海洋工程地基处理问题的评述

本文阐述了海洋工程水下软土地基加固处理的实用方法:振冲法、真空预压法、高压旋喷法、爆破法、土工织物法、强夯法以及水泥石灰系拌和法.并对这些方法的施工研究及注意问题进行了专题详述.     

真空预压联合碎石桩加固港口吹填堆场地基的试验研究

在港口工程建设中,快速加固超软弱的吹填地基,采用真空预压法是一个经济有效的方法,再联合以碎石桩加固则能进一步提高地基的承载力、减少地基工后沉降.通过真空预压联合碎石桩加固地基的现场试验以及观测资料的分析,得出真空预压联合碎石桩加固后地基的承载力特征值由原天然地基的60 kPa左右提高到220 kPa,计算结果表明打碎石桩后的地基变形模量Esp与真空预压后的Ea相比提高了1倍,联合碎石桩加固后的地基沉降量比仅经过真空预压的地基减少1/3.     

高真空击密法在软地基处理中的应用

姑合工程实践，介绍快速“高真空击密法”软地基处理方法的施工原理、施工工艺及质量控制等，并简单阐述“高真空击密法”在进行软地基处理中的优点。     

真空预压处理港口吹填区软土地基的应用研究

根据工程地质实际情况设计施工工艺,把握施工技术的要点,确保密封系统的密封效果,减少膜下真空度的损失,是应用真空预压技术处理港口吹填区大面积软土地基的关键。结合威海港威海湾港区新港作业区的工程实例,对应用真空预压技术进行港口吹填区大面积软土地基处理的施工工艺、技术要点等做了详细论述,并实时监测了真空预压过程中膜下真空压力、孔隙水压力、表层沉降及分层沉降等的变化,掌握其发展规律,用于判断真空预压技术处理软土地基处理的效果。通过对各项监测数据的对比分析,得出了提高该技术处理软土地基效果的相应的结论,可供类似工程参考借鉴。     

塑料排水板超载预压法处理软基在环胶州湾公路工程中的应用

塑料板排水法是近年来在软基处理中应用较广泛的一般方法。本文结合环胶州湾公路工程实例,介绍了塑料排水板超载预压法处理软基的施工方法。     

强夯在粉煤灰地基处理中的应用

粉煤灰海水湿排造陆是沿海地区粉煤灰利用的主要途径之一。但造陆以后属于软土地基，不能直接利用，必须对其进行地基处理，处理效果如何，需进行评价。本文研究强夯处理在青岛沿海粉煤灰排放区的应用，并采用载荷试验、圆锥动力触探试验、室内实验等多种方法对强夯处理效果进行检测。检测结果表明，强夯处理后粉煤灰地基土能够达到设计的150kPa要求，为海水湿排粉煤灰造陆地基处理方法的应用和处理效果检测提供了借鉴。     

黄河三角洲北部地区软土工程地质特性及空间分布

软土作为一种不良土体,在黄河三角洲分布比较广泛,其工程特性一般表现为含水量高、强度低、压缩性大以及渗透性低等,易发生不良工程地质问题。黄河三角洲北部区域的河口区,软土的工程特性及空间分布目前尚未有系统分析研究。基于最新的较系统的工程地质钻孔数据资料,对河口区软土的工程地质特性参数进行了统计分析,研究了软土物理力学性质各指标的概率分布模型及参数间的相关性,就黄河三角洲地区软土的成因、厚度、埋藏条件、空间分布规律进行了分析总结,并对其主要工程地质问题及措施提出了建议。黄河三角洲北部河口地区的软土具有典型的软土特征:高含水量、高压缩性、低抗剪强度等,其软土的物理力学性质指标变异系数较小,概率分布基本符合正态分布,研究区85%的面积范围内发育软土层,软土层由近饱和或饱和的黏性土、淤泥及淤泥质粉土组成,属滨海相与三角洲相软土。该地区地基处理宜采用桩基法、排淤换填法、堆载预压法、电化学加固法等方法。     

振冲挤密法加固砂类土地基在海岸工程中的应用

为了有效控制软土地基上海岸建筑物的工后沉降和不均匀沉降，各种软基处理方法在海岸工程建设中得到了越来越广泛的应用。结合海岸工程软土地基处理实例，对振冲挤密法的地基加固机理、加固砂类土地基时的设计参数、施工及加固后地基的检测等进行了探讨，结果表明，振冲挤密处理砂类土地基是行之有效的，并对今后的施工和设计提出了一些参考性建议。     

大型油罐软土地基现场试验与数值分析

以阿尔及利亚储罐软基处理工程为背景,介绍了振冲碎石桩与充水预压加固软土地基的现场试验,通过对储罐地基充水预压期间所作的实测资料进行分析,论述了该项技术加固油罐地基的效果,探讨了地基沉降、环墙内侧土压力、孔隙水压力等的变化发展规律;针对油罐外深层的增量位移,利用轴对称有限元方法进行数值模拟和分析,辅助分析了地基变形。分析结果表明:振冲碎石桩与充水预压联合加固处理软弱地基是合理可行的,该油罐平面倾斜、非平面倾斜满足规范的地基变形允许值,有限元数值模拟可以应用于辅助分析地基变形。     

东营地区地基土工程特性分析

东营地区地处黄河三角洲,其地层主要由第四纪新近沉积土和一般沉积土构成。其特点是地层较软弱,天然地基承载力低,承受荷载后地基变形较大。为了适应东营地区天然地基承载力低的特殊地质情况,目前常用的地基处理方法是水泥粉体喷射搅拌桩复合地基。采用水泥粉喷搅拌桩复合地基处理技术以后,复合地基承载力可提高到天然地基承载力的1.22.3倍。     

A new method of combination of electroosmosis,vacuum and surcharge preloading for soft ground improvement

As a rapid and effective ground improvement method is urgently required for the booming land reclamation in China＇s coastal area, this study proposes a new combined method of electroosmosis, vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading. A new type of electrical prefabricated vertical drain （ePVD） and a new electroosmotic drainage system are suggested to allow the application of the new method. This combined method is then field-tested and compared with the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method. The monitoring and foundation test results show that the new method induces a settlement 20% larger than that of the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method in the same treatment period, and saves approximately half of the treatment time compared with the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method according to the finite element prediction of the settlement. The proposed method also increases the vane shear strength of the soil significantly. The bearing capacity of the ground improved by use of the new proposed method raises 118%. In comparison, there is only a 75% rise when using the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method during the same reinforcement period. All results indicate that the proposed combined method is effective and suitable for reinforcing the soft clay ground. Besides, the voltage applied between the anode and cathode increases exponentially versus treatment time when the output current of power supplies is kept constant. Most of the voltage potential in electroosmosis is lost at electrodes, leaving smaller than 50% of the voltage to be effectively transmitted into the soil.     

考虑预载固结效应的海底浅基础承载力包络面演化规律研究

由于预载下土体固结,海底浅基础的承载力会随作业时间的增加而改变,其时变效应评估困难。基于修正剑桥模型,采用水土耦合有限元方法研究了预载作用下浅基础在正常固结黏土海床中承载力破坏包络面的时变规律。在验证数值模型准确性后,通过位移探针测试获取复合加载模式下浅基础的破坏包络面,揭示了预载和固结程度对基础承载力和破坏包络面的影响,给出了预载作用下浅基础承载力包络面计算方法。结果表明：随着预载比增加,固结单轴承载力呈现线性增长,固结承载力增幅在水平向最大;部分固结承载力相对增幅与预载比无关,而随固结度变化;破坏包络面形状由预载比控制,而包络面大小由预载比和固结度共同控制。研究结果可为海洋浅基础的时变承载力评估提供参考依据。     

Influence of vacuum preloading on vertical bearing capacities of piles installed on coastal soft soil

Abstract

Land reclamation has increased significantly in the eastern coastal areas of China. The increased exploitation of offshore resources has made cast-in-situ piles more preferable in these regions. However, precise prediction of axial forces and shaft resistances of piles is particularly difficult because geological conditions are complex after the foundation is treated by vacuum preloading. In this study, two groups of cast-in-situ piles, each of which consisted of two piles installed in soft soil in Oufei Project, Wenzhou, China, were compared by conducting tests using the slow static loading method to evaluate the influence of applying vacuum preloading to deal with soft soil foundation on the vertical bearing capacities of the piles. Two piles were located in an untreated area, while the other two were located in a vacuum preloading treating area. All the piles had the same length and diameter. In addition, the axial forces and shaft resistances of piles were calculated based on the measured strains. The field tests revealed that the ultimate bearing capacities and shaft resistances of test piles were significantly improved compared to those of the piles in untreated area. The experimental results presented in this study are expected to be highly beneficial for practical engineering.     

不同软基处理方法适用性比较

总结分析了国内外现有的软土地基处理的各种方法。通过对采用不同方法进行软基处理的工程实例处理效果的定量对比，发现不同软基处理方法的适用性差异很大，多数工程中仅用一种方法很难达到设计要求，而两种或多种方法联合则可望取得更好的效果。     

考虑软土蠕变对强度影响的高桩码头岸坡时变可靠度分析

考虑软土蠕变导致的土体抗剪强度的衰减效应,建立了软土长期强度模型,用以量化由于土体蠕变导致的土体抗剪强度参数随时间的变化规律。将时变可靠度理论结合有限元强度折减法,提出了考虑软土蠕变对强度影响的高桩码头岸坡时变可靠度算法。采用拉丁超立方抽样方法来改进传统蒙特卡罗法的随机抽样过程,提高计算效率。针对某一岸坡实例,将采用本文算法计算得到的可靠度结果与其他算法评估的结果进行对比分析,验证本文算法的可靠性。最后以我国沿海某高桩码头岸坡为例,基于本文算法评估了该码头岸坡的时变可靠度,分析了岸坡稳定性的时变规律。文中提出的时变可靠度分析方法不仅可以为在役高桩码头岸坡的安全评估提供强有力的技术支撑,同时也能为一些新建工程项目提供一定的参考应用价值。     

Stability Analysis of Aquatic-Sand Pile Composite Foundation Reinforcing for New Shore-Connecting Structure

The Yangshan deepwater port is the only container port built in the islands off the mainland of China. Batter piles with a sheet-pile-supported platform bulkhead structure were first used as a new shore-connecting structure to connect the front main wharf structure and the back land. Large-diameter sand columns were also used to reinforce the soft foundation of the shore-connecting structure in the deep water of the open sea. A 3D nonlinear FEM model based on real geological conditions was built to optimize the large-diameter sand columns’ reinforcing scheme and investigate shore-connecting structures’ mechanical properties under different construction conditions. The replacement ratio of 30%, the bottom elevation of the fourth soil layer, and the soft soil just below and directly adjacent to the shore-connecting structure were determined as optimal replacement ratio, reinforcing depths, and reinforcing area of the large-diameter sand columns reinforcement by assessing the force and deformation of the shore-connecting structure. By numerical computing, the maximum displacement of the supported platform was 11.03 cm, which was close to the measured value; and the piles’ maximum stress, displacement and moments were all smaller than the design strength. These indicated that the shore-connecting structure could remain stable by an optimal sand columns reinforcing scheme.     

港口疏浚泥在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用研究

针对巴艚渔港和华润浙江苍南发电厂工程产生的大量疏浚量,提出疏浚量在江南海涂围垦工程资源化利用方案.通过对巴艚渔港工程地质条件和粒度成分分析,并进行疏浚泥落淤试验,提出了疏浚泥吹填软基真空预压联合堆载加固实施方案,并利用有限元技术对真空预压联合堆载处理软基进行沉降计算,结果表明:本工程疏浚泥可以在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用...     

广州港新沙港区板桩码头结构设计方案比选分析

介绍了广州港新沙港区板桩码头主要内力计算方法及常用软件,结合设计过程、工程地质情况、现场实际施工情况,着重从受力合理性、施工便利性、节省造价方面,对提出的钢板桩方案、钢管板桩方案进行比较分析,确定了钢管板桩结构更合理,并对优势进行总结。研究表明相对于钢板桩结构,钢管板桩结构在抗弯、抗变形、拉杆拉力和锚碇墙稳定性、对复杂地基(软弱土层较厚、岩层标高较高的地基)适应性、兼顾桩基基础、施工速度等方面更具备优势,且钢管板桩结构可更好的适应码头的大型化和深水化发展,在类似工程设计中可优先采用钢管板桩结构。     

基于结构特征的遥感影像海岸码头分割方法

在分析水边线对码头提取的作用和海岸码头的结构特征的基础上,提出了一种基于结构特征的遥感影像海岸码头分割方法。该方法在遥感影像水边线提取的基础上,利用道格拉斯-普克算法通过压缩得到关键节点,接着在节点中选取满足要求的凹点,然后依据海岸结构特征通过对凹点的筛选分割出海岸规则突出物,最后通过对规则突出物的分析验证得到海岸码头。实验结果表明,该方法能够从水边线中将码头区域分割出来,并且受停靠船舶等噪声影响较小,为下一步海岸码头的精确提取奠定了坚实基础。