景观格局与水土流失的尺度特征与耦合方法

景观格局与生态过程的耦合研究是景观生态学研究的核心科学问题,也是综合自然地理学深化和发展的关键.尺度广泛存在于生态学现象中,尺度效应与尺度转换是景观生态学研究面临的挑战,探讨格局与过程之间相互作用机理与尺度特征是为解决尺度问题提供理论依据的必然途径.水土流失作为一种生态过程,是国内外颇为关注的生态问题.依据多种研究手段,在不同尺度上开展景观格局与水土流失的相互关系与尺度特征的研究,在分析景观格局的时空异质性、水土流失的影响因子与尺度效应的基础上,揭示流域景观格局与水土流失的耦合机理,发展尺度转换方法和景观格局-水土流失过程耦合模型,是完善景观生态学的理论基础,是为水土流失区生态建设提供科学依据的重要途径.     

河流景观生态学的发展与当前核心议题

河流景观生态学已成为河流科学研究与应用的新范式,但国内研究还颇为不足。从河流景观生态学发展的逻辑必然性、主要进程、基本内容与重要理论等方面进行了总结。结果显示,多尺度跨学科整体论河流认识要求和景观尺度上处理河流问题的实践需求共同推动河流景观生态学的迅速发展,其中心议题是河流物理景观系统与生物系统在不同等级尺度上的结构、格局与功能过程,尤其重视物理景观与不同等级生物系统的相互作用关系,对河流景观多尺度等级性、高动态性和有向性等突出性质的认识已取得重要理论发展。指出当前面临5个方面的核心议题亟需取得突破:改进和统一河流景观分类系统、河流景观跨尺度研究、河流景观方法对经典河流生态理论的再认识、河流景观机理与模拟、河流景观对气候变化与区域土地利用/覆被变化的响应研究。     

Predicting landscape-scale erosion rates using digital elevation models

Functional relationships between erosion rates and topography are central to understanding controls on global sediment flux and interactions among tectonics, climate, and erosion in shaping topography. Based on such relations digital elevation models (DEMs) allow predicting landscape-scale erosion rates to the degree that process models can be calibrated and to the extent that such processes reflect elevation, drainage area, and aspect, or their derivatives such as slope and curvature. Digital elevation models allow investigating the influence of erosional processes on landscape form and evolution through generalized quantitative expressions often referred to as ‘erosion laws’. The analytical forms of such expressions are derived from physical principles, but only limited data are available to guide calibration to particular landscapes. In addition, few studies have addressed how different transport laws interact to set landscape-scale erosion rates in different environments. Conventionally, landscape-scale sediment flux is considered to be linearly related to slope or relief, but recent analyses point toward non-linear relations for steep terrain in which changes in the frequency of landsliding accommodate increased rates of rock uplift. In such situations, landscape-scale erosion rates are more closely tied to erosion potential predicted by models of bedrock river incision. Consequently, I propose that using DEMs to predict absolute or relative erosion rates at the landscape-scale counter-intuitively involves the rate of fluvial processes as governing the sediment flux from steep landscapes, and rates of hillslope processes as governing sediment flux from low-gradient landscapes. To cite this article: D.R. Montgomery, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

Dynamic landscapes and human dispersal patterns: tectonics,coastlines, and the reconstruction of human habitats

Studies of the impact of physical environment on human evolution usually focus on climate as the main external forcing agent of evolutionary and cultural change. In this paper we focus on changes in the physical character of the landscape driven by geophysical processes as an equally potent factor. Most of the landscapes where finds of early human fossils and artefacts are concentrated are ones that have been subjected to high levels of geological instability, either because of especially active tectonic processes associated with faulting and volcanic activity or because of proximity to coastlines subject to dramatic changes of geographical position and physical character by changes of relative sea level. These processes can have both beneficial effects, creating ecologically attractive conditions for human settlement, and deleterious or disruptive ones, creating barriers to movement, disruption of ecological conditions, or hazards to survival. Both positive and negative factors can have powerful selective effects on human behaviour and patterns of settlement and dispersal. We consider both these aspects of the interaction, develop a framework for the reconstruction and comparison of landscapes and landscape change at a variety of scales, and illustrate this with selected examples drawn from Africa and Arabia.     

湿地景观格局与生态过程研究进展

20世纪70年代以来，湿地研究成为国际环境科学和生态学研究的热点领域之一。尤其是景观生态学的兴起为湿地研究注入了新的活力,为在区域尺度上开展湿地的综合研究起到了启发和指导作用。空间格局、生态过程与尺度之间的相互关系是景观生态学研究的核心内容。同样，从景观尺度上来研究湿地空间格局与生态过程及其相互关系是当前湿地科学的研究热点。对景观格局与生态过程的研究方法、湿地主要生态过程、湿地景观格局与生态过程相互关系等方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述。最后分析了目前湿地景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究中存在的问题与不足,未来湿地生态过程以及湿地格局与生态过程相互关系的研究热点及发展趋势。     

景观生态学在城市规划和管理中的应用

城市是典型的人工景观，空间结构上属于紧密汇聚型，功能上表现为高能流、高容量和文化上的多样性。城市景观生态研究包括城市空间结构与生态过程，城市景观风貌与城市生态建设，城市景观规划是其最直接的应用。首先论述了城市景观质量与价值评价，包括景观美学评价与景观视觉容量。城市空间结构和景观规划原则是该文论述的主题，包括城市空间布局、城市空间扩展的廊道效应以及城市绿地系统的空间结构分析；以上海和广州市的绿地系统为例进行了重点介绍，最后对于城乡交错带的景观变化进行分析，用景观格局及其动态来描述城乡交错带的城市化过程特点，介绍了上海和沈阳的典型研究。     

喀斯特山区不同岩性分区下的景观生态质量差异——以罗甸县为例 

以贵州省罗甸县为例,获取岩性及2000、2005、2010和2015年4期景观格局分布等数据,从景观稳定程度和干扰程度视角对比分析了不同岩性分区的人为活动对景观生态质量变化的影响模式。研究表明:（1）利用景观稳定程度和干扰程度进行评价,能较好地反映不同岩性分区的景观生态质量差异;（2）非喀斯特区域的景观稳定程度高于亚喀斯特区域,典型喀斯特区域的景观稳定程度最低;（3）亚喀斯特区域的景观干扰程度高于非喀斯特区域,典型喀斯特区域受到的干扰最小;（4）非喀斯特区域的景观生态质量最好,亚喀斯特区域次之,典型喀斯特区域的景观生态质量较差;（5）2000—2015年,不同岩性分区下的景观生态质量变化呈现出不同趋势。典型喀斯特区域4期的景观生态质量分别为0.30、0.18、-0.24、-0.18,2000—2010年景观生态质量有所下降,但2010—2015年景观生态质量处于上升状态;亚喀斯特区域4期的景观生态质量分别0.55、0.17、0.32、-0.51,2000-2005年景观生态质量下降,而2005—2010年景观生态质量上升,2010-2015年景观生态质量又处于下降状态;非喀斯特区域4期的景观生态质量分别为0.66、0.38、0.27、-0.30,2000-2015年景观生态质量一直处于下降状态。受岩性及人类活动影响的亚喀斯特区域景观生态质量更为敏感。因此,在生态环境治理措施中应根据岩性的差异进行分区对待,更需关注亚喀斯特区域的景观生态质量。      

Dynamic monitoring of landscape patterns and ecological processes using HJ-1 and SPOT satellite data over Hulunbeier grassland,China

Landscape patterns and ecological processes have been in long-term research focus in the field of landscape ecology, but how to measure their quantitative relations is still open. This work chooses the Hulunbeier grassland as the study area where ecosystem shows high vulnerability, frequent evolvement of landscape patterns and ecological processes. With remote sensing technology, the relationships between landscape patterns and ecological processes were analyzed quantitatively from multi-scale, multi-temporal and time series perspective. Firstly, the information about the current situation and change of landscape patterns and ecological processes are obtained from HJ-1 (Environmental and Disaster Small Satellite) and LANDSAT TM (Thermal Mapper) data. Secondly, SPOT NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data during 2000–2008 are used to analyze the dynamic changes of ecological processes, and to simulate its inter-annual variety at pixel scale. Finally, the dynamic change trends of ecological processes of grassland vegetation are described. The results indicate that the unchanged ecosystem types account for most of the study area, unused land in the central part expands continuously which results in the increase of desertification, and most ecosystem types in the eastern part are changed to grassland and woodland. Furthermore, the vegetation vulnerability is the highest in the grassland-dominated region, the second in grassland–farmland–woodland transition, and the smallest in the woodland-dominated region, where the stability is enhanced in turn. Due to the dynamic change of vegetation, it can be concluded that the study area underwent ecological processes of vegetation cover with a negative trend and a changed phenology.     

Quantify the landscape effect and environmental sustainability of rural region planning at town scale near metropolis

The urban fringe, which can be seen as a special form of regional ecosystem with a spatial transition from urban to rural areas, has strong heterogeneity and is a typical ecologically sensitive area. The expansion of cities and the landscape effect of the changes have attracted wide attention. The primary aim of this study is to obtain an understanding of the spatial patterns of landscape conversion and the corresponding environmental sustainability. With the help of GIS and Fragstats software, the changes of landscape patterns before and after town planning were compared in An-Ding town of Beijing, of which the sustainability was also revealed based on the ecological footprint using social and economic statistic data. The results showed that the landscape pattern changed greatly during its conversion from several villages to a small town and the landscape fragmentation increased due to road construction. Meanwhile, human disturbance increased with the constructed land extension. For the gap between the ecological footprint and the biological capacity, An-Ding town ran an ecological deficit at that period, which means it was unsustainable. However, the environmental sustainability decreased after planning due to the degraded green land and forest. The results suggested that ecological management should be strengthened during the town planning period.     

典型岩溶湖泊湿地流域景观格局动态变化及趋势预测

岩溶湖泊湿地流域作为景观格局变化的热点研究区域,探讨景观格局动态变化及预测趋势,为岩溶流域生态安全研究提供科学依据。应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,结合普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地流域实际情况,分别对该地区1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015 年6 期遥感影像进行分类、解译,系统地获取地区景观格局状况,分析动态变化特征,并运用CA-Markov 模型对未来湿地景观格局进行模拟预测。结果表明:1990?2015年普者黑岩溶湿地流域景观格局随时间变化显著,景观破碎化程度总体呈现增加趋势,斑块数（NP）从861增加到889,景观类型的优势斑块面积在逐渐增加,而多样性指数从1.064下降到0.966;2020?2030年普者黑岩溶湿地流域建筑用地、农地和湿地景观类型面积在增加,农地和林地在减少,其中,较为突出的是建筑用地占有率由2.79%上升到2.97%,农地占有率60.12%增加到60.74%,湿地占有率6.67%上升7.02%,而林地占有率由26.70%下降到26.40%。景观格局进行预测可以发现湿地面积、建筑用地面积和农地变化幅度最大,本文相关研究和预测结果可为普者黑流域生态保护提供一定的建议和参考。      

“Source–sink” landscape pattern analysis of nonpoint source pollution using remote sensing techniques

Research on the “source–sink” landscape pattern of nonpoint source pollution is of great significance to natural resource management, environmental protection, water quality improvement, nonpoint source pollution prevention and control, and ecological security pattern construction. Remote sensing has proven by many scholars as a practical and effective technique to study landscape patterns and nonpoint source pollution. However, there are still many obstacles to the application of remote sensing technology, such as classification errors, scale effects and the issue, whereby landscape metrics cannot describe the landscape information comprehensively. In view of the characteristics of the macroscale and multi-scale of remote sensing, the analysis of landscape patterns is the basis for the study of the relationship research between patterns and ecological processes, and it is also the key to the study of landscape dynamics and functions. This paper attempts to summarize the representative results and the challenges of remote sensing in the study of the source and sink landscape of the nonpoint source pollution landscape and provide corresponding solutions as a reference for future research.     

湖北省土壤侵蚀景观空间异质性及驱动因子分析

地域分异是地球表层大小不等、内部具有一定相似性地段之间的相互分化以及由此产生的差异。为了研究不同区位土壤侵蚀问题，从土壤生态景观及系统论出发，运用地质学、地理学、景观生态学、环境学的理论和研究方法，研究湖北省土壤侵蚀景观空间格局及其驱动因子，使土壤侵蚀问题研究提高到一个新的水平。湖北省土壤侵蚀景观具有南北分带、东西分区，为一不对称的断块一环组合，土壤流呈现向长江、江汉盆地中心轴带辐聚、单流向特点。景观空间异质性形成的首要驱动因子是大地构造背景，以房县一襄樊一广济断裂带为界，南北两侧地壳物质组成和构造发展史存在较明显的差异，现代气候带、降雨量、温热程度及土地利用等差异，造成了湖北省区域土壤地理、土壤生态的分异，形成湖北省土壤生态带、区具有南北分带，东西分区的宏观格局；其次大兴安岭一武陵山深部构造陡变带两侧新构造运动强度差异、大别造山带构造强烈隆升，导致土壤侵蚀强度的西强东弱、南北强中间弱的态势；成土母岩差异性决定了土壤可蚀性的多变；空间上“土壤侵蚀内城区”分布在湖北省的周边地区，经济贫困、管理落后，这一地区的经济水平与水土流失间形成“自反馈作用”，这一现象在我国水土保持、生态建设工作中应该引起重视。     

Selection of Multifractal Scaling Breaks andSeparation of Geochemical andGeophysical Anomaly

1Multifractalities have been observed and estimated formany quantities in physics, chemistry, as well as earth andspace sciences (see a review in Agterberg, 20011 Cheng,1999al Agterberg et al., 1993 1 Schertzer and Love joy, 1991).The multifractal theory has provided a superior distributiontype for describing the complex measures in comparison withthe ordinary statistical distributions. The former usually involves the multiple moments and parameters (Cheng, 1999alAgterberg et al., 1993 1 Sc…     

Using landscape indicators and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the optimum spatial scale of urban land use patterns in Wuhan,China

Quantifying land use patterns and functions is critical for modeling urban ecological processes, and an emerging challenge is to apply models at multiple spatial scales. Methods of determining the optimum scale of land use patterns are commonly considered using landscape metrics. Landscape metrics are quantitative indicators for analyzing landscape heterogeneity at the landscape level. In this study, due to their widespread use in urban landscape analyses and well-documented effectiveness in quantifying landscape patterns, landscape metrics that represent dominance, shape, fragmentation and connectivity were selected. Five metrics include Patch Density, Contagion, Landscape Shape Index, Aggregation Index and Connectivity. Despite a wide application of landscape metrics for land use studies, the majority mainly focuses on the qualitative analysis of the characteristics of landscape metrics. The previous models are limited in exploring the optimum scale of land use patterns for their lack of quantitation. Therefore, taking the City of Wuhan as an example, the land use unit was treated as a patch, and the landscape pattern metrics at different spatial scales were calculated and compared so as to find the optimum one. Furthermore, a mathematical model of landscape metrics was proposed to quantify the scale effect of urban land use patterns, generating a complementary tool to select the optimum scale. In addition, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was introduced to determine the respective weights of the chosen landscape metrics in this model. Fractal dimension was ultimately applied to verify the chosen optimum scale of our study region. The results indicated that 60 m is confirmed to be the optimum scale for capturing the spatial variability of land use patterns in this study area.     

从自然地理学到景观生态学

Landscape ecology ,as a multidisciplinary field,is relatively new synthetic and holistic science. It evolved from roots in many fields,such as geography,ecology,economy and system science. According to the time一space coupling dynamic model , the development process of landscape ecology can be devided into three phasis:Landscape holistic ecology,spatial structure ecology and regional construction ecology"
The basic theories of landscape ecology included ; ecological evalution , succession , spatial differentianon and biotic diversity，landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component，island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory ,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry ,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory.
The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure，function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process(changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system , edge effect and human impact onthe landscape.     

Cellular automata-based model for developing land use ecological security patterns in semi-arid areas: a case study of Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China

The semi-arid areas in Northern China are home to a large population and have great ecological vulnerability. Contemporary land use pressures cause these areas to suffer from a severe land use conflict between human activities and environmental conservation. Ignoring the livelihood of humans and the development of semi-arid areas is not possible. However, the rapid increase in human activity recently exposes both the human race and local environment to potential adverse effects. To balance this contradiction, this research puts forth a framework to optimize the land use patterns in these areas in the context of ecological security and land use suitability. Considering the expansion of particular land use forms to meet the land use demand of social development, a revised cellular automata model is employed to shape the path of land expansion. Meanwhile, additional adjustment rules are set to adjust the unreasonable land use units to a suitable form. The city of Ordos is chosen as a case to put this framework into practice, and several landscape pattern indexes are used to evaluate the results. The results reveal that this framework could maintain the environment in a stable state while simultaneously meeting the land use demand of social development.     

区域农业景观生态风险评价初步构想

区域农业景观生态风险评价研究是适应当前区域农业可持续发展的需要而产生的。我国区域农业景观类型多种多样,十分复杂。且有农业生态环境恶化、土壤污染加剧、水体污染日趋严重等环境问题,为了解决这些问题,保护环境,保护人类健康,提出了区域农业景观生态风险评价研究的框架和方法以及今后的发展前景。     

Size–Density Relationships: a Cross-Community Approach to Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Mediterranean and Black Sea Lagoons

Cross-community scaling relationships (CCSRs), which result from individual density scaling with average individual body size at guild and community levels, enable investigation of energy constraints at high levels of the ecological hierarchy. Here, we studied cross-community scaling relationships in benthic macroinvertebrate guilds in 15 Mediterranean and Black Sea lagoon ecosystems characterized by strong habitat heterogeneity and high energy density, using data already available in the LifeWatch-Italy data portal. The study sought to describe CCSR patterns in lagoon ecosystems, analyzing their variability across habitat and ecosystem types and evaluating the relative influence on individual body size, macroinvertebrate guild density, or both, of proxies of ecosystem properties, including physiographic characteristics and external disturbance, acting as potential drivers. Significant CCSRs were observed in benthic macroinvertebrate guilds in Mediterranean and Black Sea lagoons. They were characterized by high internal variability and slopes less negative than the metabolic scaling theory expectation (b = ?0.75), ranging between b = ?0.27 and b = ?0.50. Lagoon ecosystem typology, inter-lagoon variation, and ecosystem properties explained part of the variation in internal CCSRs, while habitat variation and intra-ecosystem habitat heterogeneity did not show any influence. CCSR intercepts expressing macroinvertebrate-specific densities showed patterns of variation that were consistent with those of proxies of ecosystem energetics and parsimony, such as eutrophication, chemical and physical disturbances, and openness. These relationships highlight the relevance of CCSRs, which enable inferences on the properties, functioning, and ecological status of ecosystems from simple analyses of community structure.     

长江三角洲经济与社会可持续发展若干问题咨询综合报告

长江三角洲是我国最大的经济核心区,特别是邓小平同志多次视察上海并决定浦东开发开放以来,这一地区的经济建设取得了举世瞩目的发展。该地区虽仅占有全国１％的土地、６％的人口,但１９９６年所创产值却占国内生产总值的１５１％,相当于全国财政收入的１８７％。同时,该地区也已成为继珠江三角洲之后我国与世界各国经济往来最频繁的地区和海内外投资的新的热点。但是,长江三角洲在经济增长方式、产业结构与布局、农业持续发展、长江口整治与建设上海国际航运中心、环境保护等方面也存在不少亟待研究和解决的问题。受国家计委委托,中国科学院学部从１９９６年开始组织江、浙、沪地区的有关院士和专家,对长江三角洲地区的经济与社会可持续发展的几个重大问题进行了长达两年的调查研究,提出了《长江三角洲经济与社会可持续发展若干问题咨询综合报告》及４个专题报告。本刊摘要转发该综合报告,供国内地学界科技人员从事有关研究时参考。《报告》认为,长江三角洲应在我国率先实现现代化并带动长江沿江经济带和长江流域的发展。在现有经济支柱的基础上,进一步确立长江三角洲在长江流域乃至全国的经济主导地位,建设成为三大基地,发挥四大功能,提供五方面服务,即：成为我国进入世界市场、     

Baselines of acceptability and generational change on the Mactaquac hydroelectric dam headpond (New Brunswick,Canada)

Hydroelectricity is an old yet reliable form of renewable energy, with acknowledged social and ecological impacts. A tension currently exists between such concerns and energy needs, with dam construction and removal ongoing around the world. It is critical to better understand the implications of both on local citizens. We performed map elicitation interviews with 20 locals around the prematurely-aging Mactaquac Dam and headpond, in New Brunswick, Canada, to understand if and how they came to accept the dam landscape, and what they want for its future. A Baselines of Acceptability conceptual framework was developed to guide the interpretation. Respondents demonstrated attachment to the dam-in-place landscape, even those initially disadvantaged by its construction, and a preference for keeping the headpond intact. Despite this demonstrated adaptability, the paper calls for improved transparency, scope and justice in energy landscape decision-making, as well as further testing of the framework with different demographics, infrastructure case studies and over time.