大,区域气候冷干,湖面水位较低;7.4~4.3 cal kaBP期间,沉积物平均粒径减小,有机质含量升高,色度a*值、b*值减小,区域气候暖湿,湖泊水位较高;4.3 cal ka BP以来指标在波动中变化,反映湖泊水位在波动中变化,区域有效湿度有所降低。乌伦古湖晚冰期以来古环境演化与周边环境记录一致,气候变化模式符合中亚干旱区全新世气候变化的西风模式。     

16 ka以来黄土高原东亚夏季风变化的环境磁学记录

末次冰消期以来的气候变化是第四纪古气候研究的重要内容。本文对黄土高原西部和平镇剖面16 ka以来的黄土沉积序列（厚度为3.5 m）进行了高分辨率环境磁学研究。结果表明：该黄土序列的磁性颗粒主要由细颗粒磁铁矿主导。其磁化率和频率磁化率具有相同的变化特征,与黄土高原中部和东部的黄土磁化率变化机制一致,即黄土高原西部和平镇黄土的磁化率和频率磁化率仍然受成土作用形成的细颗粒磁铁矿控制,因此其磁化率和频率磁化率仍然可以反映季风降雨的变化特征,并且其反映的16 ka以来季风降雨变化与南方石笋氧同位素记录的季风变化特征一致。通过详细的海陆综合对比,本文认为16 ka至11 ka间东亚季风降雨的变化受到北半球太阳辐射和北半球区域温度的共同影响,而11 ka之后的夏季风降雨减少主要受太阳辐射降低的影响。     

重庆巫山张家湾遗址2000年来的环境考古

通过对重庆巫山张家湾西汉遗址T911剖面进行粒度、磁化率等环境替代指标的分析研究，结果表明，汉代该区发达的农业、手工业生产使人们盲目砍伐树木，使该区植被严重退化，使生态环境恶化，降水集中、坡地表面松散沉积丰富、缺乏植被保护等使流水侵蚀、坡地径流发育，导致水土流失严重，该区的人类文明因此而衰落，同时研究发现，该区在竺可桢划分的中国4次温暖期与4次寒期扣的第2次寒冷期（公元初至公元600年）仍为温暖期，这是由于该区西北面与东南面均有高大山脉包围，一定程度上阻挡了来自北方的冷空气进入本区的缘故，该区气候演变在一定程度上可能受西南季风的影响，至少该区在汉代气候演变与西南季风的强弱有某种相关关系，作为一个相对独立的气候变化单元，研究其气候变化与人类文明发展的耦合关系具有重要的理论意义与实际意义。     

Palaeoseismic records in lacustrine sediments—A case study of the Daqingshan piedmont fault and Hasuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia,China

As a traditional method for palaeoseismic studies, trenching can be combined with dating techniques to identify palaeoseismic events and the earthquake recurrence interval. However, when using trenches to study palaeoearthquakes, factors such as the active tectonic background of the earthquake‐caused structure, the lithology on both sides of the fault, the geomorphology location and type and the samples and methods for dating will affect the location of the trench. Thus, trenches should be carefully selected and used to identify the impact of ancient earthquakes. The results have substantial uncertainties and limitations. In recent years, scholars have made considerable progress in using other methods to reveal the palaeoseismic information of faults. Moreover, the history of fault activity may have been recorded in the lacustrine sediment adjacent to the fault. Hasuhai Lake is adjacent to the middle segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault in Inner Mongolia. Since the Holocene, the region has experienced a temperate continental semi‐arid climate with little interference, and Hasuhai Lake and peripheral waters present weak hydrodynamic conditions that provide an ideal location for the study of palaeoseismic records in lacustrine sediments. Sediment samples and samples for dating were collected from three trenches excavated on the periphery of the Hasuhai Lake. Their variations in grain size and magnetic susceptibility revealed that wind and flowing water jointly produced the sedimentary conditions of Hasuhai sediments. The ¹⁴C dating results and variations in the grain size distribution, grain size components and magnetic susceptibility of sediments caused by seismic events obtained in this study were compared with those caused by a series of palaeoseismic events at the middle segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault reported by previous studies using trenches, knickpoints and palaeosol records. The results identified seven palaeoseismic events recorded near Hasuhai Lake since 12,000 years. The combined use of lacustrine sediment variation characteristics and dating techniques is an effective method for studying palaeoseismic events.     

萨拉乌苏河流域150 ka BP以来的粒度旋回

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾地层剖面150kaBP以来古流动砂丘砂与河湖相和古土壤在粒度上具有多次显著的粗细韵律交替变化，粒度参数-Mz、σ、Sk、Kg和SC/D亦随之响应为多波动峰谷交替的态势，同时，粒度特征值-φ5、φ16φ、φ25、φ50、φ84、φ9相应地表现为非常有节奏地跳动，据此，将米浪沟湾剖面划分为27个粒度粗细沉积旋回，并认为其是150kaBP以来在东亚冬夏古代季风交替影响下沙漠演变的一个颇为完整的气候-地质过程记录。     

Tectonic and oceanographic process interactions archived in Late Cretaceous to Present deep‐marine stratigraphy on the Exmouth Plateau,offshore NW Australia

Deep‐marine deposits provide a valuable archive of process interactions between sediment gravity flows, pelagic sedimentation and thermohaline bottom‐currents. Stratigraphic successions can also record plate‐scale tectonic processes (e.g. continental breakup and shortening) that impact long‐term ocean circulation patterns, including changes in climate and biodiversity. One such setting is the Exmouth Plateau, offshore NW Australia, which has been a relatively stable, fine‐grained carbonate‐dominated continental margin from the Late Cretaceous to Present. We combine extensive 2D (~40,000 km) and 3D (3,627 km²) seismic reflection data with lithologic and biostratigraphic information from wells to reconstruct the tectonic and oceanographic evolution of this margin. We identified three large‐scale seismic units (SUs): (a) SU‐1 (Late Cretaceous)—500 m‐thick, and characterised by NE‐SW‐trending, slope‐normal elongate depocentres (c. 200 km long and 70 km wide), with erosional surfaces at their bases and tops, which are interpreted as the result of contour‐parallel bottom‐currents, coeval with the onset of opening of the Southern Ocean; (b) SU‐2 (Palaeocene—Late Miocene)—800 m‐thick and characterised by: (a) very large (amplitude, c. 40 m and wavelength, c. 3 km), SW‐migrating, NW‐SE‐trending sediment waves, (b) large (4 km‐wide, 100 m‐deep), NE‐trending scours that flank the sediment waves and (c) NW‐trending, 4 km‐wide and 80 m‐deep turbidite channel, infilled by NE‐dipping reflectors, which together may reflect an intensification of NE‐flowing bottom currents during a relative sea‐level fall following the establishment of circumpolar‐ocean current around Antarctica; and (c) SU‐3 (Late Miocene—Present)—1,000 m‐thick and is dominated by large (up to 100 km³) mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) derived from the continental margin (to the east) and the Exmouth Plateau Arch (to the west), and accumulated mainly in the adjacent Kangaroo Syncline. This change in depositional style may be linked to tectonically‐induced seabed tilting and folding caused by collision and subduction along the northern margin of the Australian plate. Hence, the stratigraphic record of the Exmouth Plateau provides a rich archive of plate‐scale regional geological events occurring along the distant southern (2,000 km away) and northern (1,500 km away) margins of the Australian plate.     

Lawn People: How Grasses,Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are

Forty percent of all firms in the United States are owned and operated by women. At current growth rates, women could own 50% of the nation's businesses by the turn of the century. Women have been prompted to start their businesses for many reasons, including the desire to avoid gender-based discrimination in the workplace. But female entrepreneurs who venture out on their own must still contend with gender discrimination. This study examines female entrepreneurship in Illinois through rural versus urban comparisons of male and female business owners. We surveyed 4,200 business owners to test the hypothesis that gender and geographic location combined to hinder the entrepreneurial success of women. Business owners were asked about personal attributes including gender, work experience, education, training, and prior career status. Entrepreneurs were also asked about firm characteristics such as financing sources, number of employees, revenues, problems encountered during startup, sector of new firm, geographic location, and the importance of selected community characteristics. Our results show that rural female entrepreneurs face more obstacles to business success than their male or urban female counterparts.     

卫星遥感技术在环境保护中的应用:进展、问题及对策

从国家环境保护管理对卫星遥感技术的需求入手,主要论述了水环境、大气环境、生态环境遥感监测技术进展情况,介绍了环境一号卫星工作进展以及已开展的环境遥感基础研究及应用示范工作现状;从环境遥感监测专用卫星载荷、应用关键技术及业务化应用系统建设等方面指出了卫星遥感技术在我国环保应用中面临的主要问题,并针对性地提出了环境遥感监测与应用方面的对策和建议。     

准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境研究

通过对北疆及准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境效应研究认为,该区一是受气候变化的影响,其次是受地形和人类活动的影响。在气候变化和环境效应研究中,该地区有着不可替代的区域特征和学科意义。尤其是该区域受西风环流控制和受太平洋季风的影响较少,因此具有季风气候和地中海气候的双重性。因此,该研究区荒漠环境的正逆发展过程不仅受降水和温度的重大影响,而且季节性积雪和高山雪冰融水为荒漠植物的萌发与生长提供了有效的水资源。但是,该地区的生态环境十分脆弱,人类的过度开发和扰动对其的影响也非常严重。所以,加强气候变化与环境效应的相互影响研究,保护干旱生态的平衡发展,再造秀美山川,是该地区今后研究的重要任务和发展方向。     

Material use,economic growth,and the environment

The three broad categories of commodity inputs to the economy are food, fuel, and material, defined as everything else not used for the first two purposes. Material provides physical structure, houses, cars, and packaging; is an important constitutent of modern agriculture in the form of fertilizer and insecticides; and supports the service sector through telecommunications and equipment and paper for our copying machines. The efficient flow of this material is an important factor in the U.S. economy.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virgina 20192.