苏锡常地区地下水禁采效应分析与保护策略探讨

苏锡常地区是我国地下水超采、引发地质环境问题比较严重的地区之一.回顾了苏锡常地区地下水禁采历程,对禁采后出现的地质环境进行了效应分析,并从不同类型地下水开采和地面沉降的内在联系和客观规律的角度,科学理性地分析了“禁采令”存在的不足,对该区域进一步做好地下水资源可持续开发利用与保护提出了建设性意见.     

开采浅层地下水对地面沉降影响的探讨

苏锡常地区由于长期过量开采深层地下水，已诱发了严重的地面沉降灾害。为此，江苏省政府下达了在2005年全面禁采深层地下水的文件。为解决用水问题，许多专家、学者建议开采利用浅层地下水。在苏锡常地区开采浅层地下水是否会同样诱发严重的地面沉降问题，是目前争议的焦点。文章详述了苏锡常地区水文地质条件及地面沉降现状，确定了地面沉降的各种影响因素，分析对比了浅层地下水与深层地下水在开采条件下所能引起的地面沉降量，说明采用合理的开采工艺开发利用浅层地下水不会诱发严重的地面沉降。     

依法禁采地下水改善无锡地质环境

为了从根本上治理苏锡常地区因超采地下水引发的地质灾害，2000年省人大颁布了《关于苏锡常地区限期禁止开采地下水的决定》。介绍了禁采工作开展一年多来无锡市取得的成效。分析了禁采工作中存在的困难与问题。对完成2002年禁采工作任务提出了对策和建议。     

苏锡常地区地面沉降特征及其防治建议

以多年苏锡常地区开展的地面沉降调查、监测等数据资料为基础，系统分析了地面沉降的现状、特征、形成机理以及地下水禁采后的地面沉降发展趋势特点，提出了该地区今后地面沉降的防治工作建议。     

全面禁采以来锡西澄南地区地面沉降动态特征分析

锡西澄南地区在苏锡常地区地面沉降研究中具有一定代表性,是地面沉降的典型地区之一。本文在已有的长期地下水水位、地面沉降监测资料的基础上,结合区域地质条件就全面禁采以来锡西澄南地区的地面沉降特征的诸多方面作进一步的探索分析。分析结果显示:目前锡西澄南地区出现南北沉降差异;差异特征与相应区域的地下水补给条件密切相关;北部Ⅱ承压层沉降为预防重点。     

苏锡常地区地面沉降防控最新进展评述

苏锡常地区是长江三角洲平原地面沉降最为严重的地区之一,2000年以来,通过监测、勘查研究结合地下水限采禁采管理,有效地控制了灾害的进一步蔓延。以多年的监测研究工作（水准测量、GPS测量、D-InSAR测量）为基础,通过对大量实测数据的分析,总结了这一过程中地面沉降、地裂缝、地下水位的动态变化规律,所有证据都表明了地面沉降的减弱或停止。同时指出浅部沉降、局部区块地下水位漏斗与地面沉降依然严重。     

江苏苏锡常地区地下水开采出现的问题及对策研究

近年来,江苏苏锡常地区地表水由于遭受严重污染,致使地下水开采量逐年增加;又由于缺乏正确认识和科学管理,造成该地区地下水资源长期超采,从而引发了地面沉降、地裂缝等环境地质问题和地质灾害。本文从可持续发展观点出发,为使地下水资源合理开采和保护同步发展,有针对性地探讨了该地区地下水资源合理开发和保护对策。     

苏北沿海地面沉降区地下水资源管理对策探讨

苏锡常地区实例证明,沿用单一的取水许可制度已很难解决地下水资源超采及由此引发的地面沉降地质灾害问题,地下水资源管理目标应定位于地质环境保护前提下的科学适度开采。对苏北沿海盐城、大丰地面沉降区现行的地下水资源管理制度进行了探索性补充设计,重点探讨了地下水开采权交易模型和地下水资源动态规划机制,为该地区今后的地下水资源管理提供了思路。     

江苏地质灾害预警预报研究成果达国际先进水平

日前 ,由江苏省地质调查研究院承担完成的苏锡常地区地面沉降预警预报工作研究项目顺利完成 ,并在南京通过专家鉴定。该项成果包括《地面沉降监测网络建设工程报告》、《地面沉降与地裂缝调查研究报告》、《基于GMS平台的苏锡常地区地下水流模型研究报告》、《地面沉降预警预报     

上海地区第四系水文地质工程地质特征与地面沉降的关系

一、前言上海地区厚达300米的疏松沉积物中,蕴藏着丰富的深层地下水资源,早在十八世纪六十年代已被开采利用,至1963年地下水开采量达2.01亿吨/年由于长期过量开采,形成以市区为中心的区域性水位下降漏斗,从而产生地面沉降。自1921年发现地面沉降以来,最严重的地区已下沉了2.63米,在市区和近郊区形成一个碟形沉降洼地。经过近二十年的勘测、测量初步查明了上海地区水文地质工程地质特征;并对地下75米以上土层进行了地面沉降地质结构分区;分析研究了地下水在采灌条件下,地质结构与地面升沉的关系。本文着重论述上海地面沉降、地质结构、地下水采灌三者间的关系,以及当前控制地面沉降工作中出现的新问题。     

The development and control of the land subsidence in the Yangtze Delta,China

Land subsidence in China occurs predominantly in 17 provinces (cities) situated in the eastern and middle regions of the country, including Shanghai, Tianjin and Jiangsu, and Hebei provinces. It is primarily caused by groundwater overpumping. One of the areas most severely affected by land subsidence is the Yangtze Delta, most of which consists of Shanghai City, the Su-Xi-Chang area (Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou cities) of Jiangsu Province, and the Hang-Jia-Hu area (Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou cities) of Zhejiang Province. The excessive exploitation of groundwater forms in a large regional cone of depression and, consequently, land subsidence is also regional, currently centered in the Shanghai and Su-Xi-Chang areas. In 2002, the maximum cumulative subsidence of Shanghai, Su-Xi-Chang and Hang-Jia-Hu were 2.63 m, 2.00 and 1.06 m, respectively. The land subsidence area is continuing to expand throughout the Yangtze Delta. To study the characteristics and the pattern of this land subsidence, the government has implemented a monitoring system involving the placement of 37 groups of extensometers (layers marks) and drilling of more than 1000 observation wells. These provide an invaluable historical record of deformation and pore water pressure and facilitate studies on the special features of soil deformation when the groundwater level changes due to pumping. Several measures have been taken in recent years to control the development of the land subsidence in the different areas; these include groundwater injection, prohibition of pumping deep confined groundwater, and an adjustment of the pumping depth and magnitude of the groundwater withdrawn. At present, although the subsidence area is still increasing slowly, the subsidence rate is controlled.     

Excessive groundwater withdrawal and resultant land subsidence in the Su-Xi-Chang area,China

Excessive groundwater withdrawal has caused severe land subsidence in the Su-Xi-Chang (SXC) area, China. The restriction and prohibition on groundwater pumping have been carried out since the late 1990s. Based on the latest updated field data, the changing pattern of groundwater level and the distribution of land subsidence are analyzed. The distribution of land subsidence in SXC is closely related to that of the cone of depression in the second confined aquifer in time and space. But land subsidence is not in synchronization with the changing groundwater level. Both aquitards and aquifers compacted continuously in the early period of groundwater level rising and behaved as creep materials. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on aquifer sands, which indicated that the creep deformation under virgin compression is much greater than that under recompression and unloading, and that the creep of sands decreases rapidly with the cycles of repeating load. The test results reveal the mechanism of sand creep under the condition of long-term groundwater pumpage. As a consequence of the restriction and prohibition on groundwater pumping, groundwater level has obviously recovered in the vast majority of the SXC area, and land subsidence has slowed down and even a little rebound has occurred in some sites in Suzhou and Changzhou. If the pumpage is strictly limited continuously, the groundwater level will not decline below the historical lowest value but fluctuate within a certain range. In such a case, land subsidence in SXC will no longer develop obviously.     

Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and geological investigation of Hetang earth fissure

Earth fissures are a geohazard in Jiangsu Province, China. They can be caused by earthquakes and active faults, underground mining, groundwater extraction and landslides. In order to establish a provincial rehabilitation plan in Jiangsu, a range of monitoring programs, surveys, geological investigations and modeling have been implemented or planned. One of the focuses of the project is the land subsidence and earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal in Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou (Su-Xi-Chang) area, southern Jiangsu Province. Hetang earth fissure within the Su-Xi-Chang area was first reported in 1995 and a series of investigation has been conducted since then. The site investigations and geophysical survey in 1997 have recognized the causative factor as the excessive groundwater drawdown coupled by the underlying bedrock ridge. An open trench excavation in 2007 and a plane strain analysis suggest that Hetang earth fissures may have cracked from the bedrock ridge to ground surface. Geological drilling in 2007 has further confirmed the existence and configuration of the ridge and extracted soil samples for laboratory tests to obtain soil parameters for numerical analyses and modeling of land subsidence and earth fissures in the Su-Xi-Chang area, Jiangsu, China. The laboratory tests are currently in progress and the result of numerical analyses and modeling is expected to be presented in the near future.     

Groundwater resources management under environmental constraints in Shiroishi of Saga plain, Japan

A sinking of the land surface due to the pumping of groundwater has long been recognized as an environmental issue in the Shiroishi plain of Saga, Japan. Land subsidence can have several negative economic and social implications such as changes in groundwater and surface water flow patterns, restrictions on pumping in land subsidence prone areas, localized flooding, failure of well casings as well as shearing of structures. To minimize such an environmental effect, groundwater management should be considered in this area. In this study, a new integrated numerical model that integrates a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model coupled with a one-dimensional soil consolidation model and a groundwater optimization model was developed to simulate groundwater movement, to predict ground settlement and to search for optimal safe yield of groundwater without violating physical, environmental and socio-economic constraints. It is found that groundwater levels in the aquifers greatly vary from season to season in response to the varying climatic and pumping conditions. Consequently, land subsidence has occurred rapidly throughout the area with the Shiroishi plain being the most prone. The predicted optimal safe yield of the pumping amount is about 5 million m³. The study also suggests that pumping with this optimal amount will minimize the rate of land subsidence over the entire area. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Numerical simulation of land subsidence induced by groundwater overexploitation in Su-Xi-Chang area,China

Su-Xi-Chang area is one of the typical regions in China which suffers from severe land subsidence. Various field monitoring records were integrated to study the characteristics and mechanisms of land subsidence in this region. The development of the land subsidence in this region shows a tight spatial and temporal correlation with the groundwater pumping. Based on the analysis of the field data, it is found that the deformation patterns of the hydrogeologic units are greatly related to the hydrogeologic properties and groundwater level variations. Some have an elastic behavior, others may have an elastic–plastic rheology. Hence, a 3D finite element numerical model considering the rheological properties of the soil was developed to simulate the groundwater level and land subsidence. Both hydraulic conductivity and specific storage were expected to vary with the porosity during the process of consolidation. Multiscale finite element method (MsFEM) was applied to solve the model during the period from 1996 to 2004. After calibrating the model with the observed groundwater level and subsidence data, the parameters of the multi-layers system were estimated. The calibrated model outputs fit reasonably well with the observed data. Consequently the model can be applied to predict groundwater level and land subsidence in future pumping scenarios. The model predictive results show that land subsidence rate can be controlled and even rebound may occur after the implementation of the groundwater exploitation prohibition. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

苏锡常地区非线性地面沉降耦合模型研究

长期过量开采地下水所引发的地面沉降是一个复杂的非线性变化过程,对其进行数值模拟时,如不考虑沉降发展过程中模型参数的非线性变化,会给预测带来很大误差。本文依据苏锡常地区实际资料,通过典型钻孔土力学试验,确定出土体在不同荷载条件下的弹塑性和蠕变特征方程以及土体渗透系数随孔隙度变化的关系式。在此基础上建立了研究区三维变系数地下水流模型及考虑土体垂向不同变化特征(弹塑变或蠕变)的一维区域沉降模型,并采用多尺度有限单元法对模型进行了真正意义上的耦合求解。     

Sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources considering land subsidence in Suzhou,China

Suzhou is located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in southeastern Jiangsu, China. It is part of the Su-Xi-Chang area including Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou. As one of the most developed areas in China, this region has suffered from severe land subsidence caused by extensive groundwater exploitation since 1980s. The land subsidence was controlled by prohibition of groundwater exploration in the past several years. However, the surface water pollution prompted a new task of how to sustainably utilize the groundwater resource, especially to satisfy the emergency demands of water supply. In this paper, we took Suzhou as a representative case to discuss how to develop groundwater resources while controlling the land subsidence. The relationship between the deformation and the groundwater level was analyzed, with focus on the deformation features after the period of groundwater exploitation ban. The results confirmed the conclusion by Shi et al. (2007, 2008a): even in the period of rising groundwater level, same units may manifest different deformation characteristics, such as elasticity, elasto-plasticity, and visco-elasto-plasticity, at different locations of the cone of depression. A land subsidence model that couples a 3-D groundwater model and a 1-D deformation model was developed to simulate the groundwater level and deformation. A high-resolution local grid (child model) for Suzhou was built based on the regional land subsidence model of Su-Xi-Chang area by Wu et al. (2009). The model was used for a number of predictive scenarios up to the year of 2012 to examine how to develop sustainable use of groundwater resources under the conditions of land subsidence control. Our results indicated that about 3.08 × 10⁷ m³/a groundwater could be provided as emergency and standby water source while meeting the land subsidence control target of 10 mm/a.     

Regional land subsidence simulation in Su-Xi-Chang area and Shanghai City, China

Su-Xi-Chang area and Shanghai City, located in the south of Yangtze Delta, China, has subsided due to groundwater overpumping. Because of the regional scale of the groundwater exploitation, cone of depression and land subsidence at present, Su-Xi-Chang area and Shanghai City are treated as a single area for land subsidence study to avoid the uncertainty of boundary condition due to the regionalism. The characteristics of aquifer system compaction are complex because of the difference in the types, compositions and structures of the soils that the hydrostratigraphic units are composed of, and in the histories of groundwater level change the hydrostratigraphic units have experienced. Considering the fact that different hydrostratigraphic units have different kinds of deformation and that an identical unit may also present different deformation characteristics, such as elasticity, elasto-plasticity, and visco-elasto-plasticity, at different sites of the cone of depression or in different periods, corresponding constitutive laws have been adopted. This avoids the shortcomings of the previous research that the same constitutive law was adopted in all the hydrostratigraphic units during the entire time period. A coupled flow and subsidence model, which includes a three-dimensional flow model with variable coefficients and a one-dimensional (vertical) subsidence model, is built according to the complicated hydrological condition in the region. The simulation model is calibrated using observed data, which include compression of individual strata from groups of extensometers and groundwater levels from observation wells from 1995 to 2002. The model reproduced that the primary subsidence layer in Shanghai shifts from the shallow aquitard to the fourth confined aquifer because of the groundwater yield variations and the change of exploitation aquifers. However the third aquitard was the primary subsidence layer in Su-Xi-Chang area and the compaction deformation of the sandy aquifers was remarkable. The simulation results could provide some reasonable advice about groundwater exploitation in the future.     

Characterization of regional land subsidence in Yangtze Delta, China: the example of Su-Xi-Chang area and the city of Shanghai

Su-Xi-Chang area and the city of Shanghai, located in the south of Yangtze Delta, China, has subsided due to groundwater overpumping. Because of the regional scale of the groundwater exploitation, cone of depression and land subsidence at present, Su-Xi-Chang area and Shanghai are treated as a single area for a land subsidence study, which could more clearly elaborate the relationships between the deformation features of hydrostratigraphic units and the different sites of the cone of depression. All hydrostratigraphic units in the study area were discussed throughout. Based on the field data, including data on compression of individual strata from groups of extensometers and groundwater levels from observation wells, the relationship between the deformation and the groundwater level was analyzed. The results indicate that the deformation features of the hydrogeologic units are greatly related to hydrogeologic properties and groundwater-level variations. An identical hydrogeologic unit may exhibit different deformation features in different locations such as along the periphery and in the center of the cone of depression. In addition, in the same location, a hydrogeologic unit also exhibits different features in different periods because of different groundwater level variations. The delay phenomenon of the sandy aquifer is not specific but occurs widely.