中国煤中的砷

砷是煤中最有害的微量元素之一,本文对全国已发表的1915个煤样数据资料统计,我国多数煤中砷含量处于0.4～10mg/kg,平均值为4～5mg/kg。贵州一些地区二叠纪煤的含砷量最高可达3570mg/kg,可谓世界之最。砷的赋存方式主要为:类质同象赋存于黄铁矿中;以粘土矿物和稀有的含砷矿物为载体;缔合于有机质中。燃用富砷煤是引发环境污染的原因,而多数煤中砷含量并不高。加强煤中砷含量的调查,控制和预防砷的危害还是可以做到的。     

广西钟山县主要农用地土壤硒的地球化学特征

通过对钟山县主要农用地的土壤硒进行系统调查,结果显示:研究区表层土壤硒含量平均值为0.41mg/kg,富硒土壤分布范围广,足硒和富硒土壤占总面积的90.13%;土壤类型中,黄壤中的硒含量最高,平均值为0.52mg/kg,洪积土中的硒含量最低,平均值为0.34mg/kg;硒在酸性土壤中的含量最高,次为中性土壤,最低为碱性土壤;土壤中硒含量的主要影响因素为地层、成土母质、铁铝含量和pH值;研究区土地质量良好,富硒农产品主要为水稻和玉米,富硒土地资源具有良好的开发前景。     

浙江常山县表层土壤锗地球化学特征及影响因素

通过浙江西部常山县表层土壤的调查研究,首次查明了土壤锗含量特征:研究区内表层土壤锗含量0.87~5.59 mg/kg,平均值为1.59 mg/kg,略低于中国土壤锗的平均含量1.70 mg/kg。不同成土母质的表层土壤锗含量平均值略有差异,变化范围为1.50~1.73 mg/kg,以花岗岩类风化物最大,石英砂岩类风化物最低,其他母质区土壤锗含量较接近。不同土壤类型锗含量变化范围为1.45~1.62 mg/kg,以黄壤中锗含量最高,潮土最低,其他类型土壤锗含量为1.51~1.61 mg/kg。泥质含量较高的砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩的锗含量较高,可达1.75~1.95 mg/kg;白云岩、灰岩的锗含量低,仅为0.12~0.20 mg/kg。常山县大面积分布的砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩等岩石锗含量较高,是土壤锗含量相对较高的主要原因。     

北京市平原区土壤中硒的含量和分布

通过对北京平原土壤硒含量调查和研究,发现北京平原分布有高硒土壤,其特征为沿平原区西部山前断续出现,在北京市区零星分布。表层土壤硒含量为0.04～5.26 mg/kg,平均值为0.20 mg/kg,深层土壤硒含量为0.043～0.22mg/kg,平均值为0.081 mg/kg,总体趋势是硒在表层土壤富集;各类岩石中以炭质页岩中含硒量最高,北京西部富硒炭质页岩的风化可能为平原区土壤硒的来源。相关性分析表明,土壤中Se与有机质呈正相关性,有机质对表层土壤Se具有强烈的吸附与固定作用。     

广西八步区主要农用地土壤硒元素地球化学特征

系统采集广西八步区目前用于农业发展的土壤样品,分析其中硒元素的含量。结果表明：研究区内农业用地土壤中的硒元素平均含量为0.59 mg/kg,富硒土壤分布范围广,足硒和富硒占总面积的98.49%。其中,黄红土壤中所含有的硒元素含量最高,平均值为0.69 mg/kg;冲积、洪积土壤硒含量最低,平均值为0.40 mg/kg;硒在碱性土壤含量最高,其次为酸性土壤,最低为中性土壤。一般而言,土壤的酸碱性、成土母质等都会直接成为硒元素含量的主导因素。研究范围的土地环境质量综合等级多为三等及以上,养分等级以中等—较丰富等级为主,种植作物以玉米、水稻等农作物居多,开发富硒土地资源前景广阔。     

广东省普宁市土壤硒的分布特征及影响因素研究

开展了广东省普宁市区域土壤硒调查研究,采集了413个表层土壤样品(0～20 cm)和103个深层土壤样品(> 150 cm),测定了土壤全硒含量,据此研究土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,普宁市土壤全硒含量变化于0. 16～2. 01 mg/kg,平均值为0. 63 mg/kg,总体上处于中硒及高硒水平,不存在缺硒和硒过剩土壤。砂页岩风化形成的赤红壤全硒含量较高,平均值达0. 86 mg/kg,以侏罗系页岩母质发育的土壤全硒含量最高,平均值达0. 89 mg/kg;三角洲第四系沉积物发育形成的水稻土全硒含量最低,平均值为0. 41 mg/kg。回归分析表明,土壤全硒含量与铁铝含量、有机碳含量具有极显著正相关,与p H呈极显著负相关。影响普宁市土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤p H、有机碳和铁铝含量及土地利用方式对土壤全硒含量分布与富集也有一定的影响。     

淮南采煤沉陷区土壤中汞的时空分布特征

以淮南采煤沉陷区土壤为研究对象,测试分析了样品中汞的含量,结合土壤pH值、有机质含量特征,探讨了采煤沉陷区土壤中汞的时空分布特征。结果表明:与未沉陷区土壤相比,沉陷区土壤有机质破坏严重,最高下降了46%;采煤沉陷区土壤中汞的含量为0.013~0.050 mg/kg,平均值为0.027 mg/kg,69.7%的采样点超过了淮南市土壤背景值;沉陷8 a后土壤汞含量最高,为0.033 mg/kg,是未沉陷土壤汞含量的1.74倍,且随着沉陷时间的增加,土壤中汞存在富集趋势;水稻土壤汞富集能力最高,高于玉米和大豆土壤;在垂直剖面上,汞含量由表层向下依次降低;且汞与pH值表现出显著负相关,有机质与汞显著正相关。      

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

西藏山南市乃东区土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

硒是动物和人体所必需的微量元素之一，其丰缺与人和动植物的健康有着密切关系。近年来研究成果表明西藏缺硒土壤主要分布在雅鲁藏布江(简称“雅江”)以北地区，而雅江以南存在土壤全硒含量较高且面积较大区域。西藏山南市乃东区位于青藏高原中南部雅江流域，为雅鲁藏布江流域重要的农业区，也是西藏粮仓之一。本文以西藏山南市乃东区为研究对象，采用原子荧光光谱法(AFS)等方法测定了研究区1022件表层土壤、30组青稞籽实样及根系土壤样品中的硒等元素含量；同时对西藏山南市乃东区雅江两侧农用地及周边牧草地、林地表层土壤硒的分布特征和影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：雅江北侧土壤硒含量算术平均值为0.14mg/kg,接近西藏土壤硒含量平均值0.15mg/kg;雅江南侧土壤硒含量算术平均值为0.30mg/kg,高于西藏土壤硒含量平均值的一倍，略高于中国土壤硒含量平均值0.29mg/kg。乃东调查区不同土地利用类型土壤硒含量的平均值由大到小为：耕地(0.24mg/kg)>牧草地(0.22mg/kg)>林地(0.19mg/kg)。研究结果显示乃东调查区雅江两侧土壤硒含量差异较大；土壤硒元素含量除了受地质背景影响...     

珠江三角洲平原广东省佛山市顺德区土壤-蔬菜系统中Pb的健康安全预测预警

分析珠江三角洲顺德区208个蔬菜地表层土样、114个蔬菜样Pb的全量和38个表层土样Pb的形态含量,结果表明,土壤Pb平均值为44.3mg/kg,77.5%的土壤Pb含量超过广东省土壤背景值,蔬菜Pb超标率为74.6%。用2007年蔬菜土壤Pb的累积速率(1.02mg/kg),预测未来10年土壤Pb含量变化趋势,并分别以150、270、300和8580(mg/kg)为阈值对土壤中Pb进行预警,2007—2017年超过150mg/kg的土壤面积比例有所增加,而超过270mg/kg、300mg/kg的土壤面积比例不变。蔬菜Pb与土壤Pb的全量或有效量之间均存在“高原模式”。蔬菜Pb的空间分布表明,3种蔬菜Pb的高浓度主要位于工业比较发达的城镇,这与土壤Pb的空间分布大体一致。经蔬菜途径吸收Pb的THQ靶标危害系数不超过0.4。不同区域、家庭经济收入水平的THQ排序：THQ高>THQ城市>THQ中>THQ农村>THQ低,表明经济收入水平高的家庭经蔬菜途径摄入Pb的健康风险最高。     

Arsenic in the Muteh gold mining district, Isfahan, Iran

Following the appearance of symptoms of arsenic toxicity in the inhabitants of villages in the Muteh gold mining region, central Iran, the concentration of this element in various parts of biogeochemical cycle is investigated. For this purpose, rock, groundwater, soil, plant, livestock hair and wool, and human hair samples are collected and analysed. Total arsenic content ranges from 23 to 2,500?mg/kg in rock samples, 7?C1,061???g/l in water, 12?C232?mg/kg in soil, 0.5?C16?mg/kg in plant samples, 4.10?C5.69?mg/kg in livestock hair and wool, and 0.64?C5.82?mg/kg in human hair. Arsenic concentration in various parts of biogeochemical cycle near the gold deposit in a metamorphic complex, and also close to the gold-processing plant, is very high and decreases exponentially with increasing distance from them. Arsenic concentration in water from a well close to the Muteh gold mine is above 1?mg/L. Arsenic in hair samples taken from local inhabitants is above the recommended levels, and the control samples in Shahre-Kord city. Arsenic concentration is higher in male population and correlates positively with age. It is suggested that arsenic resulting from the decomposition of ore mineral such as orpiment (As₂S₃), realgar (As₂S₂) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) is responsible for polluting natural resources and the human intake via drinking water and the food chain. Gold mining and processing has undoubtedly enhanced the release of arsenic and intensified the observed adverse effects in Muteh area.     

Environmental and health risk assessment in abandoned mining area, Zlata Idka, Slovakia

The Zlata Idka village is a typical mountainous settlement. As a consequence of more than 500 years of mining activity, its environment has been extensively affected by pollution from potentially toxic elements. This paper presents the results of an environmental-geochemical and health research in the Zlata Idka village, Slovakia. Geochemical analysis indicates that arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are enriched in soils, groundwater, surface water and stream sediments. The average As and Sb contents are 892 mg/kg and 818 mg/kg in soils, 195 mg/kg and 249 mg/kg in stream sediments, 0.028 mg/l and 0.021 mg/l in groundwater and 0.024 mg/l and 0.034 mg/l in surface water. Arsenic and Sb concentrations exceed upper permissible limits in locally grown vegetables. Within the epidemiological research the As and Sb contents in human tissues and fluids have been observed (blood, urine, nails and hair) in approximately one third of the village’s population (120 respondents). The average As and Sb concentrations were 16.3 μg/l and 3.8 μg/l in blood, 15.8 μg/l and 18.8 μg/l in urine, 3,179 μg/kg and 1,140 μg/kg in nails and 379 μg/kg and 357 μg/kg in hair. These concentrations are comparatively much higher than the average population. Health risk calculations for the ingestion of soil, water, and vegetables indicates a very high carcinogenic risk (>1/1,000) for as content in soil and water. The hazard quotient [HQ=average daily dose (ADD)/reference dose (RfD)] calculation method indicates a HQ>1 for groundwater As and Sb concentrations.     

浙西典型石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素

为系统研究石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素,在浙江省常山县辉埠石煤矿山周边耕地采集了表层土壤样品144件、农产品甘蔗样20件、土壤垂向剖面土壤样6件、岩石样5件和地表水样3件。通过样品Se、有机质、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg、Cr等元素含量指标测定和统计,探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明:区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.47~1.34 mg/kg之间,平均含量0.87 mg/kg,远高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与辉埠石煤矿的走向一致;硒含量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐下降;89.58%的土壤样品和65%的甘蔗样品达到富硒标准,但存在土壤和农产品Cd等主要重金属元素含量超标的生态风险。土壤硒含量均值在寒武系下统荷塘组最高(1.31 mg/kg),奥陶系中—下统最低(0.64 mg/kg);旱地硒均值略高于水田,但差异不显著(p>0.05);硒含量均值高低变化为粗骨土>石灰岩土>水稻土>红壤。研究认为,土壤硒含量受地质背景、土壤类型和有机质等因素的影响,含石煤层黑色岩系和碳酸盐岩等富硒地层是形成富硒土壤的主要因素,小部分与矿山开采等人类活动有关。     

低透气松软突出煤层快速揭煤技术

随着矿井开采深度的加大,矿井的透气性越来越小,煤与瓦斯突出事故频发,揭煤难度也越来越大。孟津煤矿开采山西组二。煤层,属于构造煤,煤层松软,透气性低,矿井一水平开采深度为760m,瓦斯压力高。副井清理斜巷需穿过二,煤层,为了尽快揭开煤层,采用液压钻机配乳化液泵以提高钻探水压的冲煤措施,使高应力低透气松软煤层在揭煤时的不利因素转化为可利用因素。从施工的55个揭煤孔来看,单孔冲出煤量最大为2.3t,最小为0．4t,平均为1．06t,总计冲出煤量为58．5t。通过对控制区域6个点瓦斯含量的测定,结果表明,瓦斯含量降到了8m3／t以下．清除了突出危险。采用瓦斯解析指标进行了三次效果检验,Ah：最大值为190MPa;在岩柱1．5m布置爆破孔,采用震动爆破揭开煤层,瞬时最大瓦斯涌出量为2．4m3／min,说明达到了快速揭煤的目的。     

Arsenic in soil and vegetation of a contaminated area

Plant and soil samples were collected from one uncontaminated and four contaminated sites (in the Dashkasan mining area western Iran). Total and water-soluble arsenic in the soil ranged from 7 to 795 and from 0.007 to 2.32 mg/kg, respectively. The highest arsenic concentration in soil was found at the ore dressing area (up to 1,180 mg/kg) and lowest at an uncontaminated area (up to 11 mg/kg). A total of 49 plant species belonging to 15 families were collected from four sampling sites. A significant positive correlation was detected between the concentrations of arsenic in plant dry matter and those in soils. The highest arsenic concentrations were found in Hyoscyamus kurdicus Bornm. (up to 205 mg/kg) and Helichrysum oligocephalum DC. (up to 162 mg/kg). These two accumulator species could have potential for soil clean-up by phytoextraction. The data have been compared with those for the Zarshuran mining area (north-western Iran) obtained in a former study.     

Environmental geochemistry of Zarshuran Au-As deposit, NW Iran

Zarshuran deposit is the most famous and important As-Au mine in Iran. However, there is no information on the impact of mining activity on the surrounding environment, especially on water systems. This paper attempts to document the concentration of arsenic and associated elements in waters and sediments resulting from the mining history of Zarshuran, a period covering hundreds of years. Water and sediment samples collected from Zarshuran Stream indicate high content of some potentially toxic elements, especially of As which ranges from 0.028 to 40 ng/l in water and 182 to 36,000 mg/kg in sediment samples. Mining activity, exposure of a large volume of mining wastes to weathering, and the anomalously high background of trace metals in the mining area are considered to be the main sources of heavy metal pollution.     

中国西北某煤化工区土壤中砷的人体健康风险及其安全阈值

本研究对中国西北某大型煤化工区的土壤样品进行采集。通过密闭消解后应用ICP CCT MS法对土壤样品中砷（As）含量进行测定,选取吸入土壤颗粒、皮肤接触、经口摄入3种主要的暴露途径,对煤化工区3个不同煤气化单元土壤中As的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,煤化工区土壤中As的单物质综合致癌风险为可接受水平的6~9倍,As的危害商则在可接受水平范围之内。煤化工区土壤中As的人体健康风险以经口摄入为主体暴露途径,该途径下致癌风险的贡献率占全部致癌风险的68.64%。在对各暴露途径致癌风险控制值计算的基础上选择致癌风险贡献率最高、控制值最低的经口摄入途径的控制值1.59 mg/kg作为该煤化工区土壤中As的参考安全阈值。结合中国煤化工行业发展特点、区域土壤中As的背景值水平、地区气候和地质特点等,考虑不同国家和地区As的人体健康风险可接受水平差异和可行性,才能综合确定特定煤化工区域土壤环境中As的安全阈值。     

Arsenic exposure through groundwater in the middle Ganga plain in the Varanasi environs,India: A future threat

The study area covers an about 100 km² of the middle Ganga plain in Uttar Pradesh, experiencing intensive groundwater extraction. In order to recognize the arsenic contamination zones of the Varanasi environs, sixty eight groundwater samples have been collected and analyzed for major ions, iron and arsenic. Twenty one sediment samples in the four boreholes were also collected to deduce the source of arsenic in the groundwater. The preliminary survey reports for the first time indicates that part of rural and urban population of Varanasi environs are drinking and using for irrigation arsenic contaminated water mostly from hand tube wells (<70 m). The study area is a part of middle Ganga plain which comprises of Quaternary alluvium consists of an alternating succession of clay, clayey silt and sand deposits. The high arsenic content in groundwater samples of the study area indicates that 14% of the samples are exceeding the 10 μg/l and 5% of the samples are exceeding 50 μg/l. The high arsenic concentration is found in the villages such as Bahadurpur, Madhiya, Bhojpur, Ratanpur, Semra, Jalilpur, Kateswar, Bhakhara and Kodupur (eastern side of Ganga River in Varanasi), situated within the newer alluvium deposited during middle Holocene to Recent. The older alluvial aquifers situated in the western side of the Ganga River are arsenic safe (maximum As concentration of 9 μg/l) though the borehole sediments shows high arsenic (mean 5.2 mg/kg) and iron content (529 mg/kg) in shallow and medium depths. This may be due to lack of reducing conditions (i.e organic content) for releasing arsenic into the groundwater. Rainfall infiltration, organic matter from recently accumulated biomass from flood prone belt in the newer alluvium plays a critical role in releasing arsenic and iron present in sediments. The main mechanism for the release of As into groundwater in the Holocene sandy aquifer sediments of Varanasi environs may be due to the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide present as coatings on sand grains as well as altered mica content. The high societal problems of this study will help to mitigate the severity of arsenic contamination by providing alternate drinking water resources to the people in middle Ganga plain and to arrange permanent arsenic safe drinking water source by the authorities.     

黔西南部分矿集区环境背景

黔西南是金、锑、汞、砷、煤矿集中分布区,汞、砷在土壤中背景值高于一般土壤的20倍,汞高出14～5000倍,属于高砷、汞、氟环境背景区,由于矿业活动不合理,加剧了区内土壤、水体污染,存在砷、汞、氟等环境污染隐患。