气象网络维护的小技巧

１引言气象业务网络有一个特点，就是处理的对象大多数是实时资料。因而很多计算机是不需要保留历史资料的（例如：PCVSAT单收站、MICAPS平台等），并且保证业务运行的系统软件和应用软件是固定的。基于这一点，为网络中处理实时资料的计算机做一个永久备份。当这些计算机出现不容易排除的故障时，就可以利用这些备份在几分钟之内恢复正常运行。下面介绍利用GHOST和DiskGenius两个软件来完成这工作的方法。２分区在分区的时候，为GHOST克隆出的映像文件划分一个独立的分区。如果使用的是WINDOWS９８操作系统，这个分区大小为５…     

使用Ghost自动备份和恢复操作系统

当计算机出现非法操作、死机、运行缓慢、病毒或者操作的失误,导致硬盘上的数据丢失和系统崩溃如此类问题时,采用Ghost软件自动备份和恢复操作系统。     

GHOST软件在气象影视设备维护中的应用

介绍了如何利用GHOST软件的硬盘复制功能，对河南省气象影视中心内各种含计算机影视设备的业务软件系统进行备份。这种操作方式简化了设备维护操作，缩短了安装(恢复)软件系统的时间，以确保电视气象节目制作和播出的正常进行。     

GHOST软件在气象影视设备维护中的应用

介绍了如何利用GHOST软件的硬盘复制功能,对河南省气象影视中心内各种含计算机影视设备的业务软件系统进行备份.这种操作方式简化了设备维护操作,缩短了安装(恢复)软件系统的时间,以确保电视气象节目制作和播出的正常进行.     

地市级网络安全分析与防范措施

1　网络常见安全漏洞及对策1 .1　操作系统和应用软件的缺省安装操作系统和应用软件缺省安装 ,往往会造成系统庞大 ,速度慢。防范措施 :卸载不必要的软件 ;关掉不必要的服务和端口 ;不要随意安装自己看不懂或不了解的软件 ,特别是非汉化软件。1 .2　没有备份或者备份不完整数据没有进行有效的备份 ;根本没有备份或不去确认备份是否有效 ;备份数据被黑客破坏等。为了气象数据的完整性、正确性、有效性 ,最低要求一周做一次完整的备份 ,每天再做增量备份 ;至少一个月对备份介质做一次测试 ,以保证数据确实被正确的保存下来 ;重要气象资料数据…     

Allway Sync软件在地面测报工作中的应用

自动气象站弥补了以往纯人工监测的时次少、数据不连续等不足。数据采集频度增大后,如何保证数据的完整性,防止系统出现操作失误或系统故障以及其它原因导致的数据丢失,地面气象资料的数据备份工作就相当重要。现以Allway Sync软件在地面测报工作中的应用为例,在地面气象测报业务软件OSSMO 2004环境下,在设定好相应的路径、自动备份参数、定时备份时间等选项后可以实现地面观测业务数据的自动备份,在地面测报业务计算机出现故障时可以实现直接更换计算机,及时用正常备份的计算机替换故障计算机,保证数据的完整性、连续性,确保了业务的正常运行。     

地面气象测报数据的自动备份

地面气象测报使用计算机处理数据、编发报后,业务质量提高了,但系统软件和硬盘故障又会对地面测报数据造成破坏,还容易受病毒攻击。为了避免人为或计算机病毒等原因,造成计算机内的数据和参数丢失,各站均应做好自动站的数据、参数备份,一般可采用计算机异地存盘、刻录等。本文通过Windows操作系统的计划任务功能,利用简单的批处理程序,实现每日对测报的数据进行异地存盘备份。     

自动气象站备份机业务系统实现同步备份

大多数气象台站都配备了自动站备份计算机,安装了相应的地面气象测报业务系统软件,自动站数据也进行了必要的备份。但是,由于备份计算机管理不到位,一旦遇自动站值班机故障,备份机往往无法短时恢复替换值班计算机。利用两次同步备份,实现自动气象站备份机业务系统和资料与值班机同步。当自动站值班机故障时,可快速启用备份机进行自动站测报业务应急工作。     

新型自动气象站备份计算机的维护与应用

通过对新型自动气象站备份计算机功能与作用的分析,提出备份计算机的管理和应用工作要点,以便让基层台站观测员在新型自动气象站业务计算机或业务软件出现故障时,能够及时启用新型自动气象站备份计算机进行工作,让新型自动气象站备份计算机在实际工作中能起到应急作用。     

Unix下打包命令的使用

本人在Unix系统业务使用（特别是数据管理与备份）中，经过一番研究，整理后，充分利用Unix系统本身的命令tar,cpio和compress等来做数据的打包和压缩，使之充当类似DOS操作系统下的压缩软件，具有通用性。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...