Experimental study on ultrasonic propagation in water-based bentonite slurry

Drilling fluid is a common flushing medium used in pile foundation, geological drilling and petroleum drilling. Study on ultrasonic propagation properties in drilling fluid is of vital importance, not only for developing equipments to non-contact measuring concrete casting level for bored pile, but also for developing equip- ments considering drilling fluid as signal channel. The existence of clay particles makes the ultrasonic propagation and attenuation in drilling fluid much different from pure water. In order to know the relation among ultrasound frequency, slun-y density and depth, a series of laboratory experiments about ultrasound propagation in water-based bentonite slurry were finished. Wavelet method was adopted to process the gained original waves of ultrasonic propagation in slurry, so we knew the velocity and attenuation coefficient of ultrasound propagated in different drilling fluids with different density. The first group experiments shows that with density of drilling fluid increase, ultrasonic velocity will decrease but attenuation coefficient will increase if ultrasonic frequency keep constant. The second group experiments shows that the power of ultrasound will intensify in small bore hole, the attenuation coefficient is much smaller than theoretical value.     

钻孔灌注桩的施工质量控制

该文通过对钻孔灌注桩的主要施工工艺如：泥浆比重及粘稠度、孔内沉渣厚度、钢筋笼的制安以及水下混凝土的灌注等工艺技术要求的控制方法的阐述，指出在钻孔灌注桩施工过程中只要对这些工序加强控制，就能确保钻孔灌注桩的质量     

Experimental wave attenuation study over flexible plants on a submerged slope

Using plants is a kind of environmentally-friendly coastal protection to attenuate wave energy. In this paper, a set of experiments were conducted to investigate the wave attenuation performance using flexible grasses on a submerged slope, and the wave attenuation coefficient for these experiments was calculated for different still water depths, slope and grass configurations. It was found that the slope plays a significant role in wave attenuation. The wave attenuation coefficient increases with increasing relative row number and relative density. For a small relative row number, the two configurations from the slope top to its toe and from the slope toe to its top performed equally to a large extent. For a medium relative row number, the configuration from the slope toe to its top performed more poorly than that from the slope top to its toe; however, it performed better than that from the slope top to its toe for a high relative row number. With a single row of grasses close to the slope top from the slope toe, the wave attenuation coefficient shows double peaks. With increasing grass rows or still water depth, the grass location corresponding to the maximum wave attenuation coefficient is close to the slope top. The dimensional analysis and the least square method were used to derive an empirical equation of the wave attenuation coefficient considering the effect of relative density, the slope, the relative row number and the relative location of the middle row, and the equation was validated to experimental data.     

Full-wave synthetic acoustic logs in porous media

In order to investigate the permeability of porous media,it is necessary to figure out the property of wave propagation in this medium. The authors calculated the full waveforms and the 2-dimensional spectrum of fluid saturated porous media,analyzed the wave propagation characteristics of different permeable stratums. From the theoretical acoustic pressure waveform received at the well-axis and the 2-D spectrum it is revealed that longitudinal-,transverse-,Stoneley-,pseudo-Rayleigh-,longitudinal mode-and transverse mode waves are different in characters in various permeable strata. Stoneley wave is sensitive to the change of permeability,and its frequency range and amplitude attenuation are influenced by permeability.     

Study on drilling mechanism and optimization of percussion-extruding DTH hammer bit

The authors tested the percussion-extruding Down-the-hole(DTH)hammer bit with five different structures and mainly analyzed the drilling mechanism between conical bit and stepped bit. In addition, aiming at "the pile effect" in combination with the advantage of stepped bit, we design a new cam spinning bit and test it outdoors. The result shows that using cam spinning bit can solve the problem of "the pile effect", which can also obtain higher drilling efficiency than using conical bit in high confining pressure strata. It is characterized by novel structure and high drilling speed as well as good guiding, and it is significant for improving efficiency in percussion-extruding drilling technique.     

含CaCl2水基聚合物钻井液沿井周地层渗透规律研究

利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）技术来提高油气井固井二界面胶结质量近年来受到了越来越多的重视。当前,针对3 000 m以浅油气井已实现了含成矿微生物的固井水泥浆技术。为了使固井水泥浆滤液中的成矿微生物在二界面处高效发挥MICP作用以提高二界面胶结质量,还需在钻井过程中利用钻井液携带CaCl₂的渗透向井周地层中预先注入一定量的钙源。因此,有必要研究含CaCl₂钻井液在井周地层的渗透规律,从而合理控制CaCl₂的注入量和钻井成本。基于此,以当前常用的环保水基聚合物钻井液为基本载体,综合考虑钻井液渗透时在井壁处泥饼动态形成机理、井周地层物性参数变化规律以及含CaCl₂水基聚合物钻井液流变性等因素,利用理论计算与模拟实验相结合的方法,建立了含CaCl₂水基聚合物钻井液滤液沿井周地层渗透量及渗透距离的定量预测模型。该预测模型的计算结果与模拟实验测试结果吻合程度较高,证实该预测模型具有较好的可靠性,有助于为钻井生产企业合理优化钻井液和固井水泥浆施工工艺提供理论支持。      

Study on drilling mechanism and optimization of percussion-extruding DTH hammer bit

The authors tested the percussion-extruding Down-the-hole （DTH）hammer bit with five different structures and mainly analyzed the drilling mechanism between conical bit and stepped bit. In addition, aiming at ＂the pile effect＂ in combination with the advantage＇ of stepped bit, we design a new cam spinning bit and test it outdoors. The result shows that using cam spinning bit can solve the problem of ＂the pile effect＂, which can also obtain higher drilling efficiency than using conical bit in high confining pressure strata. It is characterized by novel structure and high drilling speed as well as good guiding, and it is significant for improving efficiency in percussion-extruding drilling technique.     

GNSS掩星电离层的三频观测数据模拟与反演

由三维射线追踪微分方程推出掩星三维直角坐标射线追踪的矩阵方程,对实现射线追踪的具体步骤进行讨论。采用NeQuick 作背景模拟夜间和白天的掩星电离层三频载波相位延迟观测数据,采用双频绝对TEC反演法对白天模拟数据进行反演,并比较3种不同频率组合对反演结果的影响。结果表明,在附加相位延迟等精度观测条件下,L1 L5组合获得的反演结果与模式值最为吻合。     

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功率超声与机电一体化的研究应用

对超声的特性、超声空化的奇特作用及其在机电一体化技术中的特殊应用进行了揭示；根据生物材料加工的实际需要，将超声技术与机电一体化进行有机结合，并利用CAN现场总线网络，实现整个超声加工、生产系统的计算机过程控制。通过安装调试和实际应用，证明该方案设计合理、运行稳定可靠。     

实验尺度下钻井液在含水合物地层流动数值模拟

钻井实践表明,钻井液侵入会改变井壁围岩特性,例如岩石强度、孔隙压力等。在非常规的含水合物地层,钻井液侵入还可能诱发地层中水合物分解和再形成,从而对井壁稳定和测井解释产生影响。因此,研究钻井液在含水合物地层中侵入流动特性有非常重要的理论和实际应用价值。基于野外水合物储层的相关数据和室内实验模拟系统,采用数值模拟方法研究了实验尺度下钻井液在含水合物地层中的侵入流动规律及其对储层物性的影响。模拟结果可为后续实验模拟方案设计以及热开采研究提供一定的指导作用。      

压力及温度对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特征的影响实验

碳酸盐岩声波传播特征具有重要的应用价值,系统性地分析流体类型、流体压力、温度及围压对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特性影响的研究仍需加强。选取四川盆地合川-潼南地区灯影组缝洞碳酸盐岩,开展了不同条件下的声波透射实验,分析了围压、孔隙压力、压力差、温度及流体类型对碳酸盐岩样品声波速度的影响及不同条件下透射声波的主频特征。研究结果表明:饱和地层水时声波速度对压力变化的敏感度较饱和氮气时低。压力变化过程中,声波速度变化幅度与岩样孔隙度为正相关关系。实验温度范围内,随着温度逐渐升高,饱和地层水、氮气岩心纵波速度、横波速度均小幅降低。当差应力较低时,通过改变孔隙压力来改变差应力的方式对应的声波速度大于通过改变围压来改变差应力方式对应的声波速度,当差应力较高时,结论相反。相同差应力条件下,声波速度对围压变化较孔隙压力变化更为敏感。定围压变孔隙压力与定孔压变围压曲线所对应的2条声波速度-差应力关系曲线的夹角及斜率差可定性反映岩样动态Biot有效应力系数相对大小。随着差应力增大,孔隙压力对有效应力的贡献逐渐降低。随着孔隙压力增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐下降,随着围压增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大,随着温度逐渐升高,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大。研究结果有助于基于测井声波信息开展碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测相关理论研究及工程应用。      

Leak-off mechanism and pressure prediction for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling

Deepwater sediments are prone to loss circulation in drilling due to a low overburden gradient. How to predict the magnitude of leak-off pressure more accurately is an important issue in the protection of drilling safety and the reduction of drilling cost in deep water. Starting from the mechanical properties of a shallow formation and based on the basic theory of rock-soil mechanics, the stress distribution around a borehole was analyzed. It was found that the rock or soil on a borehole is in the plastic yield state before the effective tensile stress is generated, and the effective tangential and vertical stresses increase as the drilling fluid density increases; thus, tensile failure will not occur on the borehole wall. Based on the results of stress calculation, two mechanisms and leak-off pressure prediction models for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling were put forward, and the calculated values of these models were compared with the measured value of shallow leak-off pressure in actual drilling. The results show that the MHPS (minimum horizontal principle stress) model and the FIF (fracturing in formation) model can predict the lower and upper limits of leak-off pressure. The PLC (permeable lost circulation) model can comprehensively analyze the factors influencing permeable leakage and provide a theoretical basis for leak-off prevention and plugging in deepwater drilling.     

谈聚合物泥浆对钻井防塌护壁的效果与处理方法

作者以丙烯酰胺泥浆为例，阐述了聚合物泥浆的井壁防塌机理；对聚合物泥浆井壁防塌效果进行了实验与分析记述，指明了聚合物泥浆井壁防塌的现场处理方法。认为聚合物泥浆有较好的井壁防塌和维护井壁稳定的效果；指出跟聚合物泥浆与CaCl2，KCl，NaCl等无机盐类相结合使用是防止井壁塌坍的良方；使用聚合物泥浆不仅是促进钻井工艺技术进步，且提高了钻井效益。     

Analysis of effects of operating parameters on rate of penetration in drilling process with air down-the-hole hammer

Air down-the-hole(DTH)hammer drilling has long been recognized to have the potential of drilling faster than conventional rotary drill,especially in some hard rocks such as granite,sandstone,limestone,dolomite,etc.with the same weight on bit(WOB)and rotations per minute(RPM).So,it has been widely used in many drilling fields including mineral resource exploration drilling,oil and gas drilling and geothermal drilling.In order to reduce drilling cost by selecting optimal drilling parameters,rate of penetration(ROP)should be estimated accurately and the effects of different factors on ROP should be analyzed.In this research,ANN model with several multi-layer perception back propagation(BP)networks for predicting ROP of air DTH hammer drilling was developed using controllable parameters such as impact energy,impact frequency,WOB,RPM and bit operating time for the formations with a certain drillability index of rock.Several BP neural networks with the different neurons in hidden layers were developed and compared for selecting optimal architecture of ANN.The effects of the drilling parameters such as impact energy,impacting frequency,WOB,RPM and bit operating time on the ROP of air DTH hammer drilling were investigated by trained ANN.From the analyses,the optimum range of drilling parameters for providing high ROP were determined and analyzed for a formation with a certain drillability index of rock.The methodology proposed in this study can be used in many mathematical problems for optimization of drilling process with air DTH hammer.     

3种附属管排布方式对主管路水动力特性的影响

【目的】研究均匀流多管束干涉流动下圆柱受迫振动的水动力特性。【方法】基于SSTκ-ω模型,在亚临界雷诺数下(Re=1×10⁵)对多管束共振强迫的涡激振动问题进行二维数值模拟,比较与分析三种典型附属管排布方式对主管路流体动力学特征的影响。【结果与结论】采用模型3下的附属管排布方式可在较大范围的振幅比下(A_y/D=0.1~0.8)有效改善主管路水动力特性:1)有效降低主管路上平均升力系数的幅值;2)抑制在单管路系统中出现的脉动升力系数突变衰减。同时,由于多管束对流动产生干涉效应,主管路上表现的尾迹涡度随着振动幅度的增大而呈现出不同的模式。此外,功率谱密度分析发现,多管束系统相较于单圆柱系统,在频率比为1时,模型2与模型3的共振“锁定”状态得到改善。     

Numerical analysis of wellbore instability in gas hydrate formation during deep-water drilling

Gas hydrate formation may be encountered during deep-water drilling because of the large amount and wide distribution of gas hydrates under the shallow seabed of the South China Sea. Hydrates are extremely sensitive to temperature and pressure changes, and drilling through gas hydrate formation may cause dissociation of hydrates, accompanied by changes in wellbore temperatures, pore pressures, and stress states, thereby leading to wellbore plastic yield and wellbore instability. Considering the coupling effect of seepage of drilling fluid into gas hydrate formation, heat conduction between drilling fluid and formation, hydrate dissociation, and transformation of the formation framework, this study established a multi-field coupling mathematical model of the wellbore in the hydrate formation. Furthermore, the influences of drilling fluid temperatures, densities, and soaking time on the instability of hydrate formation were calculated and analyzed. Results show that the greater the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and hydrate formation is, the faster the hydrate dissociates, the wider the plastic dissociation range is, and the greater the failure width becomes. When the temperature difference is greater than 7℃, the maximum rate of plastic deformation around the wellbore is more than 10%, which is along the direction of the minimum horizontal in-situ stress and associated with instability and damage on the surrounding rock. The hydrate dissociation is insensitive to the variation of drilling fluid density, thereby implying that the change of the density of drilling fluids has a minimal effect on the hydrate dissociation. Drilling fluids that are absorbed into the hydrate formation result in fast dissociation at the initial stage. As time elapses, the hydrate dissociation slows down, but the risk of wellbore instability is aggravated due to the prolonged submersion in drilling fluids. For the sake of the stability of the wellbore in deep-water drilling through hydrate formation, the drilling fluid with low temperatures should be given priority. The drilling process should be kept under balanced pressures, and the drilling time should be shortened.     

Method for predicting cuttings transport using artificial neural networks in foam drilling

Foam is used widely in underbalanced drilling for oil and gas exploration to improve well perfor-mance.Accurate prediction of the cutting transport and pressure loss in the foam drilling is an important way to prevent stuck pipe,lost circulation and to increase the rate of penetration(ROP).In foam drilling,the cuttings transport quality may be defined in terms of cuttings consistency and downhole pressure loss,which are controlled by many factors.Therefore,it is very difficult to establish the mathematical equation that reflects nonlinear relationship among various factors.The field and experimental measurements of these parameters are time consuming and costly.In this study,the authors suggest a cuttings transport mathematical modeling using BPN(back propagation network),RBFN(radial basis function network)and GRNN(general regression neural network)based on various experiment data of cuttings transport of previous researchers and compared the result with experiment data.Results of this study show that the GRNN has a correlation coefficient of 0.99962 and an average error of 0.15 in training datasets,and a correlation coefficient of 0.99881 and an average error of 0.612 in testing datasets,which has higher accuracy and faster training velocity than the BP network or RBFN network.GRNN can be used in many mathematical problems for accurate estimation of cuttings consistency and downhole pressure loss instead of field and experimental measurements for hydraulic design in foam drilling operation.     

Modal wave number tomography and bottom parameter dependence

A shallow water tomography scheme based on the modal wave number inversion technique is considered in this paper. The scheme is based on the assumption that modal wave number for transpped mode can be measured in a suitable way. The tomographic inversion is accomplished into steps; firstly, the bottom parameter are inverted by using the bottom reflection phase shift with the known sound speed profile; secondly, the variation of sound speed profile at different time is inverted provided the bottom parameters are known. A numerical simulation shows that the proposed scheme works well, and the sensitivity analysis of sound speed profile inversion is performed, for shallow water environmental parameters: sound speed, density and attenuation coefficient of the bottom.     

江汉油田废弃油基钻井液处理

根据江汉油田废弃油基钻井液特点,采用化学破乳法处理该废弃油基钻井液,在废弃油基钻井液中加入破乳剂、絮凝剂和混凝剂.结果表明:油回收率达到94.2%,芬顿氧化处理后的废水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)二级标准,COD去除率达到97.35%,色度去除率达到95.83%;经过固化剂固化96h后,泥渣固化物紧密度达到Ⅳ级,固化物浸出液达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)二级标准,能够实现江汉油田废弃油基钻井液无害化处理.