ON FRACTAL MECHANISM OF COASTLINE —A Case Study of China

MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper“How long is the coast-line of Britain?“ published in “Science“in 1967.The fractal concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since.According to the fractal theory and conditions of fractal research of coastline,the controls of faults and biologic function on the fractal character of coastline are preliminarily discussed on the basis of GIS in this paper.Finally,some significant conclusions are drawn:1)the faults control the basic trends of coastlines of two study areas;2)the fractal dimension of coastline of Taiwan is smaller than that of Changle-Lufent,because the faults of Taiwan more intensely control the trend and fractal dimension of the coastline;3)the larger the fractal dimension of the faults or the major faults ,the more the controlling effect of them on the trend and fractal dimension of coastline;4)the larger fractal dimension of the coastline of Changle-Lufeng indicates that the biologic function intensely shapes the coastline .In a word ,the controls of faults and biologic function on the fractal character of coastline are discussed with a case study of China in this paper,it can be seen that faults and biologic function both have influence over the trend and fractal dimension of coastline,the fractal mechanism of coastline of two study areas may be so.     

INFLUENCE OF SERIES OF SQUARE GRIDS ON FRACTAL DIMENSIONS—A Case Study of Mountains of China＇s Mainland

MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper “How long is the coastline of Britain?” published in Science in 1967. The fractal concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since. Although fractal dimensions of lots of phenomena were calculated by the box-counting method, the quantitative influence of series of square grids on them is ignored. The issue is systematically discussed as a case study of the mountains of China‘s Mainland in this paper. And some significant conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) Although the fractal character objectively exists in the mountains of China‘s Mainland, and it does not vary with the changes of series of square grids, the fractal dimensions of the mountains of China‘s Mainland are different with these changes. 2) The fractal dimensions of the mountains of China‘s Mainlandvary with the average lengths of sides of series of square grids. The fractal dimension of the mountains of China‘s Mainland is the function of the average length of side of square grid. They conform to the formula D=f(r) (where D is the fractal dimension, and r is the average length of side of square grid). 3) Different dots of data collection can affect the fractal dimension of the mountains of China‘s Mainland. 4) The same range of length of side of square grid and dots of data collection can ensure the comparison of fractal dimensions of the mountains of China‘ s Mainland. The research is helpful to get the more understanding of fractal and fractal dimension, and ensure that the fractal studies would be scientific.     

A Holocene Yalu River-derived fine-grained deposit in the southeast coastal area of the Liaodong Peninsula

High-resolution seismic profiles and surface samples were studied in detail in order to determine the structures, provenance, and dynamic mechanisms of a fine-grained deposit in the southeast coastal area of the Liaodong Peninsula, China. Results indicate that there is a prominent fine-grained deposit distributed alongshore up to 14 m thick, which thins out to less than 2 m in both seaward and landward directions, forming an Ω-shaped pattern of cross-section. The deposit is 180–300 km away from the Yalu River mouth and extends along the southeast coast of the Liaodong Peninsula between the northeast of Dalian Bay and southwest of the Changshan Islands, in water depths of 20–40 m. The deposit, which is mainly derived from the Yalu River, represents a Holocene Highstand System Tract sequence formed since the highest sea level around 7.0 ka. The Yalu River-derived sediments were redeposited in the area off the southeast coast of the Liaodong Peninsula after resuspension and transportation by the Liaonan Coastal Current.     

论矿床的分形性质

地壳中元素和矿化分布的不均匀性是一个普遍规律。从超大型矿床→大型矿床→小型矿床→矿点、矿化点（或高异常点）的分布，是近似于从有限稀硫分布逼近无穷多且无限稀硫分布。因此可以把矿床的分布看成是随机康托集（Cantordust）在空间上的分布。浙江中生代热液萤石、银、铅锌矿床的分形丛集分布存在于两个尺度范围内，分形丛集的分维数为0．196～0．40（1～20km）和1．161～1．219（20～750km）。矿床的频度—大小分布也是分形的，其储量分形分布的分维数为：萤石（中国）D=2．13；萤石（浙江）D=2．34；银（浙江）D=1．63；铅锌（浙江）D=2．27；钨（中国）D=2．16；铜（世界）D=2．55。我们认为，矿床储量的分形分布，对于各种标度的成矿作用可能是一个普遍性的特征。根据矿床的频度—大小分形关系，有可能对一地区大于某一指定储量的潜在矿床数作出预测。     

利用黄河泥沙围出“渤海湖”的初步设想

本文是一个关于将渤海变成淡水湖的水利工程的构想。让黄河的大量泥沙通过人工导流的方式沿莱州湾南岸与渤海海峡沉积延伸,产生的陆地将渤海封闭并逐渐形成淡水湖。这一工程将陆地连接山东半岛与辽东半岛,并为华北提供巨大淡水库,具有显著的经济、生态效益。具体实施上,可通过两道渔网式围栏促使黄河泥沙定点沉积并阻挡浪潮侵蚀,通过加强汛期水量增加黄河口泥沙。     

地学现象的分维与标度关系——以中国大陆山系为例

分形理论产生以后,已经在许多领域里取得了较为广泛的应用,但是在分形维数的计算方面仍存在一定的问题,最根本的问题之一是大量相关研究往往忽略了标度问题的影响,而将计算出的分维结果随意比较。本文则是以中国大陆山系为例,对地学现象的分维与标度的关系进行了研究,得出:(1)中国大陆山系的分形性质是客观存在的,其分形性质是不以测算标度而出现变化的,是始终存在的;(2)虽然在不同的测算标度下,中国大陆山系的分形性质始终是客观存在的,但是随着测算标度范围的变化,中国大陆山系的分维也会相应地出现一定的变化,即中国大陆山系客观存在的分形性质是绝对的,而分维则是一个相对的值,是随着测算标度而出现变化的;(3)分维不仅随着测算标度的变化而出现一定的变化,而且,分维是测算平均标度的函数,即D=f(r)(式中:r为测算平均标度,D为分维)关系成立;(4)因为分维值会随着不同标度范围的变化而出现相应的变化,所以,如果要进行分维之间的比较,则应选择相同的标度范围和标度值点。     

海上丝绸之路起点——泉州港岸线变化的遥感动态研究

泉州港作为古代海上丝绸之路的起点,今天又成为21世纪“一带一路”的新起点。本文以泉州港1990-2014年共6期的Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像为数据源,综合应用遥感和GIS技术提取了泉州港的海岸线及海域变化信息,从海岸线的长度、变化速率、分形维数、海域变化面积和海域利用类型5个方面进行海岸线变化及其驱动力分析。研究表明：近24年来,泉州港海岸线长度增加了37.78 km,海岸线的形状总体稳定,但在局部有明显变化。海岸线变化导致的海域变化面积为68.02 km²,其中,建设用地(城市和港口建设)占用的比例最大,围海养殖也是一个重要的利用类型。但泉州港围填海新增面积的利用率不高,超过一半的围填海面积尚未被合理地开发利用。总的来看,新城区建设、临港工业产业兴起和农渔业发展导致了泉州港海岸线的变化。     

分形定量选择遥感影像最佳空间分辨率的方法与实验

遥感影像观测尺度是遥感信息提取研究的重要内容之一,也是遥感信息提取的焦点。以往,遥感影像尺度特征的分析大多基于地统计学,其主要体现遥感影像中的线性特征,而实质上遥感影像中既存在线性特征,又存在非线性特征。因此,在深入剖析遥感影像尺度效应及分形特征机理的基础上,本文探讨了分形理论定量选择遥感影像最佳空间分辨率（也称最佳像元观测尺度）的方法。以IKONOS全色影像的建筑用地、耕地、林地为研究对象,分别使用FBM、DBM、TPM 3种分形维数计算模型,实现了3种地物在不同空间分辨率下分形维数的计算。实验结果表明,每种地物的分形维数是随空间分辨率的增大,总体呈下降趋势,且在某些特征空间分辨率上会出现拐点。从遥感影像尺度效应分析可知,遥感影像空间格局随尺度的不同,其内部结构也不同。且随着尺度的增大,很多细节将会被忽略,影像的粗糙度也随着降低。而分形维数是目前为止描述对象自相似性和不规则度的唯一基本量化值,其直观上与物体表面的粗糙程度相吻合。因此,这些拐点对应的分形维数对地物的最佳空间分辨率的选择具有一定指示意义。通过本文研究可知,使用分形理论方法研究遥感影像最佳空间分辨率（或最佳像元观测尺度）,打破以往观测尺度方法研究范畴,从不同角度去分析遥感影像观测尺度问题对GIS研究与地学应用具有一定的理论和指导意义。     

中国省级行政区边界形状的GIS分析

本文借助GIS软件支持,计算了我国32个省的平面轮廓形状的分维、形状指数和紧凑度。结果表明,形状复杂(边缘复杂程度高,破碎度较大)的省(区)主要集中在东部及沿海地区;形状较紧凑的省(区)主要集中在西部地区,东部省与西部省的形状特征有较大差异。另探讨了各地区的地理气候环境和历史人文特征所致的主要原因,并初步分析了各特征对交通等组织的影响。     

全国山洪灾害防治县房屋损毁风险评估及原因探究

中国山洪灾害造成的经济损失在各类灾害损失中所占比重日趋增大,其中房屋损毁是造成经济损失和人员伤亡的重要因素。本文以房屋为研究对象,基于全国山洪灾害调查评价提供的数据,分析房屋暴露量的时空分布特征,构建山洪灾害房屋损毁风险评估模型,对房屋损毁风险进行分析及原因探究。结果表明：① 中国山洪灾害防治县以一层住宅为主,占比达50%以上的防治县分布范围大致与中国第二、三阶梯分界线一致;砖混结构仍为迄今为止中国山区农村运用最为广泛的房屋结构类型,其次为砖木结构,再次为钢混结构和其它结构;② 中国山洪灾害防治县房屋脆弱性呈现西北高、东南低的整体空间格局;房屋损毁风险呈现东部高、西部低的空间分布特征,且损毁风险较高的地区呈带状或集聚状态分布。损毁风险很高的地区集中于辽东半岛、山东半岛、海南岛及东南沿海地带,且在燕山-太行山区呈现沿东北-西南方向的条带状分布,损毁风险较高的地区主要分布于太行山区及长江中下游地区;③ 房屋类型对山洪灾害房屋损毁风险贡献度较高的地区主要为山东省、山西省及河北省;山洪强度对房屋损毁风险贡献率较高的地区主要呈3条条带状分布：燕山-太行山分布带、浙闽滨海丘陵分布带、两广滨海分布带。     

近40年来珠江河口区海岸线时空变化特征及驱动力分析

海岸线对海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、港湾淤积、湿地生态资源、近海海域环境等具有重要的指示作用。利用遥感和GIS技术获取了珠江河口区1973-2015年8期海岸线数据,分析了海岸线长度、类型、空间位置的时空演化特征,提出岸线利用程度指数并定量分析人类活动对岸线的影响,最后对海岸线变化驱动力进行了探讨。结果表明：① 珠江河口区海岸线长度总体持续增加,岸线变化强度具有阶段性,1990年以前变化缓慢,1990-2000年为变化高峰期,2000年后变化强度减弱;② 1973-1990年珠江河口区以自然岸线为主,之后人工岸线成为主导岸线类型,建设围堤岸线1973年占总长度的7.09%,2015年所占比例增加到46.49%,在所有岸线类型中变化最大、比例最高;③ 研究期内,珠江河口区海岸线以向海域推进为主,年均速率达到39.10 m/a,鸡啼门-虎跳门段、磨刀门-鸡啼门段和蕉门-洪奇门段为向海延伸的热点区域;④ 40年来岸线利用程度指数稳定上升,1995年前增速较快,之后相对平缓。伶仃洋东岸岸线利用程度增幅最大;⑤ 口门整治、开发建设和围海养殖等人为活动是珠江口海岸线发生变化的主要原因,自然环境条件、人口和经济的增长以及政策因素是岸线演变的重要驱动力。     

Climatology and seasonal variability of satellite-derived chlorophyll a around the Shandong Peninsula

The chlorophyll a(Chl a) is an important indicator of marine ecosystems. The spatiotemporal variation of the Chl a greatly aff ects the mariculture and marine ranching in coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula. In the current study, the climatology and seasonal variability of surface Chl-a concentration around the Shandong Peninsula are investigated based on 16 years(December 2002–November 2018) of satellite observations. The results indicate that the annual mean Chl-a concentration is greater in the Bohai Sea than in the Yellow Sea and decreases from coastal waters to off shore waters. The highest Chl-a concentrations are found in Laizhou Bay(4.2–8.0 mg/m 3), Haizhou Bay(4.2–5.9 mg/m 3) and the northeast coast of the Shandong Peninsula(4.4–5.0 mg/m 3), resulting from the combined eff ects of the intense riverine input and long residence time caused by the concave shape of the coastline. The seasonal Chl-a concentration shows a signifi cant spatial variation. The Chl-a concentrations in these three subregions generally exhibit an annual maximum in August/September, due to the combined eff ects of sea surface temperature, river discharge and sea surface wind. In the southeast coast region, however, the Chl-a concentration is lowest throughout the year and reaches a maximum in February with a minimum in July, forced by the seasonal evolution of the Yellow Sea Cold Water and monsoon winds. The interannual Chl-a concentration trends vary among regions and seasons. There are signifi cant increasing trends over a large area around Haizhou Bay from winter to summer, which are mainly caused by the rising sea surface temperature and eutrophication. In other coastal areas, the Chl-a concentration shows decreasing trends, which are clearest in summer and induced by the weakening land rainfall. This study highlights the diff erences in the Chl-a dynamics among regions around the Shandong Peninsula and is helpful for further studies of coupled physical-ecological-human interactions at multiple scales.     

Numerical study on inter-tidal transports in coastal seas

Inter-tidal(subtidal) transport processes in coastal sea depend on the residual motion, turbulent dispersion and relevant sources/sinks. In Feng et al.(2008), an updated Lagrangian inter-tidal transport equation, as well as new concept of Lagrangian in- ter-tidal concentration(LIC), has been proposed for a general nonlinear shallow water system. In the present study, the LIC is nu- merically applied for the first time to passive tracers in idealized settings and salinity in the Bohai Sea, China. Circulation and tracer motion in the three idealized model seas with different topography or coastline, termed as ‘flat-bottom', ‘stairs' and ‘cape' case, re- spectively, are simulated. The dependence of the LIC on initial tidal phase suggests that the nonlinearities in the stairs and cape cases are stronger than that in the flat-bottom case. Therefore, the ‘flat-bottom' case still meets the convectively weakly nonlinear condi- tion. For the Bohai Sea, the simulation results show that most parts of it still meet the weakly nonlinear condition. However, the de- pendence of the LIS(Lagrangian inter-tidal salinity) on initial tidal phase is significant around the southern headland of the Liaodong Peninsula and near the mouth of the Yellow River. The nonlinearity in the former region is mainly related to the complicated coast- lines, and that in the latter region is due to the presence of the estuarine salinity front.     

THE OPEN PORT SYSTEM IN NORTHEAST CHINA

I.~~IC~acacomeNacacomenawoadsiN~chIcInChinawiththeimplementofthestrategyofoverallopeninguptotheoutsideworld,NortheastChinahasbasicallyformedanopenpatternwithsimultineousdevelopmentofborderopeningandcoastopening.Althoughthecoastopeningissmallerindegree,theherderopeningtakesanimnytantPOsitioninChina.Borderopeningandcoastopeninghavedifferentdirections,presentingthefollowingaspects.First,asfortheopeningaim,borderopeningaimstoutilizefrontiersuperiorityonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit,tofor…     

Sedimentary evolution of the Holocene subaqueous clinoform off the southern Shandong Peninsula in the Western South Yellow Sea

Based on the stratigraphic sequence formed since the last glaciation and revealed by 3000 km long high-resolution shallow seismic profiles and the core QDZ03 acquired recently off the southern Shandong Peninsula, we addressed the sedimentary characteristics of a Holocene subaqueous clinoform in this paper. Integrated analyses were made on the core QDZ03, including sedimentary facies, sediment grain sizes, clay minerals, geochemistry, micro paleontology, and AMS 14 C dating. The result indicates that there exists a Holocene subaqueous clinoform, whose bottom boundary generally lies at 15–40 m below the present sea level with its depth contours roughly parallel to the coast and getting deeper seawards. The maximum thickness of the clinoform is up to 22.5 m on the coast side, and the thickness contours generally spread in a banded way along the coastline and becomes thinner towards the sea. At the mouths of some bays along the coast, the clinoform stretches in the shape of a fan and its thickness is evidently larger than that of the surrounding sediments. This clinoform came into being in the early Holocene(about 11.2 cal kyr BP) and can be divided into the lower and upper depositional units(DU 2 and DU 1, respectively). The unit DU 2, being usually less than 3 m in thickness and formed under a low sedimentation rate, is located between the bottom boundary and the Holocene maximum flooding surface(MFS), and represents the sediment of a post-glacial transgressive systems tract; whereas the unit DU 1, the main body of the clinoform, sits on the MFS, belonging to the sediment of a highstand systems tract from middle Holocene(about 7–6 cal kyr BP) to the present. The provenance of the clinoform differs from that of the typical sediments of the Yellow River and can be considered as the results of the joint contribution from both the Yellow River and the proximal coastal sediments of the Shandong Peninsula, as evidenced by the sediment geochemistry of the core. As is controlled mainly by coactions of multiple factors such as the Holocene sea-level changes, sediment supplies and coastal dynamic conditions, the development of the clinoform is genetically related with the synchronous clinoform or subaqueous deltas around the northeastern Shandong Peninsula and in the northern South Yellow Sea in the spatial distribution and sediment provenance, as previously reported, with all of them being formed from the initial stage of the Holocene up to the present.     

一种新的成矿预测方法—构造分形异常法─—以芙蓉山地区为例

通过对LandsatE5TM数据的线性信息解译和分形统计学的方法,研究了浙江省芙蓉山地区断裂构造的空间分布特征,并通过构造分组数D值表征断裂构造的空间分布强度来指示矿化的空间分布,在该地区火山岩的找金工作中取得了一定的进展。这种将TM数据解译与分形统计学结合的构造分形异常法应用方便、简捷,若进一步将其与物化探异常相结合,效果可能会更好。     

Sedimentary architecture of the Holocene mud deposit off the southern Shandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea

Newly acquired high-resolution seismic profiles reveal a nearshore and an of fshore mud depocenter of f the southern Shandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea.The nearshore depocenter is distributed in bands along the south coast of Shandong Peninsula.The of fshore depocenter is part of the distal subaqueous deltaic lobe,which deposited around the southeastern tip of the Shandong Peninsula.Between the two depocenters is a linear depression.The mud deposits directly overlie the postglacial transgressive surface and can be divided into lower and upper units by the Holocene maximum flooding surface.The nearshore and off shore units display different seismic structures.The lower unit of the nearshore deposit exhibits basal onlap,whereas the upper unit is characterized by progradation.The lower and upper units of the off shore deposit display distinct acoustic features.The lower unit has low-angle aggradation with internal reflectors generally dipping seaward and truncated by the Holocene maximum flooding surface,whereas the upper unit is characterized by aggradation and progradation landward rather than seaward.Results of geochemistry analysis of QDZ03 sediments and mineral analysis of WHZK01 sediments suggest that the nearshore deposit and the lower unit of the of fshore deposit are derived from the proximal coastal sediments of the Shandong Peninsula and the Huanghe(Yellow) River sediments.The upper unit of the of fshore deposit is mainly Huanghe River-derived.The lower unit of the mud deposit represents a post-glacial transgressive system tract according to dates of core QDZ03,and the upper unit represents a highstand system tract from middle Holocene to the present.These results will be of great significance to further understanding of the transportation of the Huanghe River sediments into the Yellow Sea and the spatial distribution of the subaqueous delta.     

A NEW INDEX OF QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON THE DRAINAGE GEOMORPHY SYSTEM

Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｔｈｅｎｉｎｅｔｅｅｎｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙｔｏｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｔｗｅｎｔｉｅｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，Ｄａｖｉｓ（１８９９）ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｔｈｅｏｒｙ，ｔｏｏｋｇｅｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｓｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｆｏｒｃｅｓａｎｄｔｉｍｅ，ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｇｅｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｎｔｏｔｈｒｅｅｐｈａｓｅｓ：ｙｏｕｎｇ，ｍｉｄｄｌｅａｇｅｄａｎｄｏｌｄ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｒａ…     

Trace Metals Analysis Along the Fildes Peninsula Coastline Using Two Red Algae,Rhodymenia antarctica and Iridaea cordata,as Monitors

Two red algae, Rhodymenia antarctica and Iridaea cordata(Rhodophyta), were employed to investigate the pollution situation along Fildes Peninsula coastline, King George Island. Ten sites from east and west coastlines were investigated, and the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As and Hg were determined. The metal pollution index(MPI) was used to evaluate the overall pollution level represented by the investigated sites and for interregional comparisons. The two algae exhibited different preference to special trace metal. R. antarctica could accumulate more Cd(0.63 mg kg~(-1)) and Hg(0.026 mg kg~(-1)) than I. cordata(Cd 0.34 mgkg~(-1), Hg 0.019 mg kg~(-1)). I. cordata could accumulate more As(15.53 mg kg~(-1)) than R. antarctica(10.11 mg kg~(-1)). There was no significant difference in accumulating Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr between the two algae. R. antarctica could be used to monitor Cd and Hg. I. cordata would be more appropriate for monitoring As. MPI monitored by the two algae were from 1.02 to 2.26(R. antarctica), and 1.03 to 1.25(I. cordata), respectively. Pollution situation of Fildes Peninsula was becoming serious, especially of the east coastline. The objective of this research was to gather the baseline information for trace metals investigation in Antarctic.     

黄河三角洲海岸线遥感动态监测

黄河三角洲是世界上海岸线变迁最快的地区之一。遥感与GIS技术相结合,能准确及时地监测黄河三角洲海岸线的动态演变。本文以1976年以来多时相遥感影像为主要数据源,通过几何精校正与配准,形成统一投影与坐标体系的遥感影像,运用平均高潮线法,对20景时间序列影像经分类处理后提取海岸线;另经GIS叠加分析,剖析了现行黄河河口、钓口河口地区海岸线的演变过程及其规律。