安宁河-则木河断裂带及周边地区Rayleigh波群速度背景噪声成像研究

安宁河-则木河断裂带位于川滇地块、巴颜喀拉地块和华南地块的交接部位,是川滇菱形块体的东部重要边界。利用布设在安宁河-则木河断裂带周边区域的西昌台阵和川西台阵均历时两年、共187个宽频带地震台站的垂直分量的背景噪声数据,采用噪声层析成像方法获得了这一区域4~20s的Rayleigh波群速度分布图像。与前人研究相比,本文结果的横向分辨率有明显改进,在安宁河-则木河断裂带可达20km左右,在其它区域可以达到20~40km。成像结果表明,安宁河-则木河断裂地区上地壳的速度结构存在明显横向不均匀性,速度分布特征与地表地质构造基本一致,不同周期的速度分布变化较小。盐源盆地、西昌盆地和四川盆地西南缘表现为低速异常。九龙附近和南部的德昌-盐边-巧家附近表现为高速异常,分别与出露的花岗岩体和峨眉山玄武岩有关。在安宁河断裂南段和则木河断裂北段能观测到断裂两侧的速度存在明显差异,其余断裂带两侧的速度对比不明显。贡嘎山附近的中上地壳表现为明显的低速异常,其东侧和西南侧高速体的阻挡,以及鲜水河-安宁河断裂带走向的变化,在贡嘎山区形成一个挤压弯曲段,使得川滇菱形块体的东南向水平运动转换为垂直于断裂的挤压作用和垂直隆升,导致了贡嘎山的快速隆起。     

利用GRACE时变重力场反演青藏高原的隆升速率

青藏高原隆升对中国、亚洲乃至世界的气候都有着重要影响,研究青藏高原地壳隆升速率具有重大意义.本文利用2004—2015年期间高覆盖度的卫星重力数据,通过去除陆地储水的重力效应获得地壳隆升引起的重力变化速率,基于直立长方体垂直运动与重力变化的关系模型反演了该区域的地壳隆升速率分布.研究结果表明在300 km的空间尺度下青藏高原隆升速率分布具有不均匀的特点,表现为以冈底斯山—唐古拉山—鲜水河断裂带为界线,其两侧的速率差异较大.位于界线以南,沿喜马拉雅推覆构造带的区域平均隆升速率为2.01±0.87 mm·a^-1,其中西侧的印度板块与东侧的缅甸板块隆升速率分别为~2.43 mm·a^-1、~2.89 mm·a^-1,位于两板块之间的区域隆升速率为~0.69 mm·a^-1;位于界线以北,除了天山区域和华北板块的隆升速率为~1 mm·a^-1,其他区域隆升现象不明显,其速率为~0 mm·a^-1.我们发现存在两条均穿过正断裂带区域的隆升速率梯度带,其中一条为从加德满都到塔里木盆地,其恰好穿过青藏高原内部的正断裂带,另一条为从那加山到四川盆地,其恰好穿过大理正断裂带.本文反演的青藏高原隆升速率与以往观测到的GPS结果有很好的一致性,为青藏高原隆升、地壳增厚等科学问题提供理论支持.     

川滇地区现代地壳运动速度场和活动块体模型研究

通过分析中国地壳运动观测网络的GPS数据得到川滇地区地壳水平运动速度场 ,由此划分活动块体并分析其运动特征。结果表明 :相对欧亚板块 ,滇中、雅江和中甸次级块体的顺时针转动速率分别为 0 37°± 0 16°/Ma ,0 84°± 0 39°/Ma和 0 90°± 0 39°/Ma ,造成块体间跨木里弧形断裂带约 3mm/a的SN向挤压、丽江 -大理断裂带约 4mm/a的EW向拉张和理塘断裂带约 6mm/a的近EW向拉张。鲜水河断裂带左旋走滑速率 8～ 10mm/a ,安宁河 -则木河 -小江断裂带左旋走滑 5～6mm/a。龙门山断裂带没有明显的地壳消减 ,而断裂带西北约 15 0km处有一形变速度阶跃带 ,右旋走滑速率 4～ 5mm/a。阶跃带两侧的岷山块体和阿坝地区逆时针转动速率分别为 0 13°± 0 0 8°/Ma和0 5 3°± 0 19°/Ma。鲜水河 -小江断裂带以南、以西地区 ,青藏高原物质的E向挤出和重力滑塌造成川滇块体东移 ,在东部相对稳定的华南地块的阻挡下 ,川滇块体沿鲜水河 -小江断裂带由东转向南运动 ,从而引起川滇块体内部各次级块体的顺时针转动     

四川盆地南部地区新生代隆升剥露研究——低温热年代学证据

本文通过背斜褶皱变形与低温热年代学年龄(磷灰石和锆石(U-Th)/He、磷灰石裂变径迹)端元模型研究,约束低起伏度、低斜率地貌特征的四川盆地南部地区新生代隆升剥露过程.四川盆地南部沐川和桑木场背斜地区新生代渐新世-中新世发生了相似的快速隆升剥露过程(速率为~0.1 mm/a、现今地表剥蚀厚度1.0~2.0 km),反映出盆地克拉通基底对区域均一性快速抬升冷却过程的控制作用.川南沐川地区磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄值为~10-28.6 Ma, 样品年龄与古深度具有明显的线性关系,揭示新生代~10-30 Ma以速率为0.12±0.02 mm/a的稳态隆升剥露过程.桑木场背斜地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为~36-52 Ma,古深度空间上样品AFT年龄变化不明显(~50 Ma)、且具有相似的径迹长度(~12.0 μm).磷灰石裂变径迹热演化史模拟表明桑木场地区经历三个阶段热演化过程:埋深增温阶段(~80 Ma以前)、缓慢抬升冷却阶段(80-20 Ma)和快速隆升剥露阶段(~20 Ma-现今),新生代隆升剥露速率大致分别为~0.025 mm/a和~0.1 mm/a.新生代青藏高原大规模地壳物质东向运动与四川盆地克拉通基底挤压,受板缘边界主断裂带差异性构造特征控制造就了青藏高原东缘不同的边界地貌特征.     

贺兰山晚新生代隆升的剥露特征及其隆升模式

位于中国南北构造带北端, 鄂尔多斯地块西北缘的贺兰山是华北克拉通内部的板内构造变形带. 新生代表现为受正断层控制的伸展构造变形, 形成隆起的贺兰山和断陷的银川盆地. 磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学分析揭示了贺兰山始于晚新生代(约10~12 Ma)的快速隆升剥露作用; 这种快速剥露作用与贺兰山东麓断层具有很好的相关性, 靠近断层剥露作用加强, 远离断层剥露作用减弱, 贺兰山东部剥露作用强, 西部弱, 指示了贺兰山东麓断层下盘贺兰山快速上升遭受剥露并向西掀斜的隆升模式. 同时, 贺兰山东部靠近东麓断层的晚新生代快速剥露作用具有北部强、向南逐渐减弱的空间分布特征; 结合贺兰山样品磷灰石裂变径迹长度与年龄相关图显示出独特的“U”型“boomerang”模式, 指示了贺兰山起始于约10~12 Ma的与贺兰山东麓断层伸展作用有关的向西向南快速掀斜隆升样式. 贺兰山这种与平行于山脉的正断层有关的掀斜隆升作用, 主要是银川-吉兰泰-河套断陷系与渭河-山西断陷系沿鄂尔多斯地块周缘北西-南东向的伸展拉张作用的结果; 鄂尔多斯地块西北角强烈的晚新生代拉张作用是贺兰山向西向南快速掀斜隆升的主要原因.     

震源机制解分类与川滇及邻近地区最新变形特征

以位错理论为依据探讨了地震分类的理论基础,利用美国哈佛大学1977—2008年的震源机制解资料,采用地震三角形分类法,研究了中国川滇及邻近地区震源机制解124例,从地壳脆性变形的角度分析了川滇次级块体的变形形式。结果表明:整体上川滇及邻区的走滑断层、逆冲断层和正断层具有明显的分区性特征,受青藏高原SE方向的挤压,沿着鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带产生了大的剪切位移和变形带;同时,受缅甸弧挤压和四川盆地的阻挡,在缅甸弧前端和龙门山断裂带等地形成了强烈的挤压区,在云南大部分区域形成了扇形剪切应力变形区;而沿鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带所产生的大的剪切位移和变形直接作用在红河断裂带上,造成红河断裂带呈右旋向SE方向错动,引起其后延金沙江断裂至丽江-小金河断裂之间形成大的应力拉张区,构成了现今川滇及邻区地壳变形的最新格局     

安徽省黄山山体的隆升与剥露

应用裂径迹技术研究黄山地质公景区隆升与剥露历史,揭示其演机.所获8个磷灰石裂径迹分析结,具有56,45～30和15Ma3个年龄组,与区内约85～50,45～30和24～5Ma形成多级古剥蚀面构造隆升剥蚀作用有关.景区曾经历3个阶段热演化历史,80Ma前第1阶段和13Ma后第2阶段冷却较快,从早到晚冷却慢速率分别为2.69,0.62和4.23℃/Myr;隆升速率分别为0.08,0.02和0.12mm/a;隆升幅度分别为1.14,1.57和4.00km.不同地段差异隆升明显,累计隆升幅度为4060～3950,3760～3490,3190～3070和2650m4个量级;地表隆升幅度化于450～2230m之间.区内平均剥蚀量为2340m,平均隆升量3400m,二者之差1060m是现在平均高程.     

川西地区现今垂直地壳运动研究

地处川滇菱形活动地块中、北部的川西及邻区, 是青藏高原物质大规模东南方向运动的重要通道, 也是青藏高原上新世以来大幅隆起的重要延伸区和影响区. 利用川西及其邻区1970年至2006年的多期水准观测资料, 采用以相邻水准点间高差变化速率为观测值的垂直形变网平差方法, 获得了川西地区近30年来的长期地壳垂直运动速度场图像. 结果表明, 相对稳定的四川盆地, 川西地区现今仍处在差异性的快速隆升阶段, 其中: (1) 位于泸定、雅江之间的高尔寺山地区现今隆起速率为3.0~4.0 mm/a, 位于雅江、理塘之间的剪子弯山-卡子拉山地区的现今隆起速率为4.0~4.8 mm/a, 而位于理塘、中甸之间的沙鲁里山、大-小雪山地区, 其现今隆起速率为3.0~4.0 mm/a. (2) 位于鲜水河断裂带东南端的贡嘎山区, 其相对四川盆地的现今隆起速率至少为5.8 mm/a, 相对安宁河谷地的隆起速率也不小于3.0~4.0 mm/a, 贡嘎山隆升速率之大可与喜马拉雅山5~10 mm/a的隆起速率相媲美. (3) 大凉山地区的现今隆起变形主要集中在安宁河断裂带与大凉山断裂带之间的块体上, 相对四川盆地的隆起速率为2.5~3.0 mm/a. (4) 位于川滇菱形地块中部的丽江、永胜、攀枝花地区, 相对四川盆地表现为-2.0~-1.0 mm/a的下降运动, 其相对下降运动与GPS地壳水平运动所表现出的东西向拉张变形特征相一致. (5) 综合GPS、水准、大地电磁测深等观测资料分析认为, 川西地区尤其是贡嘎山脉的现今快速隆升运动, 可能与下地壳塑性流的受阻增厚密切相关, 而川滇菱形地块中南部的东西向拉张和下沉变形, 则可能与喜马拉雅东构造结地区下地壳塑性流的南东、南西向分叉运动有关.     

大凉山断裂带南段滑动速率估计

大凉山断裂带是川滇活动块体东边界的重要组成部分,其活动速率的估计不仅对评价青藏高原东南边缘的地壳运动和变形模型具有重要理论意义,还对大凉山地区的地震危险性评价和地震中长期预测具有重要的应用价值。通过对大凉山断裂带南段交际河断裂和布拖断裂的详细野外调查、典型构造地貌GPS精细测量以及断错地貌的时间约束,获得大凉山断裂带南段全新世以来的滑动速率为2.5～4.5mm/a,交际河断裂平均滑动速率略大于布拖断裂的滑动速率。对比滑动速率发现,大凉山断裂带南段与鲜水河-小江断裂系中段西支的安宁河、则木河断裂带的水平滑动速率相当,表明大凉山断裂带活动强度不低于安宁河和则木河断裂带,随着大凉山断裂带逐渐取代安宁河和则木河断裂在鲜水河-小江断裂系中的作用,大凉山断裂带的活动强度将增强。     

川西鲜水河断裂带晚新生代剪切变形40Ar/39Ar测年及其构造意义

基于野外地质调查、构造测量和白云母、黑云母、钾长石等矿物的⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar阶段升温测年分析, 获得了鲜水河断裂带新近纪左旋剪切变形冷却年龄. 观察和测试结果记录了剪切带两次热事件. 早期热事件(12~10 Ma)对应于鲜水河主干断裂西侧折多山中细粒花岗岩体从高温(>700℃)到中低温(<350℃)的快速冷却; 晚期热事件(5~3.5 Ma)对应于鲜水河主干断裂东侧细粒花岗岩体或岩脉的快速冷却. 测年结果为青藏高原东南缘川滇地块晚新生代向东构造挤出提供了重要的热年代学制约.     

秦岭太白山新生代隆升冷却历史的磷灰石裂变径迹分析

伸展正断层下盘的冷却历史记录了主要伸展变形的时间及幅度.太白山位于秦岭北缘,作为伸展正断层的下盘,其新生代伸展隆升冷却历史有助于我们更好地理解渭河盆地的伸展变形时间及其幅度.本文利用磷灰石裂变径迹分析方法对太白山的冷却历史进行了研究.来自太白山总计17个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹数据及热历史模拟揭示出山体经历了始于约48 Ma的小幅度快速抬升冷却阶段,和始于约9.6 Ma的大幅度快速抬升冷却阶段;分别对应平行于秦岭北缘山脉的两阶段伸展变形.始于约48 Ma的伸展变形可能是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞作用在大陆内部的远场响应,而始于约9.6 Ma的快速伸展变形可能与青藏高原在该时期快速隆升和对外扩展有关.     

龙门山中段中央断裂和前山断裂的晚新生代垂向活动性差异及其构造意义

2008汶川地震之后,多个研究组对龙门山的新生代剥蚀历史进行了研究,但是在龙门山推覆构造带中段,剥蚀历史研究主要集中在彭灌杂岩,而彭灌杂岩东侧(即中央断裂下盘)的热年代学资料相对缺乏,其剥蚀历史还比较模糊.对于彭灌杂岩东侧岩体的新生代剥蚀历史研究,不仅可以了解龙门山推覆构造带的新生代断层活动历史,而且对于青藏高原东缘的新生代隆升机制具有重要约束作用.在前人热年代学研究基础上,在龙门山推覆构造带中段中央断裂和前山断裂附近补充了一些裂变径迹样品.采用外探测器法(external detector method)对样品进行裂变径迹分析,实验测试在台湾中正大学裂变径迹实验室完成.实验获得了6个锆石裂变径迹和6个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄.前山断裂上盘,AFT(磷灰石裂变径迹)年龄以小鱼洞断裂为界存在明显的差异,其中小鱼洞断裂以南的样品AFT年龄为39Ma,小鱼洞断裂以北的4个AFT年龄介于6—8 Ma之间.研究揭示出中央断裂和前山断裂的新生代活动性以NW向小鱼洞断裂为界存在较大差异:距今8Ma以来,小鱼洞断裂以北,中央断裂和前山断裂的平均垂向滑动速率分别为约0.1mm·a-1和约0.55mm·a-1;小鱼洞断裂以南,平均垂向滑动速率则分别为约0.55mm·a-1和约0.1mm·a-1.低温热年代学方法获得的断层新生代垂向滑动速率与汶川地震断层垂向同震位移分布基本一致.前山断裂(小鱼洞断裂以北)距今8 Ma以来北西-南东向水平缩短量达到8~12km,表明地壳缩短是造成龙门山抬升和剥蚀的重要因素之一.本研究结论不支持下地壳增厚模型对于龙门山隆升的解释.     

Fission track dating of the Cenozoic uplift in Mabian area, southern Sichuan Province, China

The apparent ages of samples are obtained from fission track dating of apatite samples collected from the fault zones in Mabian area, southern Sichuan Province. In addition, thermal history is simulated from the obtained data by applying AFT Solve Program, to acquire the thermal evolution history of the samples. The result shows that tectonically the Mabian area was relatively stable between 25 and 3 Ma, compared to the inner parts and other marginal areas of the Tibetan Plateau. The studied area had little response to the rapid uplift events that occurred for several times in the Tibetan Plateau during 25-3 Ma. The latest thermal event related to the activity of the Lidian fault zone (about 8 Ma ) is later than that of the Ebian fault zone (18-15 Ma ) to the west, indicating to some extent that the evolution of fault activity in the Mabian area has migrated from west to east. The latest extensive tectonic uplift occurred since about 3 Ma. As compared with the Xianshuihe fault zone, the Mabian area is closer to the east- ern margin of the plateau, while the time of fast cooling event in this area is later than that in the southeast segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone (3.6-3.46 Ma ). It appears to support the assumption of episodic uplift and stepwise outward extension of the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau in late Cenozoic.     

THE NORTHWARD GROWTH OF THE NORTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU IN LATE CENOZOIC: IMPLICATIONS FROM APATITE (U-Th)/He AGES OF LONGSHOU SHAN

Longshou Shan, located at the southern edge of the Alxa block, is one of the outermost peripheral mountains and the northeasternmost area of the northeastern Tibetan plateau. In recent years, through geochronology, thermochronology, magnetic stratigraphy and other methods, a large number of studies have been carried out on the initiation time of major faults, the exhumation history of mountains and the formation and evolution of basins in the northeastern Tibet Plateau, the question of whether and when the northeastward expansion of the northeastern Tibet Plateau has affected the southern part of the Alxa block has been raised. Therefore, the exhumation history of Longshou Shan provides significant insight on the uplift and expansion of the Tibetan plateau and their dynamic mechanism. The Longshou Shan, trending NWW, is the largest mountain range in the Hexi Corridor Basin, and its highest peak is more than 3 600m(with average elevation of 2800m), where the average elevation of Hexi Corridor is 1 600m, the relative height difference between them is nearly 2200m. This mountain is bounded by two parallel thrust faults: The North Longshou Shan Fault(NLSF)and the South Longshou Shan Fault(SLSF), both of them trends NWW and has high angle of inclination(45°~70°)but dips opposite to each other. The South Longshou Shan Fault, located in the northern margin of the Hexi Corridor Basin, is the most active fault on the northeastern plateau, and controls the uplift of Longshou Shan.Due to its lower closure temperature, the lower-temperature thermochronology method can more accurately constrain the cooling process of a geological body in the upper crust. In recent years, the low-temperature thermochronology method has been used more and more in the study of the erosion of orogenic belts, the evolution of sedimentary basins and tectonic geomorphology. In this study, the apatite (U-Th)/He(AHe) method is used to analyze the erosion and uplift of rocks on the south and north sides of Longshou Shan. 11 AHe samples collected from the south slope exhibit variable AHe ages between~8Ma and~200Ma, the age-elevation plot shows that before 13~17Ma, the erosion rate of the Longshou Shan is very low, and then rapid erosion occurs in the mountain range, which indicates that the strong uplift of Longshou Shan occurred at 13~17Ma BP, resulting in rapid cooling of the southern rocks. In contrast, 3 AHe ages obtained from the north slope are older and more concentrated ranging from 220Ma BP to 240Ma BP, indicating that the north slope can be seen as a paleo-isothermal surface and the activity of the north side is weak. The results of thermal history inverse modeling show that the South Longshou Shan Fault was in a tectonic quiet period until the cooling rate suddenly increased to 3.33℃/Ma at 14Ma BP, indicating that Longshou Shan had not experienced large tectonic events before~14Ma BP.
We believe that under the control of South Longshou Shan Fault, the mountain is characterized by a northward tilting uplift at Mid-Miocene. Our results on the initial deformation of the Longshou Shan, in combination with many published studies across the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, suggest that the compression strain of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau may expand from south to north, and the Tibetan plateau has expanded northeastward to the southern margin of the Alxa block as early as Mid-Miocene, making Longshou Shan the current structural and geomorphic boundary of the northeastern plateau.     

DEMARCATION OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES OF SOUTHEASTERN TIBET: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPANSION MECHANISMS OF THE PLATEAU EDGE

The geomorphologic structure in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is one of the important indexes for the expansion and deep dynamic process of Tibet. There are two different understandings for the geomorphologic structure in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, i.e. gradual change and abrupt change. The gradient model suggests a gradual topographic reduction towards southeast which is an important evidence for the lower crust channel flow. The abrupt model considers that the southeast boundary of the plateau shows an abrupt change of topography in a zone of 50~200km wide which is controlled by the Yarlung-Yulong fault system. Here, we describe the morphotectonic feature in detail of the Sichuan-Yunnan block on the southeast edge of the plateau through the digital elevation model(DEM)analysis, further review the structural controls on the geomorphologic structure by combining the tectono-thermochronology analysis, and evaluate the southeastward spreading mode of the plateau. The topographic arithmetic progression ranking by using the DEM of the Sichuan-Yunnan block reveals three geomorphologic steps gradually lowering from the northwest to southeast. The switching of hypsometric integral(HI)value and the anomaly of SL/K value(where SL is stream length-gradient index and K is altitude of the profile)of river systems all occur on the edge of terraces. The high terrace is located on the north of Muli-Yulong with average elevation~4 200m; the secondary level of terrace extends to the Yanyuan-Lijiang area with average elevation~3 000m; and the third level is the region between the Jinhe-Qinghe and Anninghe with average elevation~1 800m. Structure investigation reveals that all the topographic boundaries between different terraces are consistent with regional major faults. The Muli thrust fault and Yulong thrust fault control the southeast edge of the high terrace, the Jinhe-Qinghe thrust fault separates the second and third level of terrace. The coincidence between topography boundaries and faults suggests that the formation of the stepped geomorphology on the southeast edge of the plateau were induced by the fault activities, reflecting the fault-controlled southeastward stepped-expanding mode of the plateau. The fission-track(FT)dating of the granites at the hanging wall of the Yuling-Muli Fault reveals fast uplift during~27~22Ma BP, reflecting the major thrusting along the Yulong-Muli Fault, which is consistent with the early-stage activity (~30~25Ma BP) of the Longmenshan Fault. Therefore, the high terrace was formed during the Oligocene to early Miocene with the thrusting of the Yulong-Muli Fault. Tectono-thermochronology analysis also reveals the major thrusting of the Jinhe-Qinghe Fault occurred during~18~11Ma BP, indicating the middle terrace was formed in the middle Miocene, which also could correspond to the middle Miocene(~15~10Ma BP) activity of the Longmenshan Fault. Therefore, the thrusting faults controlled stepped terrace geomorphologic structure and the stepwise expanding mode under combined movements of large-scale thrusts and strike-slip faults at the southeast edge of Tibetan Plateau during the late Cenozoic do not support the lower crust channel flow model.     

PRESENT KINEMATICS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHERN YUMUSHAN ACTIVE FAULT AND ITS RESPONSE TO THE NORTHEASTWARD GROWTH OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor, located in the north of Tibetan plateau, are the margin of Tibetan plateau's tectonic deformation and pushing. Its internal deformations and activities can greatly conserve the extension process and characteristics of the Plateau. The research of Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor consequentially plays a significant role in understanding tectonic deformation mechanism of Tibetan plateau. The northern Yumushan Fault, located in the middle of the northern Qilian Shan thrust belt, is a significant component of Qilian Shan thrust belt which divides Yumushan and intramontane basins in Hexi Corridor. Carrying out the research of Yumushan Fault will help explain the kinematics characteristics of the northern Yumushan active fault and its response to the northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau.Because of limited technology conditions of the time, different research emphases and some other reasons, previous research results differ dramatically. This paper summarizes the last 20 years researches from the perspectives of fault slip rates, paleao-earthquake characteristics and tectonic deformation. Using aerial-photo morphological analysis, field investigation, optical simulated luminescence(OSL)dating of alluvial surfaces and topographic profiles, we calculate the vertical slip rate and strike-slip rate at the typical site in the northern Yumushan Fault, which is(0.55±0.15)mm/a and(0.95±0.11), respectively. On the controversial problems, namely "the Luotuo(Camel)city scarp" and the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake, we use aerial-photo analysis, particular field investigation and typical profile dating. We concluded that "Luotuo city scarp" is the ruin of ancient diversion works rather than the fault scarp of the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake. Combining the topographic profiles of the mountain range with fault characteristics, we believe Yumu Shan is a part of Qilian Shan. The uplift of Yumu Shan is the result of Qilian Shan and Yumu Shan itself pushing northwards. Topographic profile along the crest of the Yumu Shan illustrates the decrease from its center to the tips, which is similar to the vertical slip rates and the height of fault scarp. These show that Yumu Shan is controlled by fault extension and grows laterally and vertically. At present, fault activities are still concentrated near the north foot of Yumu Shan, and the mountain ranges continue to rise since late Cenozoic.     

BURIAL AND EXHUMATION OF THE XIGAZE FORE-ARC BASIN FROM LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Indian plate and Eurasia collision zone. Understanding the erosion history of the Xigaze fore-arc basin is significant for realizing the impact of the orogenic belt due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The different uplift patterns of the plateau will form different denudation characteristics. If all part of Tibet Plateau uplifted at the same time, the erosion rate of exterior Tibet Plateau will be much larger than the interior plateau due to the active tectonic action, relief, and outflow system at the edge. If the plateau grows from the inside to the outside or from the north to south sides, the strong erosion zone will gradually change along the tectonic active zone that expands to the outward, north, or south sides. Therefore, the different uplift patterns are likely to retain corresponding evidence on the erosion information. The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Its burial, deformation and erosion history during or after the collision between the Indian plate and Eurasia are very important to understand the influence of plateau uplift on erosion. In this study, we use the apatite fission track(AFT)ages and zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He(ZHe and AHe)ages, combined with the published low-temperature thermochronological age to explore the thermal evolution process of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The samples' elevation is in the range of 3 860~4 070m. All zircon and apatite samples were dated by the external detector method, using low~U mica sheets as external detectors for fission track ages. A Zeiss Axioskop microscope(1 250×, dry)and FT Stage 4.04 system at the Fission Track Laboratory of the University of Waikato in New Zealand were used to carry out fission track counting. We crushed our samples finely, and then used standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation with additional handpicking methods to select zircon and apatite grains. The new results show that the ZHe age of the sample M7-01 is(27.06±2.55)Ma(Table 2), and the corresponding AHe age is(9.25±0.76)Ma. The ZHe and AHe ages are significantly smaller than the stratigraphic age, indicating suffering from annealing reset(Table 3). The fission apatite fission track ages are between(74.1±7.8)Ma and(18.7±2.9)Ma, which are less than the corresponding stratigraphic age. The maximum AFT age is(74.1±7.8)Ma, and the minimum AFT age is(18.7±2.9)Ma. There is a significant north~south difference in the apatite fission track ages of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The apatite fission track ages of the south part are 74~44Ma, the corresponding exhumation rate is 0.03~0.1km/Ma, and the denudation is less than 2km; the apatite fission track ages of the north part range from 27 to 15Ma and the ablation rate is 0.09~0.29km/Ma, but it lacks the exhumation information of the early Cenozoic. The apatite(U-Th)/He age indicates that the north~south Xigaze fore-arc basin has a consistent exhumation history after 15Ma. The results of low temperature thermochronology show that exhumation histories are different between the northern and southern Xigaze fore-arc basin. From 70 to 60Ma, the southern Xigaze fore-arc basin has been maintained in the depth of 0~6km in the near surface, and has not been eroded or buried beyond this depth. The denudation is less than the north. The low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern part only record the exhumation history after 30Ma because of the young low-temperature thermochronological data. During early Early Miocene, the rapid erosion in the northern part of Xigaze fore-arc basin may be related to the river incision of the paleo-Yarlungzangbo River. The impact of Great Count Thrust on regional erosion is limited. The AHe data shows that the exhumation history of the north-south Xigaze fore-arc basin are consistent after 15Ma. In addition, the low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern Xigaze fore-arc basin constrains geographic range of the Kailas conglomerate during the late Oligocene~Miocene along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. The Kailas Basin only develops in the narrow, elongated zone between the fore-arc basin and the Gangdese orogenic belt. The southern part of the Xigaze fore-arc basin has been uplifted from the sea level to the plateau at an altitude of 4.2km, despite the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian continent and the late fault activity, but the plateau has been slowly denuded since the early Cenozoic. The rise did not directly contribute to the accelerated erosion in the area, which is inconsistent with the assumption that rapid erosion means that the orogenic belt begins to rise.     

川滇块体东边界主要断裂带现今运动特征分析

基于2009年以来的GPS观测数据,利用块体模型和GPS剖面方法分别计算川滇块体东边界主要断裂带的滑动速度,并结合跨断裂带的区域应变时间序列分析断裂带现今的运动特征。结果表明:从速度场变化来看,2013—2015期的速度场在川滇块体东北部有东向增加的微弱变化;从滑动速率结果来看,鲜水河北段的左旋走滑运动有所增强,拉张运动有所增加;小江断裂带的左旋走滑运动普遍有微弱的增强;从去掉线性的区域应变时间序列结果来看,小江断裂带南段主张应变在2014年底出现了趋势性转折,值得进一步关注。