Seasonality of interannual atmosphere–ocean interaction in the South China Sea

The present study documents the atmosphere–ocean interaction in interannual variations over the South China Sea (SCS). The atmosphere–ocean relationship displays remarkable seasonality and regionality, with an atmospheric forcing dominant in the northern and central SCS during the local warm season, and an oceanic forcing in the northern SCS during the local cold season. During April–June, the atmospheric impact on the sea surface temperature (SST) change is characterized by a prominent cloud-radiation effect in the central SCS, a wind-evaporation effect in the central and southern SCS, and a wind-driven oceanic effect along the west coast. During November–January, regional convection responds to the SST forcing in the northern SCS through modulation of the low-level convergence and atmospheric stability. Evaluation of the precipitation–SST and precipitation–SST tendency correlation in 24 selected models from CMIP5 indicates that the simulated atmosphere–ocean relationship varies widely among the models. Most models have the worst performance in spring. On average, the models simulate better the atmospheric forcing than the oceanic forcing. Improvements are needed for many models before they can be used to understand the regional atmosphere–ocean interactions in the SCS region.     

On the warm/cold regime shift in the South China Sea: Observation and modeling study

Remote sensing data sets and a high-resolution three-dimensional regional ocean model were utilized to investigate the shifting of warm/cold regime and the associated sea level variation in the South China Sea (SCS) during 2000–2003. Both the altimetry data and the model results showed an increase in the sea level (warm phase) followed by an abrupt decrease (cold phase) in the SCS during 2000–2003. Heat budget calculations performed with the model revealed excess heat advection from the western Pacific warm pool into the SCS during the warm phase than the cold phase. The warm phase, which occurred during La Niña episodes, resulted from the intrusion of abnormally warmer western Pacific water that increased the heat content and thus sea level in the SCS. The cold phase, which occurred during El Niño episodes, was triggered by a reduction in the net atmospheric heat flux followed by cold water advection into the SCS. Decrease in the rate of precipitation minus evaporation (P?E) also accounted for the falling of sea level during cold phase. The present study integrated the available remote sensing data and advanced numerical model to identify the time-dependent three-dimensional dynamic and thermodynamic forcing that are important in governing the warm/cold regime shift in the SCS.     

南海暖水季节和年际变化的初步研究

南海暖水具有明显的季节和年际变化。利用气候平均的COADS资料和NCEP大气资料分析了南海暖水的季节变化及其与海面净热通量的关系,以及由此引起的南海地区大气环流的变化。发现海面净热通量在南海暖水的季节变化过程中起到了主要的作用;冬季无暖水存在时,最大上升气流位于赤道及以南地区的印尼群岛附近,夏季最大上升气流北移到了南海暖水上空,南海暖水上空对流强烈,成为大气的对流活动中心。利用50年逐月的SODA海温资料进行垂直方向的3次样条插值,定义并计算南海暖水的强度指数,分析南海暖水的年际变化,并对南海暖水的几个异常暖年份作了合成分析,探讨了暖水年际变化的形成因素。     

吕宋海峡西部深海盆内孤立波潜标观测研究

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.     

南海季风型海-气耦合模态的时空特征及其与中国夏季降水的关系

使用NCEP/NCAR的海表温度(SST)、海面10 m风场的月平均再分析资料,用联合SVD(CSVD)的方法研究了不同季节南海的海气耦合模的时空分布特征及其与中国夏季降水的关系。通过对不同季节的海-气耦合模的年际变化特征的分析。结果发现:第一模态为最显著模态,模态协方差贡献比在四季均超过80%,空间上SST表现为与南海等深线相一致的海盆模态,风场上主要表现为弱的冬季风或弱的夏季风,各个季节的海-气耦合模态都主要反映了SST-蒸发-风反馈这样1种正反馈的海-气相互作用过程,而且冬季风期间这种相互作用要更强烈些。时间系数均主要表现为一致的上升趋势和1976年前后的年代际突变,以及与ENSO相关的年际变化特征。冬、夏季弱的季风对应暖SST的特征体现了这种耦合模态隔季相关的特征,都对应夏季华南旱(涝)、江南涝(旱),华北、山东半岛旱(涝),东北涝(旱)这样1种波列状的旱涝相间分布。     

The atmospheric hinder for intraseasonal sea-air interaction over the Bay of Bengal during Indian summer monsoon in CMIP6

The surroundings of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) suffer a lot from the extreme rainfall events during Indian summer monsoon (ISM). Previous studies have proved that the sea-air interaction is an important factor for the monsoonal precipitation. Using the 6th Coupled Modol Inter-comparison Project (CMIP6) models, this study examined the biases of surface heat flux, which is the main connection between atmosphere and ocean. Results show that although CMIP6 have a better simulation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over BoB than the previous ones, the “atmospheric blockage” still delays the response of latent heat flux to the oceanic forcing. Specifically, during the increment of positive latent heat flux in CMIP6, the negative contribution from wind effects covers most of the positive contribution from humidity effects, due to the underestimate of humidity effects. Further diagnostic analysis denote that the surface air humidity has a quarter of a phase ahead of warm SST in observation, but gets wet along with the warm SST accordingly in most CMIP6 models. As a result, the simulated transfer of intraseasonal moisture flux is hindered between ocean and atmosphere. Therefore, as a bridge between both sides, the atmospheric boundary layer is essential for a better sea-air coupled simulation, especially when the atmospheric and the oceanic variabilities involved in a climate model becomes increasingly sophisticated. The surface air humidity and boundary layer processes require more attention as well as better simulations.     

吕宋海峡Ekman输运和南海SST的相关性分析

在利用1950—2009年NCEP(National Center for Environmental Prediction)资料分析风场数据的基础上,计算吕宋海峡的Ekman输运,研究表明其存在显著的季节变化,除了夏季外,其它季节均为由太平洋向南海输运。分析吕宋海峡Ekman输运和南海海盆表征上层热力状况的海表面温度SST(Sea Surface Temperature)之间的关系发现:在年内时间尺度上,两者不存在显著的同期相关,Ekman输运对SST的影响开始于一个月之后,从北部向南扩展,第二个月最为明显,并扩展至整个海盆,第三个月开始衰减,第四个月影响消失,且相关性为正;在年际尺度上,吕宋海峡Ek-man输运的异常同南海SSTA(Sea Surface Temperature Abnormal)的第二模态存在显著的相关联系,并且吕宋海峡Ekman输运和南海SSTA的相关关系在北部为正,南部为负。吕宋海峡Ekman输运调制南海大尺度环流,通过暖、冷平流的作用影响南海SST的变化。     

利用HOAPS资料研究南海海气界面热通量时空分布

基于第二版本HOAPS(Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite data)潜热、感热和海表温度(SST)3个参量的15 a(1988~2002年)逐月平均资料,利用经验正交方法分解分析了这3个参量在南海的时空分布.结果表明,在夏季模态,潜热表现为南高北低,感热表现为中间低两边高,两者主要都是海洋向大气输送热量,但大气有时也向南海中部输送感热;在冬季模态,潜热和感热的高值区都在南海北部,东北部有一强中心,该中心主要是由风场引起的;夏季SST的变化导致全年SST呈准半年周期变化.冬季SST的变化滞后于潜热变化1个月;除夏季和冬季模态外,冬夏转换季节模态也十分明显;HOAPS与NCEP(National Center of Environment Prediction)资料相比,两者3个参量的时空分布大体一致,区别在于HOAPS资料能更好地反映参量的一些细微特征.     

南海表层水温年际变化的大尺度特征

通过对COADS海洋气象资料的分析,得出南海表层水温(SST)年际变化的若干大尺度特征.结果表明:南海SST年际具有一定的准周期性,其显著周期为24～30个月;南海SST年际变化与年循环之间有着一种锁相关系,关键位相在于北半球冬春季节;南海典型冷暖年份合成SST距平场的时空结构十分相似;在年际时间尺度上,南海SST和南方涛动指数有反相关系,与经向风海面热收支之间有同位相关系;南海暖池面积指数的年际变化与南海SST年际变化一致.     

夏季巴拉望岛西北部海域净热通量的时空变化特征和形成机理初析

利用OAFLUX气候态月平均热通量资料及TMI云量、降雨、SST和QuikScat风场资料,对南海、特别是巴拉望岛西北海域净热通量的时空特征进行了深入分析.研究发现,夏季在巴拉望岛西北海域存在一局域净热通量极小值区,在7月份该海域海洋甚至呈现失热达20 W/m2情况.分析认为该局地净热通量异常可能与南海暖水的发生、发展有关,即由于西南季风爆发,巴拉望岛西北海域对流加强,一方面,蒸发增大使得潜热增大、云量增多,导致入射太阳短波辐射的减少;另一方面,降水的增大使得该海域出现障碍层现象,障碍层导致的局地海温正反馈进一步增强了局地对流,从而加剧海洋失热过程,促成了巴拉望岛西北海域净热通量局地异常的出现.进一步的经验正交模态（EOF）分析表明,在季节变化尺度上,南海净热通量的第一模态（89.1%）呈同位相变化,反映了南海受冬、夏季风的交替驱动特征;其中南海北部（海南岛至台湾海峡南段的带状海域）为振幅最大区,这与该海域存在年平均最大风速有关;第二模态（10.0%）以吕宋岛至雷州半岛一线为界,南北两侧反相,并具有显著的局域特征;不仅反映了黑潮入侵与南海环流的季节变化,而且还发现巴拉望岛西北海域存在一局地极值域,对应夏季净热通量异常区.     

南海混合层深度的季节变化及年际变化特征

通过分析新的SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)资料,得到南海混合层时空场的分布特征,剖析了南海混合层深度的季节及年际变化特征。资料分析表明:南海混合层存在着显著的季节和年际变化,且两者的均方差分布存在一定的差异。在季节变化中,冬季混合层在南海北部及西北陆架区深,在南海南部及吕宋冷涡处浅;夏季混合层在南海西北部浅,东南深。南海这种混合层深度分布特征除了与热通量的季节变化有关外,在相当大的程度上与季风引起的Ekman输送及Ekman抽吸有关。混合层深度距平场EOF(Empirical Othorgnal Function)第一模和第二模时间变化的主信号均为周期的年际变化信号,其中第一模态约为3 a,第二模态则有1.8,2.4和4.3 a的3个显著周期。EOF第一模显示混合层深度在南海东南部年际变化幅度最大,且滞后Nino3指数7个月时相关性最好(相关系数为0.422 3);EOF第二模显示在南海南部和北部混合层深度呈反位相变化。     

西太平洋暖池区域热通量变化及其与南海夏季风爆发的关系

利用卫星遥感资料反演出的海洋大气参数,应用目前世界较为先进的通量算法(CORAER 3.0),计算了西太平洋区域海-气热通量(感热通量和潜热通量)。首先分析了海-气热通量的多年平均场和气候场变化的基本特征,以及年际和年代际变化特征;进而对其与南海夏季风爆发之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,西太平洋海-气热通量具有明显的时空分布特征,感热通量的最大值出现在黑潮区域,潜热通量的最大值出现在北赤道流区和黑潮区域。在气候平均场中,黑潮区域的感热通量和潜热通量最大值均出现在冬季,最小值出现在夏季;暖池区域感热通量除了春季较小外,冬、夏和秋季基本相同,而潜热通量最大值出现在秋、冬季,最小值出现在春、夏季。另外,海-气热通量还具有显著的年际变化和年代际变化,感热通量和潜热通量均存在16 a周期,与南海夏季风爆发存在相同的周期。由相关分析可知,4月份暖池区域的海-气热通量与滞后3 a的南海夏季风爆发之间存在密切相关关系,这种时滞相关性,可以用于进行南海夏季风爆发的预测,为我国汛期降水预报提供科学依据。基于以上结论,建立多元回归方程对2012年的南海夏季风爆发进行了预测,预测2012年南海夏季风爆发将偏晚1～2候左右。     

热带大西洋年际和年代际变率的时空结构模拟

使用美国夏威夷大学发展的中等复杂程度海洋模式(IOM)在给定表面强迫条件下模拟了热带大西洋上层海洋年际和年代际变率的时空结构.利用NCEP的41a(1958～1998年)逐月平均表面资料作为强迫场,积分海洋模式41a作为控制试验,并利用模式分别做动量(风应力)通量和热量通量无异常变化的平行试验,与控制试验作比较.对3组试验模拟上层海洋变率状况的比较,并按年际和年代际时间尺度分别分析,揭示表面风应力和热通量异常对海表面温度和温跃层深度变化的影响,并比较了其影响的相对重要性.结果表明模式成功地模拟出了热带大西洋上层海洋的变率.模式模拟的海表面温度年际变化主要表现为弱ENSO型,年代际变化表现为南、北大西洋变化相反的偶极子型.在年际时间尺度上,热力强迫和动力强迫对海表温度变化都有贡献,其中赤道外海表面温度异常(SSTA)变化主要由热通量异常引起,而近赤道SSTA的变化主要由动量异常强迫引起.在年代际时间尺度上,热通量强迫的作用远比动量强迫重要.模式不仅能够模拟SST在年际和年代际时间尺度上的变率,还能够模拟温跃层深度在年际和年代际时间尺度上的变率.年际和年代际时间尺度上,温跃层深度的变率主要由动量异常决定,热通量异常强迫的贡献很小.     

Variability of sensible heat flux over the Bay of Bengal and its connection to Indian Ocean Dipole events

The Bay of Bengal (BOB) is known to possess complex thermodynamics which show distinct seasonal patterns. Surface heat fluxes in the BOB are very much dependant on upper ocean heat exchanges and wind. Sensible heat flux (SHF) is also one among those fluxes that depends on air-sea temperature difference and wind. However, this study further proves that a strong relationship exists between barrier layer thickness (BLT) and SHF variability that has not been focussed on in earlier literatures. This study also investigates the seasonal as well as inter-annual variability of SHF and its relationship with BLT and sea surface temperature (SST) patterns in more detail with statistical analyses. It is found that both SST and BLT are responsible for the evolution of SHF signal in the BOB although their effects are spatially distributed. During the post monsoon period, freshwater induced enhanced BLT is more related to SHF than the summer time when effect of SST is found to be dominant. During Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) years, the correlation between SHF and BLT in the eastern BOB is more pronounced compared to SHF and SST. The western BOB however is dominated by SST variations for the respective IOD phase which also contribute to SHF signals there. Northernmost BOB shows high standard deviation due to river discharge effects.     

东海陆架表层水温年际变化时空特征分析

结合东海沿岸嵊山(北)和厦门(南)站1960—2001年海表温度(SST)监测数据与东中国海1982—2011年AVHRR水温资料,讨论了台站监测的空间代表范围,分析了东海陆架SST年际变化的时空特征。结果表明,嵊山和厦门站SST变化分别代表内陆架和台湾海峡。东海陆架52年来SST总体呈升温趋势,冬季最为显著;内陆架的升幅远大于台湾海峡。内陆架水温冬季分别在1977年和1995年发生两次跃升,共升温2.34℃;春、夏、秋季均在1994年发生冷暖转折,分别升高1.19℃、1.43℃和1.16℃。台湾海峡水温冬季在1989年跃升0.91℃,夏季在1987年跃升0.38℃,春、秋季则在1996—1997年间分别升温0.80℃和0.58℃。全年水温变化最大处在长江口附近内陆架海区,可能的主导因素是低盐水与外海水混合:随季风、降水、径流变化的沿岸流、长江冲淡水和台湾暖流给该区域带来不同水团,使得热量向下层输运减少,从而导致东海内陆架升温快于其它海区。     

2008/2009年冬季南海冷涌天气过程的海-气热通量交换及热量收支

冬季风期(11月—翌年3月)南海显著的气候特点是盛行东北季风并频繁地发生冷涌天气过程。使用2008年10月到2009年4月在西沙群岛永兴岛近海进行的海-气通量观测试验资料,分析了西沙海域冬季风期,尤其是冷涌时段的海-气通量交换和热量收支特征。结果表明:冬季风前期由于海-气温差增大,感热通量比西南季风期稍增加;潜热通量平均值与西南季风期接近;太阳总辐射明显降低,大气长波辐射减小,海洋热量净收入成为负值,使得秋季之后海面温度不断降低。冷涌期间海-气之间的感热通量高于冬季风期平均值,潜热通量大部分(1月份之前)也高于冬季风期平均值;由于潜热通量增大和太阳短波辐射减小,1月份之前的冷涌过程海洋热量净收支普遍出现较大负值,海洋失热量强于冬季风期,甚至强于2008年台风过程平均值。到了冬季后期太阳总辐射增强,海洋热量净收入转为正值,海水温度又逐渐升高。季节之间比较,观测区感热通量以冬季风期间最大,秋季次之,春季最小;而潜热通量夏季风期出现最大值,冬季次之,秋季最小。     

北太平洋热通量场的时空变化特征及其与大气环流的关系

利用ＣＯＡＤＳ资料，首先计算了１９４９－１９７９年逐月北太平洋洋面的潜热通量与感热通量之和，并进行ＥＯＦ分解，然后分析它们的时空变化特征。结果表明：１、在北太平洋，季平均热通值的季节变化具有两种形式，而且主要决定于风速值的季节变化，尤以东亚季风的效应为最明显。２、暖池区全年平均的多年月平均热通量及其标准差都居北太平洋诸洋流区之首。３、北太平洋异常热通量场具有最重要的两种类型。１月异常热通量主要类型     

亚印太交汇区海表温度的分布和变化特征及其对中国降水的影响

利用1967-2009年的逐月海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料和降水资料,以及经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)和相关分析方法,探讨了亚印太交汇区(Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Oce...     

Impacts of a wind stress and a buoyancy flux on the seasonal variation of mixing layer depth in the South China Sea

The seasonal variation of mixing layer depth(MLD) in the ocean is determined by a wind stress and a buoyance flux.A South China Sea(SCS) ocean data assimilation system is used to analyze the seasonal cycle of its MLD.It is found that the variability of MLD in the SCS is shallow in summer and deep in winter,as is the case in general.Owing to local atmosphere forcing and ocean dynamics,the seasonal variability shows a regional characteristic in the SCS.In the northern SCS,the MLD is shallow in summer and deep in winter,affected coherently by the wind stress and the buoyance flux.The variation of MLD in the west is close to that in the central SCS,influenced by the advection of strong western boundary currents.The eastern SCS presents an annual cycle,which is deep in summer and shallow in winter,primarily impacted by a heat flux on the air-sea interface.So regional characteristic needs to be cared in the analysis about the MLD of SCS.     

全球大洋季节内尺度上海-气相互作用特征分析

判定局地海-气相互作用的特征对海-气耦合模式中应用哪种形式的“强迫模拟”具有重要指导作用。本文根据海表热通量异常与海表温度异常及海表温度变率之间的相关关系,对全球大洋季节内尺度上的海-气相互作用特征进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)南、北半球亚热带地区海-气相互作用的特征主要表现为大气对海洋的强迫,且在夏季(北半球为6—8月,南半球为12—翌年2月)强迫作用的范围最大,冬季强迫作用的范围最小;(2)赤道中、东太平洋及赤道大西洋地区海-气相互作用的特征全年表现为海洋对大气的强迫,印度洋索马里沿岸、阿拉伯海以及孟加拉湾地区仅在6—8月表现出海洋强迫大气的现象,而孟加拉湾则在9—11月表现为大气强迫海洋;(3)45°N(S)以上的高纬度地区海表温度的异常和变率无法用局地热通量的交换来解释,这是因为该区域海表温度的变化主要由平流等海洋内部动力过程决定,因此海-气之间在季节内尺度上的相互作用不明显。在某些海区,季节内尺度上的海-气相互作用关系与季节以上时间尺度的这种关系可能会有明显不同。