塔里木盆地北部坳陷震旦纪-奥陶纪大陆裂谷性质及其演化

塔里木盆地北部坳陷是在前震旦纪结晶基底之上发育起来的大陆裂谷盆地,始于早震旦世,结束于晚奥陶世.裂谷的轴部自西向东由阿瓦提凹陷、满加尔凹陷、英吉苏凹陷(包括库鲁克塔格南区)组成,向东延伸到罗布泊以东地区.裂谷轴部与地幔隆起带和高磁异常带相对应.裂谷东部主要以半深海-深海相的浊积岩、放射虫硅质岩和笔石页岩为特征,裂谷西部和翼部则以浅水盆地相和台地相的碳酸盐为特征.裂谷早期的火山岩主要分布于中东部的切谷内,具有双峰式火山岩的特征,玄武岩属低硅高钛富碱型.据区域动力学背景、沉积特征、沉降速率,将裂谷演化划分为幼年期,成年期和衰亡期3个阶段.     

西藏措勤盆地中侏罗世-早白垩世沉积充填特征

位于班公湖-怒江缝合带与雅鲁藏布江缝合带之间的措勤盆地,在中侏罗世-早白垩世期间具有以且坎-古昌-阿索裂谷带为沉积、沉降中心向南北两侧展开的古地理格局：①中晚侏罗世时期,裂谷带内由深水浊积岩、放射虫硅质岩和浅水碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩岩片及基性-超基性岩等组成;裂谷带两侧由滨浅海相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组成。该期盆地古地理演化具有先变深后变浅的沉积序列。②早白垩世早中期,裂谷带内仍由基性-超基性岩、深水复理石碎屑岩及放射虫硅质岩和浅水碳酸盐岩及碎屑岩组成;裂谷带两侧的日松-革吉-它日错分区主要由浅海相碎屑岩和灰岩组成;盆地南北部的措勤-申扎分区和木嘎岗日分区主要由滨岸．三角洲相碎屑岩及火山岩组成。各相带在纵向上均具有向上变深沉积序列。③早白垩世晚期,盆地以台地相碳酸盐岩沉积为主,裂谷带附近以发育台地边缘礁滩相沉积;裂谷带两侧的日松-革吉-它日错分区主要由开阔台地相灰岩组成;盆地南北部的措勤-申扎分区和木嘎岗日分区由局限台地相灰岩和陆源进积碎屑岩组成。     

贝加尔大陆裂谷区新构造

1贝加尔湖与贝加尔裂谷西伯利亚的贝加尔湖地区是著名的大陆裂谷区,也是世界上最深、最古老的湖(照片1)。贝加尔湖湖水最深处达1 720m,而湖底第四纪沉积物的厚度达8 000m。贝加尔湖的湖盆早在白垩纪末(距今约70百万年)就已形成。现在,贝加尔湖的淡水含量占全球淡水总量的20%,生     

天山石炭-二叠纪后碰撞花岗岩的Nd、Sr、Pb同位素源区示踪

天山造山带不仅是中亚巨型造山带的组成部分，也是我国西部晚古生代岩浆活动的集中区，蕴含着丰富的古亚洲洋演化的复合地质信息。笔者以探索天山晚古生代花岗岩浆活动的物质来源为目标，采用Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学方法，对该区不同构造单元中具有代表性的花岗岩体进行了全面系统的研究，发现天山不同构造单元中花岗岩Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征具有明显差异。在与其围岩的同位素特征进行对比研究的基础上，提出了产于不同构造单元石炭-二叠纪花岗岩的可能源区。觉罗塔格石炭-二叠纪裂谷带的晚古生代花岗岩，具有最高的εNd(t)值和最低的(^87Sr／^86Sr)t值，如，以康古尔石英闪长岩为代表的二叠纪花岗岩的源岩可能是早期泥盆纪大南湖岛弧火山岩(新生地壳)；博格达地区的晚石炭-二叠纪花岗岩是早期基性火山岩，亦可能是底侵基性岩部分熔融的产物。中新元古代基底晚石炭-二叠纪裂谷带中花岗岩的源岩亦为同期基性火山岩，但在岩浆演化过程中受到古老基底地壳的混染，导致其εNd(t)值低于石炭-二叠纪裂谷带中花岗岩，而(^87Sr／^86Sr)t高于石炭-二叠纪裂谷带花岗岩。南天山东段和前寒武系微地块及其边缘中的晚古生代(含个别早古生代花岗岩)花岗岩分别是类似于库米什斜长角闪岩的古老地壳和西天山元古代古老地壳部分熔融的产物，因此它们均具有负的εNd(t)值和异常高的(^87Sr／^86Sr)t值。上述认识对于了解天山晚古生代区域岩石圈演化及深部过程具有重要意义。     

西藏措勤盆地中侏罗世-早白垩世沉积充填特征

位于班公湖-怒江缝合带与雅鲁藏布江缝合带之间的措勤盆地,在中侏罗世-早白垩世期间具有以且坎-古昌-阿索裂谷带为沉积、沉降中心向南北两侧展开的古地理格局:①中晚侏罗世时期,裂谷带内由深水浊积岩、放射虫硅质岩和浅水碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩岩片及基性-超基性岩等组成;裂谷带两侧由滨浅海相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组成.该期盆地古地理演化具有先变深后变浅的沉积序列.②早白垩世早中期,裂谷带内仍由基性-超基性岩、深水复理石碎屑岩及放射虫硅质岩和浅水碳酸盐岩及碎屑岩组成;裂谷带两侧的日松-革吉-它日错分区主要由浅海相碎屑岩和灰岩组成;盆地南北部的措勤-申扎分区和木嘎岗日分区主要由滨岸-三角洲相碎屑岩及火山岩组成.各相带在纵向上均具有向上变深沉积序列.③早白垩世晚期,盆地以台地相碳酸盐岩沉积为主,裂谷带附近以发育台地边缘礁滩相沉积;裂谷带两侧的日松-革吉-它日错分区主要由开阔台地相灰岩组成;盆地南北部的措勤-申扎分区和木嘎岗日分区由局限台地相灰岩和陆源进积碎屑岩组成.     

下刚果盆地盐下构造特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

摘要：通过对下刚果盆地不同构造部位地震剖面的解释,总结了下刚果盆地盐下构造特征,认为下刚果盆地盐下发育一中央隆起带,该隆起带将下刚果盆地划分为内裂谷带和外裂谷带,大西洋枢纽断裂(带)是中央隆起带和外裂谷带的分界线。内、外裂谷带均发育次级凸起和凹陷,呈“两凸三凹”的构造格局。下刚果盆地盐下隆坳格局控制着烃源岩、储层、盖层的类型和分布范围,控制着油气成藏组合和成藏模式。在上述研究的基础上,指出下刚果盆地盐下油气成藏的主要控制因素为断裂控制的基底构造高部位,下一步勘探方向应以寻找基底构造高垒块为主。     

藏南新生代火山-地热区温室气体的释放通量与成因——以谷露-亚东裂谷为例

印度-亚洲大陆俯冲带是地球深部碳循环的重要场所,在全球气候变化研究中占有至关重要的地位。谷露-亚东裂谷是青藏高原南部规模最大、延伸最长的近NS向拉张性裂谷,裂谷内出露新生代火山岩和多处大规模地热区,正在向大气圈释放巨量的温室气体。利用密闭气室法测量并计算得出的谷露和羊应火山-地热区的土壤微渗漏CO_2的平均释放通量分别为436.8g·m~(-2)·day~(-1)和99.0g·m~(-2)·day~(-1),接近具有潜在喷发危险的美国黄石公园火山-地热区(410g·m~(-2)·day~(-1))和加利福尼亚州Mammoth Mountain火山区(107.9g·m~(-2)·day~(-1))的CO_2平均释放通量,表明谷露-亚东裂谷的深部地热流体活动异常强烈。此外,在野外考察的基础上,通过实验室测试和理论计算估算了谷露-亚东裂谷每年以土壤微渗漏的形式向当今大气圈释放的CO_2总量约为1.76×107t,与西特提斯俯冲带前缘的意大利Apennine火山区CO_2的释放总量(1.32×10~7t·a~(-1))属于同一个数量级。因此,印度-亚洲大陆俯冲带是全球地质碳脱气的重要场所。气体地球化学特征显示,谷露-亚东裂谷内火山-地热气体的He同位素比值(0.10~0.29RA,RA为大气3He/4He比值)和δ~(13)CCO_2值(-7.20‰~-0.78‰)在空间分布上表现为,从南至北呈逐渐递增的变化特征,显示裂谷内火山-地热区气体在南北方向上可能具有不同的动力学成因机制。具体来讲,δ~(13)CCO_2值自南向北递增的趋势,可能与裂谷南北方向地层岩性存在差异有关;裂谷内火山-地热气体的He同位素比值高于0.1RA,揭示"重要的地幔组分",同时裂谷内地幔来源的流体组分从南向北逐渐递增的趋势表明,印度大陆岩石圈的向北俯冲作用是导致谷露-亚东裂谷内剧烈的水热活动和大规模温室气体释放最终的动力来源和成因机制。     

华北克拉通2．1-1．7Ga地质事件群的分解和构造意义探讨

近些年来华北克拉通在21～17亿年前发生的地质事件很受关注。我们的研究表明，在这个时期华北克拉通曾发生了一系列重大事件，它们不是简单的一个造山或裂谷事件，应通过对地质事件群的厘定，分解为21～19亿的造山和18．5～17亿的裂解两个事件亚群。21～19亿造山事件表现为：(1)在新太古代末华北克拉通上发育的一些古元古代活动带；(2)强烈的褶皱变形和绿片岩一绿帘角闪岩相的变质作用；(3)富钾质的花岗岩席侵入；(4)镁铁质岩墙侵位于活动带中。该事件以晋豫和辽河活动带为代表，或许与前罗迪尼亚(哥伦比亚)造山有关，它们应结束于～1930Ma前后。18．5～17亿年裂解事件与前者不属同一构造体制，主要表现为：(1)地慢大规模上涌，下部地壳整体抬升至地表，伴随强烈的混合岩化和网格状韧性变形，面状分布的麻粒岩相一角闪岩相岩石在中生代才受到较强烈的改造；(2)在华北多处出露的高压麻粒岩岩墙的中压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相退变质作用，时代为1820～1800Ma和1790～1760Ma，P-T-t轨迹为等温降压和降温降压型，少量有自变质结构，此类高压麻粒岩一麻粒岩岩墙不具大陆碰撞变质的特征；(3)基底抬升被裂谷事件紧随，熊耳一安沟一中条裂谷和燕山裂谷可能属同一体系。熊耳群火山岩最早的喷发为1917Ma，顶界年龄为1760Ma；(4)古老地幔从2000Ma的亏损在1900～1760Ma快速变为富集。由此推测18亿年事件的实质是在地幔规模性上隆引导下，基底整体抬升，而后紧随陆内裂陷槽发育。在时代与成因上与早一中元古代超大陆裂解事件相关联。镁铁质岩墙广泛出露于克拉通内，以前的研究多认为它们与裂谷有关。新的研究表明，岩墙有变质和几乎未变质两种。变质的岩墙有2150Ma的结晶年龄，和1930～1970Ma(高压麻粒岩相)以及1830Ma(麻粒岩相)变质年龄。而未变质的岩墙有1780-1750Ma的结晶年龄，与变质岩墙的角闪岩相退变质时代相当。后者明显发生在克拉通基底下地壳整体抬升之后。     

中国沉积盆地形成的地质背景和构造类型

中国的地质构造具有六大个性特征：(1)微陆块与其阐的造山带形成镶嵌结构；(2)微陆块和洲级板块一样走完了板块运动的全过程；(3)微陆块虽分散。但在构造活动中仍为一相对独立的地质单位；(4)地质演化具多旋回性；(5)海西期可能出现过一个海西地台；(6)喜马拉雅期中国构造一地貌以及深部结构构造梯级大分化。在地史演变中，无论是微陆块的裂解和漂移。还是经由其间之裂谷或小洋盆的消亡而次第粘结，都缺乏相对统一、量级较大的能量，其本身的动力量级远次于洲级板块。中国沉积盆地经历了从加里东到喜马拉雅多期次和互有交叉的地球动力学背景演化。根据盆地形成的地质背景将中国沉积盆地的构造类型划分为六大类；以前寒武纪陆块为基底的多旋回构造联合体盆地；以海西地台为基底的多旋回盆地；以特提斯各微陆块为基底的被动陆缘构造盆地；跨越多构造单元的中生代晚期一新生代大陆裂谷盆地；跨越多构造单元的中生代晚期一新生代大陆边缘裂谷盆地；新近纪活动陆缘弧后盆地。     

昆仑--秦岭造山系的几个问题

昆仑-秦岭带加里东旋回的洋盆不是从元古代继承下来的．而是由寒武纪裂谷发展而来的，它在志留纪即宣告封闭；昆仑石炭纪一二叠纪海底裂谷带或可能的小洋盆，在晚二叠世前已经消失，三纪时昆仑-秦岭带只有海，而没有洋。因此，印支造山运动并不是洋盆消失后的陆-陆碰撞造山，而是陆-陆叠复造山(大陆壳消减造山)作用。     

New data on seismic wave attenuation in the lithosphere and upper mantle of the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system

The investigation data on seismic wave attenuation in the lithosphere and upper mantle of the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system obtained with a seismic coda envelope and sliding window are considered. Eleven local districts were described by one-dimensional attenuation models characterized by alternation of high and low attenuation layers, which are consistent with the results obtained previously by Yu.F. Kopnichev for the southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system [9]. The subcrust of the lithosphere contains a thin layer with high attenuation of seismic waves likely related to higher heterogeneity (fragmentation) and occurrence of fluids. The lithosphere basement depth varies from 100–120 km in the west within the Baikal folded area to 120–140 km in the east within the Siberian Platform. It is concluded that there are two asthenosphere layers. Based on specific features of the lithosphere and upper mantle structure, it can be assumed that they were subject to gradual modification involving fluidization processes and partial melting in the Late Cenozoic extension under the influence of distant tectogenesis sources.     

Lower crustal intrusions beneath the southern Baikal Rift Zone: Evidence from full-waveform modelling of wide-angle seismic data

The Cenozoic Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ) is situated in south-central Siberia in the suture between the Precambrian Siberian Platform and the Amurian plate. This more than 2000-km long rift zone is composed of several individual basement depressions and half-grabens with the deep Lake Baikal at its centre. The BEST (Baikal Explosion Seismic Transect) project acquired a 360-km long, deep seismic, refraction/wide-angle reflection profile in 2002 across southern Lake Baikal. The data from this project is used for identification of large-scale crustal structures and modelling of the seismic velocities of the crust and uppermost mantle. Previous interpretation and velocity modelling of P-wave arrivals in the BEST data has revealed a multi layered crust with smooth variation in Moho depth between the Siberian Platform (41 km) and the Sayan-Baikal fold belt (46 km). The lower crust exhibits normal seismic velocities around the rift structure, except for beneath the rift axis where a distinct 50–80-km wide high-velocity anomaly (7.4–7.6 ± 0.2 km/s) is observed. Reverberant or “ringing” reflections with strong amplitude and low frequency originate from this zone, whereas the lower crust is non-reflective outside the rift zone. Synthetic full-waveform reflectivity modelling of the high-velocity anomaly suggests the presence of a layered sequence with a typical layer thickness of 300–500 m coinciding with the velocity anomaly. The P-wave velocity of the individual layers is modelled to range between 7.4 km/s and 7.9 km/s. We interpret this feature as resulting from mafic to ultra-mafic intrusions in the form of sills. Petrological interpretation of the velocity values suggests that the intrusions are sorted by fractional crystallization into plagioclase-rich low-velocity layers and pyroxene- and olivine-rich high-velocity layers. The mafic intrusions were probably intruded into the ductile lower crust during the main rift phase in the Late Pliocene. As such, the intrusive material has thickened the lower crust during rifting, which may explain the lack of Moho uplift across southern BRZ.     

On relationships between the Baikal rift and ancient structures

The formation of young geological structures in Pribaikalye has frequently been controlled by structural anisotropy of the basement. Orientation of the stress field associated with rifting favoured a parallelism of rift structures with ancient dislocations, primarily of northeastern trend, but sometimes submeridional or sublatitudinal. The initiation of the Baikal rift along the boundary between the Siberian platform and the Sayan—Baikal fold belt was likely associated with recurrent renewal of activity of a deep-seated energy source under East Siberia.     

中朝陆台北侧褶皱带构造发展的几个问题

中朝与西伯利亚陆台之间的乌拉尔—蒙古—鄂霍茨克褶皱系是古亚洲洋演化的结果。其发展分为两个大的阶段:早期阶段从中元古代起在北部形成蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋,到寒武纪初封闭,形成兴凯褶皱带;晚期阶段从震旦—寒武纪初起在南部形成乌拉尔—蒙古洋,到泥盆纪大洋封闭,形成早及中古生代褶皱带。这就是中朝与西伯利亚陆台边缘褶皱带发育不对称的原因。 乌拉尔—蒙古洋最后封闭的缝合带在内蒙古中部形成中古生代褶皱带。它包括贺根山蛇绿岩带,二道井—查干诺尔混杂体带和它们之间的锡林浩特花岗岩—变质岩带。后者是造山碰撞的中心,上泥盆统法门阶的磨拉石堆积主要沿此带分布。 石炭—二叠纪时,本区广泛兴起裂谷活动。这些裂谷发育在不同的基底之上,多数发生于不同时期构造带的界线上。它们在新增生的年青陆壳上形成,其特征不同于红海或东非型裂谷;其岩浆活动和变形、变质作用使年青陆壳增厚并更加稳固。     

A tectonophysical model of the Baikal seismic zone: testing and implications for medium-term earthquake prediction

The first tectonophysical model of the Baikal seismic zone represents a separate complex region of the lithosphere. It has a pinnate structure with a backbone belt of current deformation, which is a concentrator of largest earthquakes, and branching, repeatedly reactivated large and small faults. In its vertical section, the seismic zone is tree-like, the stem and the branches being faults of different size ranks which can generate earthquakes when reactivated. The real-time short-period fault motions and the respective seismicity occurring at a certain time and in certain places are triggered by strain waves, which disturb the metastable state of the faulted lithosphere subject to regional stress. The modeling work includes developing general requirements for tectonophysical models of continental rifts and special methods for identifying the faults that become active within short historic time spans, as well as techniques for locating potential events in space and time in specific active faults. The methods and model testing for medium-term earthquake prediction are described by the example of the well-documented Baikal seismic zone, which is the most active part of the Baikal rift system. The tectonophysical model for the Baikal zone is statistically supported by field data, and this allows estimating the velocities and periods of strain waves for different zone segments and faults, with implications for nearest-future earthquake prediction.     

THE CRUSTAL STRUCTURE BENEATH THE EASTERN QINGHAI

THE CRUSTAL STRUCTURE BENEATH THE EASTERN QINGHAI     

湖南桑植-石门复向斜走廊剖面构造特征分析

为了查明桑植—石门复向斜的地表、地下构造特征及其相互间的关系,采取了详细的地表走廊剖面的测量,以及结合地震勘探资料和大地电磁测深(MT)资料的综合解释。桑植—石门复向斜可进一步划分为四个次一级的构造带,从北向南依此是:堰塘湾构造带、四望山构造带、江垭构造带及教子垭构造带。江垭构造带和教子垭构造带的地面构造特征与地下构造特征具有一致性,基本上为构造简单的北倾斜坡;而四望山构造带的地面构造特征与地下构造特征存在着明显的不协调性。这种变形特征可解释为沿盖层间滑脱面的逆冲,以及断弯背斜的形成,上覆构造层中的褶皱向下消失在滑脱面上,形成所谓的“无根褶皱”。     

Style of active intraplate deformation from gravity and seismicity data: the Baikal Rift, Asia

To better understand how active deformation localizes within a continental plate in response to extensional and transtensional tectonics, a combined analysis of high-quality gravity (Bouguer anomaly) and seismicity data is presented consisting of about 35000 earthquakes recorded in the Baikal Rift Zone. This approach allows imaging of deformation patterns from the surface down to the Moho. A comparison is made with heat flow variations in order to assess the importance of lithospheric rheology in the style of extensional deformation. Three different rift sectors can be identified. The southwestern rift sector is characterized by strong gravity and topography contrasts marked by two major crustal faults and diffuse seismicity. Heat flow shows locally elevated values, correlated with recent volcanism and negative seismic P-velocity anomalies. Based on earthquake fault plane solutions and on previous stress field inversions, it is proposed that strain decoupling may occur in this area in response to wrench-compressional stress regime imposed by the India–Asia collision. The central sector is characterized by two major seismic belts; the southernmost one corresponds to a single, steeply dipping fault accommodating oblique extension; in the centre of lake Baikal, a second seismic belt is associated with several dip-slip faults and subcrustal thinning at the rift axis in response to orthogonal extension. The northern rift sector is characterized by a wide, low Bouguer anomaly which corresponds to a broad, high topographic dome and seismic belts and swarms. This topography can be explained by lithospheric buoyancy forces possibly linked to anomalous upper mantle. At a more detailed scale, no clear correlation appears between the surficial fault pattern and the gravity signal. As in other continental rifts, it appears that the lithospheric rheology influences extensional basins morphology. However, in the Baikal rift, the inherited structural fabric combined with stress field variations results in oblique rifting tectonics which seem to control the geometry of southern and northeastern rift basins.     

用综合方法研究中国东部深部构造

<正> 近年来在我国获得大量的地质、地球物理和地球化学等资料的基础上,特别是将地表地质构造的研究与深部地质构造和新构造运动的研究结合起来,更加深和丰富了对大地构造的认识。 1957年,地质部航测大队首次在我国东部发现了郯城—庐江深大断裂带。同时,大量的地球物理工作,为我国早期油田的勘探与开发提供了地质构造的依据。六十至七十年代,利用人工地震研究地壳和上地幔的结构,提出了部分地区的详细地壳模型和地壳厚度。在我国某些地区开始了古地磁学的研究。     

构造作用对四川盆地东部垫江盐盆三叠系嘉陵江组海相钾盐成矿—保存条件的影响

通过分析四川盆地东部垫江盐盆三叠纪嘉陵江成盐期构造演化及后期构造作用,结合大地电磁测深和地震资料解译等综合分析初步认为垫江盐盆三叠纪嘉陵江期,在整体海退的条件下,由于泸州—开江古隆起的逐步形成,在长寿合兴地区和垫江董家场地区形成有利于古卤水浓缩的次级凹陷。早白垩世末期川东褶皱带的形成虽然对三叠系含盐地层进行了改造,但次级凹陷位于向斜核部和褶皱倾末端,未受到风化剥蚀。同时,大地电磁测深和地震资料显示深部没有断裂构造穿过次级凹陷区域,初步证明具有较好的保存条件。