河南栾川地质灾害特征及防治

栾川县位于豫西山地,主要为中山地貌、中低山地貌、低山丘陵地貌、河谷平原阶地漫滩地貌等,地质灾害较发育,主要灾种有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷,严重威胁当地居民的生命财产安全。在分析栾川县地质灾害发育特征的基础上,有针对性地提出了地质灾害防治对策。     

涟江源区河流地貌特征及其与构造的响应

通过对涟江源区河流地貌及地质构造的调查发现,区内河谷地貌平面展布形式有纵谷、横谷及斜向谷,纵断面形态主要为"V"型、次之为"U"型.支流与干流交汇处发育三处盆地,各盆地中均发育三级阶地,分别形成于距今56.7±3.6 Ka,24.2±2.4Ka,0.8±0.250 Ka.区内河谷地貌、阶地特征与新构造运动地壳间歇性抬升...     

中国北部边疆第四系地下水研究

在中国北部边疆西起天山东端的北山，东至大兴安岭北段的４２００ｋｍ地域内，气候干旱少雨，水资源贫乏，第四系地下水是主要供水源之一。本文首次比较系统地研究了该区第四纪堆积物的分布和地下水的赋存规律。文中依据不同地貌单元、地层岩性及气候条件诸因素将本区第四系地下水划分为枝状沟谷砂砾石层孔隙水、河谷冲积平原砂砾石层孔隙水两种主要类型，并着重对有重要供水意义的河谷冲积平原砂砾石层孔隙水的分布、埋藏条件、富水性及水化学特征进行了论述。     

莱州湾南岸地貌及第四系发育对区域构造响应

莱州湾南岸地貌第四系发育受控于气候、基准面及区域构造,沂沭断裂带的新近活动是该区域地貌第四纪发育的影响因素之一。本文通过地形分析、流域水文分析、历史地貌分析、第四系厚度与历史构造分析等方法,对该区域地貌第四系发育与断裂带关系进行了研究。研究表明:(1)研究区地势西高、东低,河流下切深度自西向东依次减小;典型河流河间地比率自西向东增大;分水岭向东迁移。(2)第四系西薄东厚,区域第四系厚度分布受断裂带控制。(3)沂沭断裂带控制了潍北组的区域分布,控制了区域第四纪沉降中心,影响了全新世中期最大海侵范围。第四纪沉降主轴与断裂带之间的几何关系表明沂沭断裂带在第四纪具有右行走滑性质,区域地貌第四纪特征为沂沭断裂带新构造活动提供了地貌第四纪方面的证据。     

白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡深部破裂成因探讨

在对白鹤滩水电站坝址区河谷地质条件、地应力分布及左岸边坡深部破裂发育特征详细分析的基础上,采用离散元数值软件UDEC以剥蚀法模拟河谷演化发育过程,分析白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡深部破裂的形成原因。模拟结果反映河谷应力场分布呈现出了典型深切河谷所具有的应力松弛、升高及原始三区以及谷底存在高地应力包的规律。同时对河谷边坡不同部位、不同阶段的应力变化规律进行了深入分析并结合现今河谷地质特征,认为该深部破裂是在河谷地层顺倾、区域高地应力、不对称V型河谷、下蚀迅速等特定条件下,在河谷演化过程中局部应力集中使岩体发生剪切屈服,并发育剪切破坏,河谷剥蚀卸荷后顺倾向错动带的出露使剪切破坏进一步发育成张性破坏的结果。     

大渡河金川-巴底河段河流地貌特征研究

对大渡河中游金川-巴底河段水系格局、河谷形态、河流阶地及第四纪沉积物进行研究,分析河流地貌的发育特征、影响因素以及发育演化史,为区域稳定性评价提供依据。研究表明,该区域为具有夷平面的深切峡谷地貌区,发育三级夷平面和4~6级阶地,河流地貌发育经历三个阶段,河流地貌的形成与演化受构造、岩性影响明显。     

对北票市山间河谷区潜水含水层富水规律及开采方案的分析与探讨

北票市山间河谷发育有其规律性,地形、地貌控制了河谷的发育走向,构造控制了河谷的纵向基底起伏,外动力地质作用控制了横向含水层的分布.地下水的富存规律与潜水层的分布特征是相辅相成的,地下水的开发必须运用潜水含水层的富水规律,确定正确的开采方案.     

官地水电站坝区岩体的浅表生结构

浅表生结构的研究 ,对认识河谷岩体的岩体结构特征、工程岩体结构建模及稳定性评价等具有重要意义。官地水电站坝区玄武岩体的浅表生结构极为发育 ,且其分布具有一定的规律性。本文通过对浅表生结构的发育分布及变形破裂形迹的调查分析 ,研究了浅表生结构的空间发育规律及其组合形式 ,结合地质地貌演化机制分析 ,探讨了浅表生结构的形成机制 ,建立了坝区浅表生结构的基本模式     

鲜水河下游泥石流发育分布特征研究

鲜水河下游流域处于鲜水河断裂带之南西,总体呈南北走向.受地层岩性、地质构造、新构造活动、河谷地貌演化及气候条件等的控制,流域内泥石流较发育,属泥石流中等发育区.泥石流以暴雨沟谷型泥石流为主,可见少量暴雨坡面型泥石流及古冰川泥石流.泥石流多集中发育于岩性相对软弱的板岩、千枚岩及砂岩与板岩互层的相对宽谷段,多为粘性泥石流.泥石流一般具有多期次发育特征,且规模逐次减小.流域内绝大部分泥石流处于停歇或衰退状态,现代活动性不活跃,现代活动泥石流频度低、规模小,且多发育于植被破坏较严重区域.流域内泥石流活动具有退化的特征,对当地人民生命安全及两河口水库的淤积等影响不大.     

湖南张家界溹水河谷与流域形态特征及其地貌意义

利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据、地形图、地质图数据结合实地踏勘,分析并计算了张家界地貌主要分布区溹水流域河谷形态特征和侵蚀积分值(HI),探讨了流域地貌侵蚀发育阶段特征。研究发现:溹水干流比降沿程基本上逐渐减小,纵剖面呈上凹形,凹度值约为0.70;主要支流比降明显大于干流,凹度值介于0.12～0.98;溹水干流河谷宽度和宽深比沿程向下表现出上升趋势、深度表现出下降趋势;溹水河谷横剖面凹度值上游较低,中游较高,近河口又降低,平均值约为0.63,都大于0.5;上中游主要支流河谷相对窄深,下游支流河谷相对宽浅;支流河谷横剖面的凹度值变化范围较大,平均值大于0.50。说明这一地区在地壳迅速抬升之间有较长时间地壳相对稳定,横向侵蚀形成一定宽度的河漫滩,河谷为U型谷,地貌发育处于壮年期或壮年期的中晚期。河谷侧蚀,河谷凹度值大于0.5,是张家界地貌独立峰柱得以形成的重要条件;溹水流域上游下段和中游HI值较高,下游HI值较低,最高值出现在天子山周围;没有发现地势和基岩特性对溹水流域HI值分布存在显著影响;张家界砂岩峰林地貌发育地区集中于溹水上游下段和中游上段的泥盆系砂岩分布区,这一地区HI平均值为0.46,处于地貌侵蚀旋回的壮年期。     

Failure and size effect for notched and unnotched concrete beams

Modelling failure in geomaterials, concrete or other quasi‐brittle materials and proper accounting for size effect, geometry and boundary effects are still pending issues. Regularised failure models are capable of describing size effect on specimens with a specific geometry, but extrapolations to other geometries are rare, mostly because experimental data presenting size effect for different geometries and for the same material are lacking. Three‐point bending fracture tests of geometrically similar notched and unnotched specimens are presented. The experimental results are compared with numerical simulations performed with an integral‐type non‐local model. Comparisons illustrate the shortcomings of this classical formulation, which fails to describe size effect over the investigated range of geometries and sizes. Finally, experimental results are also compared with the universal size effect law. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

安徽省地矿局岩土钻掘工程技术的回顾与发展

回顾了地勘单位利用钻掘技术优势在工程市场上取得的瞩目成绩,指出了当前在技术发展上存在的“拓重三轻”的问题,分析了钻掘工程市场的发展前景,从技术发展战备的高度规划适应市场需要的岩土钻掘工程技术的体系,并提出了实施措施。     

Cumulate and Cumulative Granites and Associated Rocks

Abstract. Processes that move crystals relative to melt, that is crystal fractionation, are of major importance in producing variations that are observed within cogenetic suites of granites. In low‐temperature granite suites, crystal fractionation initially involves the progressive separation of crystals residual from partial melting from that partial melt. Once separation of those crystals, or restite, has been completed, further fractionation may occur through the separation of crystals that had precipitated from the melt, the process known as fractional crystallization. High‐temperature granite magmas are largely or completely molten and elements such as Ca, Mg and Fe, and their associated minor elements, are in that case dissolved in the melt. Such magmas, particularly those that are more potassic and hence contain a higher fraction of low temperature melt, may evolve compositionally through fractional crystallization. Cumulate rocks result, comprising a framework of cumulus minerals with interstitial melt. In this process some of the melt is also displaced to form more felsic rocks. Such cumulate rocks may have distinctive chemical compositions, but that is often not the case. Distinctive features include SiC>2 contents near or below 50 % in rocks that are transitional in the field to more felsic granites, very high Cr and Ni, very low K, P, Ba, Rb and Zr, and anomalous abundances of the anorthite components Ca and Al. These rocks may also have positive Eu anomalies. Cumulate rocks do not necessarily have distinctive textures, at least as such features are understood at this time. Fractional crystallization can also involve the movement of precipitated crystals relative to melt. We refer to rocks as cumulative when formed from the fractions in which the abundance of crystals has increased. The production of cumulative granites typically occurs at more felsic melt compositions than is the case for cumulate granites, and this process may have its greatest significance in the fractional crystallization of the felsic haplogranites. Relative to felsic granites of broadly similar compositions lying on a liquid line of descent, cumulative granites contain more Ca, reflecting the addition from elsewhere of plagioclase crystals with solidus compositions. The abundances of Sr and Ba may be high to very high, and sometimes there are positive Eu anomalies. Cumulative I‐type granites may have low abundances of Y and the heavy REE, while the S‐type granites can be very distinctive with anomalously high abundances of Th and the heavy REE resulting from the concentrating of monazite. Generally, but not always, those who propose fractional crystallization as a mechanism for producing compositional variation within a suite of granites do not state whether the rocks in that particular case are thought to lie on a liquid line of descent or are cumulates/cumulative, although it is generally presumed that they were melts. Our experiences in eastern Australia have shown that the mechanism of fractional crystallization was quantitatively not as important during granite evolution as many workers would expect. However, there are some excellent examples of that process, most notably the Boggy Plain Supersuite. Overall in eastern Australia, varying degrees of separation of restite is a much more common mode of crystal fractionation, and that may also be seen to be the case for some other granite provinces if they are examined with that possibility in mind.     

额纳旗及其邻区闪长岩—花岗岩类地球化学特征及意义

对额济纳旗及其邻区四个地区的花岗岩类作了系统的地球化学研究,重点讨论了几个地区的岩石学特征,岩石地球化学特征及其构造意义.其岩石类型主要以闪长岩类和花岗岩类为主;四个地区SiO,和Al2O3含量变化范围较大,从w(SiO2)为47.88％～75.29％;w(Al2O3)为13.09％～17.49％;CIPW报告显示样品...     

煤及其燃烧产物飞灰和底灰中稀土元素地球化学特征及集散规律

采用ICP—MS法测试了褐煤、肥煤和无烟煤以及在不同燃烧条件下获取的飞灰、底灰等29个样品的稀土元素含量;分析了稀土元素地球化学特征。结果表明,不同煤种的稀土元素含量不同,相同煤种在不同燃烧条件下获取的飞灰、底灰中的稀土元素含量也不同;褐煤、肥煤、无烟煤及其燃煤产物飞灰、底灰的稀土元素分布模式呈左高右低的宽缓的“V”型曲线;Eu存在明显负异常。研究了燃煤过程中稀土元素的分布及集散规律,稀土元素在飞灰、底灰中的含量比原煤有明显提高,其增加幅度为几倍至20多倍不等,表明煤炭燃烧后稀土元素在飞灰、底灰中进一步聚集;飞灰和底灰中稀土元素含量、飞灰和底灰对煤的稀土元素含量比和富集因子以及飞灰对底灰的稀土元素含量比和富集因子等,不仅与原煤中稀土元素有直接关系,而且还受锅炉燃烧方式、燃烧温度(炉温)等人为因素的影响。     

Gallium and germanium in the metal and silicates of L- and LL-chondrites

Concentrations of Ga and Ge in the metal of 31 L-, 8 LL- and 2 H-chondrites, and in the silicates of 12 L- and LL-chondrites have been determined by spectrophotometric methods. The ranges of Ga contents in the metal of L- and LL-chondrites are 1.1–36.9 ppm and 1.0–34.1 ppm, respectively. The Ge content in the metal is positively correlated with Ga and ranges from 89.1–160 ppm, and 126–308 ppm for L- and LL-chondrites, respectively. The Ga content in the silicates of L-chondrites varies from 4.0 to 8.9 ppm.The Ga and Ge contents in the metal are clearly lower in unequilibrated than in equilibrated L- and LL-group chondrites. Unequilibrated (type 3 and 4) and equilibrated (type 5 and 6) chondrites are well separated in the plots of Ga vs Ge in the metal and the L- and LL-groups are also well resolved. The Ga and Ge in the metal are well correlated with petrologic grade. This suggests that Ga and Ge variations in the metal are related to thermal metamorphism. There is evidence of an enrichment of Ga in the metal due to shock-reheating.     

铜、镍、铂族元素地球化学性质及其在幔源岩浆起源、演化和岩浆硫化物矿床研究中的意义

Ni、Cu和PGE具有不同于其他微量元素的特殊的地球化学性质,这些特殊的性质使得它们在幔源岩浆起源和演化以及岩浆硫化物矿床的成因研究中具有不可替代的作用。在S不饱和的条件下,Ni、Os、Ir和Ru具有相容元素的特性,而Cu和Pd是强不相容元素,因此,它们在玄武岩浆分离结晶过程中常常发生分异。一旦体系达到S饱和,这些元素则会强烈地进入硫化物熔浆,特别是PGE具有极高的硫化物熔浆/硅酸盐熔浆分配系数,极微量的硫化物熔离便可导致残余岩浆中PGE的显著亏损,因此,PGE是玄武岩浆硫化物熔离作用最敏感的示踪元素。硫化物熔离和成矿实质上是幔源岩浆特殊演化过程的结果,所以,Ni,Cu和PGE的特殊性质可用来探讨岩浆硫化物成矿的关键控制因素。Ni、Cu和PGE具有不同的单硫化物固溶体/硫化物熔浆分配系数,因此,它们也是硫化物熔浆结晶分异的重要示踪元素。本文试图从Ni、Cu和PGE地球化学性质和行为入手,并借助一些研究实例,对它们在幔源岩浆起源和演化以及岩浆硫化物矿床成因研究中的示踪意义进行系统介绍。     

塔吉克斯坦水体同位素和水化学特征及成因

2011年9～10月采集了中亚干旱半干旱地区塔吉克斯坦不同区域的河水、泉水和湖水,通过不同水体样品水化学指标、氢氧同位素分析,初步研究了该区域水化学类型和同位素空间分布特征,并探讨了其形成原因和环境意义。研究结果表明:塔吉克斯坦河水和泉水的主要水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃-型,水体离子主要来源于方解石和白云石风化,局部地区受蒸发岩风化和硅酸盐风化的影响,偶见Ca-SO₄2-和Na-HCO₃-型水体分布。湖泊多分布在东部山区,受多年干旱蒸发影响,水化学类型为Mg-SO₄2-和Na-Cl-型,以微咸水和咸水湖为主。研究区内河水和泉水氢氧同位素变化范围分别为-129.38×10-3～-65.19×10-3和-17.06×10-3～-9.33×10-3,空间上从东向西逐渐富集。受水体来源的区域差异影响,东部和西部河水水体氢氧同位素关系式存在明显不同。反映了东部地区河水以冰川补给为主,西部地区以降水补给为主,而湖水氢氧同位素的变化主要反映了水体蒸发程度。     

块体搬运复合体的识别、演化及其油气勘探意义

研究块体搬运沉积有助于揭示深水重力流沉积的分布和演化,对深水储层预测和圈闭评价具有重要意义。利用高分辨率三维地震资料进行深水块体搬运复合体的识别、演化规律以及在油气勘探中的意义进行探讨。研究发现:深水块体搬运复合体表现为弱振幅、杂乱、丘状地震反射,块体搬运复合体底部具有明显的线性侵蚀擦痕;块体搬运复合体常常与浊积水道、堤岸沉积伴生出现;块体搬运复合体对早期浊积岩侵蚀形成大量残余地层,残余浊积岩与块体搬运复合体可以形成潜在的深水地层圈闭。尽管块体搬运复合体本身不能作为有效的储层,但这些沉积体的准确识别可以提高深水浊积水道储层预测的精度,许多侵蚀过程和围绕块体搬运沉积所发育的地层关系提供创造地层圈闭的机会。     

黔西北与黔东铅锌成矿区地质地球化学特征对比及其地质意义

位于上扬子地台西缘成矿带东侧和东缘成矿带南段的黔西北、黔东铅锌成矿区广泛产出碳酸盐岩容矿的铅锌矿床。成矿地质及成矿作用对比研究显示,2个成矿区铅锌矿床具有成因与岩浆岩无直接联系、赋矿层位和容矿岩性主要为碳酸盐岩,断裂、褶皱构造和碳酸盐岩是主控因素,成矿流体中S来源于海相硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)、C主要来自海相碳酸盐岩的溶解、H₂O主要由建造水和变质水组成,同时有少量大气降水参与,Pb、Zn等成矿物质主要来源于基底地层,赋矿层位提供了部分物源,矿石矿物组成较简单,围岩蚀变强度较弱,后生成矿特征明显等共性特征。也存在矿床分布分别受褶皱构造和断裂构造控制、矿体分别主要呈层状和陡倾斜脉状产出、主要伴生元素分别为Cd-Se(局部Ge)和普遍伴生Ge-In-Ga-Ag、成矿时代分别集中于510～410 Ma和230～190 Ma、成矿动力学背景分别为加里东期和印支晚期等显著差异。结合成矿地质背景及勘查现状分析研究,笔者认为贵州铅锌成矿地质条件优越,勘查和研究程度总体较低,找矿空间和潜力大,圈定的矿化富集区是有利的找矿远景区,已知矿床深、边部是重要的潜在找矿靶区,强化MV...