二纺蛛总科（蜘蛛目：新蛛下目）蜘蛛化石研究进展

二纺蛛总科包括5个现生科、5个化石科以及一些科级位置未定的化石物种,是蜘蛛目中较为古老的一个类群。目前已知最早的二纺蛛总科化石记录可以追溯到早侏罗世,但分子系统发育研究推测其起源时间为二叠纪。二纺蛛总科蜘蛛在中生代最为繁盛,化石物种相对较多,是蜘蛛化石类群的重要组成部分。而现生二纺蛛总科蜘蛛十分稀少,且主要分布在热带和亚热带地区。近年来的系统发育研究认为二纺蛛总科可能是复杂生殖器类的姐妹群,是蜘蛛演化研究的关键类群。因此,本文对二纺蛛总科分类系统的研究历史进行了回顾,总结了二纺蛛总科化石类群在不同地质历史时期的组成和分布,统计了二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石的名录。目前,二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石分类研究基础薄弱,部分化石类群的系统位置存疑,二纺蛛总科内部系统发育关系尚不清晰。在将来的研究中,需要利用多种技术手段获取化石材料的形态学信息,打好分类学基础;结合化石类群和现生类群进行系统发育分析;进而联系古地理、古生态、生物学行为等研究,全方位分析二纺蛛总科的自然演化历史。     

热河生物群中蜘蛛和蟹奴化石几个新种

由于蜘蛛身体表面所覆盖的体壳较薄，通常保存为化石的几率较小，因此，蜘蛛化石是一类较为稀有的化石。热河生物群中的蜘蛛化石迄今尚未进行过系统描述。本文报道了属于Araneidae Leach，1819(园蛛科)、Gnaphosidae(平腹蛛科)和Theidiidae Sundeva1833(球腹蛛科)6个蜘蛛新种：Araneus liaoxiensis sp．nov．，A．aethus p．nov．，A．reheensissp．nov．，A．beipiaoensis sp，nov．，Gtuzphosq liaoningensiss p．nov．和Theridion atalus sp．nov．；以及蟹奴幼虫的一个化石新属种Mesosacculina papposa gen．etsp．nov．。这些化石均采自辽西北票黄半吉沟义县组下部(晚侏罗世-早白垩世)。     

浙江洞穴蜘蛛

本文记述了浙江洞穴蜘蛛１４科１９属３３种,其中无眼弱蛛、太真弱蛛、妙石弱蛛和灵栖弱蛛为真洞穴性蜘蛛。通过对２５个洞穴调查,在石灰岩洞穴采集蜘蛛标本２９种,火山岩洞穴采集１６种。了解到形成两类洞穴蜘蛛种类差异,既涉及洞穴大小、稳定程度,又和洞穴口与外界接圾面积有关。洞穴蜘蛛主要分布于浙西岩溶洞穴带。      

河北秦皇岛灵仙洞斑鬣狗化石的古DNA初步分析

鬣狗科动物曾是一个数量十分可观的群体,在5百万年前曾达到演化的鼎盛时期,留下已鉴定化石种100余种.现生的鬣狗科动物仅有4种,仅分布在亚洲和非洲部分地区.由于该科动物演化至今种类剧减、分布区退缩,部分化石种与现生种的谱系演化关系尚不明确,因此成为古生物学家和进化生物学家关注的生物类群之一.采用现代分子生物学方法,提取扩增河北秦皇岛灵仙洞中鬣狗类化石的线粒体基因组古DNA片段,通过与基因库中已有鬣狗科动物各属种同源序列的对比分析,从分子水平确定该化石为斑鬣狗化石;基于古DNA序列数据构建的系统进化树显示,该地的斑鬣狗个体与我国东北地区及俄罗斯的化石斑鬣狗具有较近的亲缘关系,而与西欧洞穴鬣狗及非洲现生斑鬣狗亲缘关系较远,显示出斑鬣狗演化的分子地理谱系.     

中国内蒙古大兴安岭地区下白垩统光华组白垩逍遥蛛一新种

<正>1研究目的(Objective)中国内蒙大兴安岭地区植被茂盛,中生代地层出露较少,此前虽有关于热河生物群化石的记录和报道,但仅限于三尾拟蜉蝣、叶肢介和狼鳍鱼等热河生物群代表化石。2017年,笔者在内蒙莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗宝山乡鸽子山地区发现了蜘蛛化石。这是大兴安岭地区首次发现热河生物群蜘蛛化石,为研究热河生物群蜘蛛化石的分类演化和古地理分布,及该地区热河生物群化石组合面貌和古气候、古环境研究提供了新的化石证据。     

辽西义县组襀翅目昆虫化石及其古生态分析

本文综述了襀翅目昆虫的历史发展及辽西义县组地层中发现的襀翅目化石种类。襀翅目现生昆虫生境范围狭窄,不同类群反映不同的水生环境,将今论古,已发现的襀翅目化石类群反映了高山、河流、山间溪流以及低地湖泊等古环境的存在。襀翅目化石类群反映的这些古环境与地层学分析的沉积环境,以及地层中其他动植物化石反映的古环境相符。     

大熊猫的分类与演化综述

从化石记录和分子生物学证据方面探讨了大熊猫分类和演化的研究现状及进展.归纳和介绍了大熊猫种和亚种的划分及其主要鉴别特征、分布时限、不同地史时期大熊猫的地理分布;根据牙齿特征的细微差别将大熊猫划分为5个主要的种和亚种;根据大熊猫各种和亚种时空分布及其形态的渐变过程,得出了禄丰始熊猫→大熊猫小种→大熊猫武陵山亚种→大熊猫巴氏亚种→大熊猫现生种的演化谱系图;由于大熊猫与熊类、浣熊类在形态及遗传学上均表现出一定的相似性,因而在"科"级水平上大熊猫的归属出现了较大的争执,主要有三种观点:大熊猫属于熊科,大熊猫属于浣熊科,大熊猫自成一科,并列举了各自的证据;指出了大熊猫分类和演化研究中存在的问题,并展望了古DNA和食性研究在大熊猫分类中的应用.     

辽宁海城小孤山披毛犀化石的古DNA分析

从采自辽宁省海城县小孤山晚更新世披毛犀化石样品中成功地获得了1 080 bp细胞色素b基因序列,调用Genbank中已发表的披毛犀序列及5种现生犀牛的同源序列,以马作为外类群,采用邻接法(NJ法)和最大似然法(ME法)构建系统发育树,结果均显示披毛犀与现生苏门答腊犀亲缘关系最近,且辽宁省海城县小孤山样品处于披毛犀分支的根部;对披毛犀样品进行基因分异度分析结果表明,小孤山的披毛犀样品具有较高的基因分异度,为探讨披毛犀的起源、迁徙及演化等问题提供了重要的分子依据.     

辽宁晚侏罗世里阿斯箭蜓科－新属（昆虫纲，蜻蜓目）

本文描述了我国辽宁省北票市上侏罗统义县组中的里阿斯箭蜒科（Ｌｉａｓｓｏｇｏｍｐｈｉｄａｅ）一新属（Ｃｈｒｙｊｏｇｏｍｐｈｕｓｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．）。这是里阿斯箭蜒科昆虫化石在我国的首次发现,对研究这个类群的起源、演化和地理分布都具有重要意义．     

对我国古生物化石自动化鉴定和分类研究的商讨

古生物化石的分类和鉴定,历来是古生物学家研究的重点之一.分类是将生物按纲、目、科、属和种等级别划分并归纳成类.古生物化石的鉴定是以分类工作为基础,它的分类系统和概念与现代生物相同,其中属和种是古今生物分类的最基本的单位.种的概念在现代生物学上早已明确:种是能够(或可能的)相互配育的自然类群,这些类群与其它这样的类群在生殖上相互隔离着.但由于古生物化石是地史上生物的遗体和遗迹,     

近代分支系统学的回顾与展望

本文简要介绍分支学近２０年的存在和发展。生物系统学界对求得树系所用方法的讨论由于分支学的出现而变得活跃。广泛的辩论促进了系统学方法的严谨化。分支学已被越来越多的生物系统学家所接受。近年分支学界讨论的内容包括化石在系统学中的作用，简约法则的应用，衡量树系的统计方法，以及如何将分子与形态数据结合等问题。     

Antiquity and long-term morphological stasis in a group of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): Description of the oldest Octavius species from Cretaceous Burmese amber and a review of the “Euaesthetine subgroup” fossil record

The Staphylinine group of rove beetle subfamilies is a significant animal radiation, and one subordinate monophyletic clade – the ‘Euaesthetine subgroup’ – includes around 3000 species in subfamilies Euaesthetinae and Steninae and has a fossil record dating to the Early Cretaceous. Detailed morphological study of a new well-preserved Cretaceous Burmese amber fossil revealed strong evidence consistent with its taxonomic placement in the euaesthetine genus Octavius. We thus describe Octavius electrospinosus sp. nov., the first Cretaceous record of the genus and of the tribe Euaesthetini. Previously, the oldest records of Octavius and Euaesthetini were from the Eocene (Baltic amber) and discovery of O. electrospinosus sp. nov. therefore nearly doubles the minimum lineage age of Octavius, increasing it by 50 million years. We also briefly review the known Euaesthetine subgroup fossil record and tabulate summary data for all previously described fossils. All are placed in extant genera, and have visible diagnostic generic-level characters including some putative synapomorphies as judged by recent phylogenetic work. Including O. electrospinosus sp. nov., there are now four known Cretaceous species, all of which belong to either Octavius, Nordenskioldia, or Stenus. To explain the long-term morphological stasis in this group of rove beetles, we suggest that the continuous presence of mesic habitats may have buffered these lineages from strong selection for morphological change. Considering the fossils along with phylogenetic hypotheses we suggest the Euaesthetine subgroup originated in the Late Jurassic– Early Cretaceous and the Staphylinine group in the Early Jurassic. We emphasize the derived status of Cretaceous fossils in assessing possible divergence times and the significance of the pre-Cretaceous taphonomic bias for restricting more robust estimates. Further detailed morphological study of available fossils in a phylogenetic framework is badly needed to clarify the phylogenetic positions of these taxa.     

浙东中新世菱属果实化石的数量分类

在浙东天台晚中新世嵊县组发现大量菱属果实化石。该化石保存完好,特征丰富。由于其种类多、性状冗杂不明显,菱属植物的鉴定与分类一直存在很大争议。本研究基于菱属果实化石性状特征多、便于测量记录的特点,通过聚类分析和主成分分析等数值统计方法对菱属果实进行鉴别、归类,寻找鉴定分类中的指导性性状。首先,利用上述方法对现生菱属果实进行数量分析,取得了较好结果。然后,采用同样方法对菱属果实化石进行研究,认为聚类分析和主成分分析法能够对化石种进行有效的鉴定分类,可以成功剔除冗余性状。最后,研究得出果体形状、是否有果冠、果冠是否外翻、顶部形态、肩角生长方向、腰角生长方向、腰角长度、瘤状退化腰角数目等特征是菱属果实化石鉴定的关键性状。基于以上性状,嵊县组菱属果实化石可以分为两个类群。     

New fossil anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Sasayama Group of Hyogo Prefecture,Western Honshu,Japan

We describe two well-preserved and articulated fossil anurans excavated from the Lower Cretaceous Sasayama Group in Hyogo Prefecture, Western Honshu, Japan, as new taxa on the basis of unique combinations of character states. We performed a phylogenetic analysis that included these new taxa, as well as Mesozoic and archaic anurans. This analysis strongly supports the monophyly of each of the two new taxa, both of which are placed in more derived positions than extant leiopelmatids or Liaobatrachus from the Lower Cretaceous in China. Anuran specimens from the Tetori Group of Japan are not assigned to the two new taxa, suggesting that at least three anuran taxa were present in Japan during the Early Cretaceous. These Japanese representatives are not closely related to known fossil anurans from Eastern Eurasia, unlike recently described Cretaceous lizards from these two regions.     

The first water measurers from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Spain (Heteroptera,Hydrometridae, Heterocleptinae)

Two fossils belonging to a new genus and species of water measurer (Gerromorpha, Hydrometridae), Alavametra popovi Sánchez-García and Nel gen. n., sp. n., are described as first definitive record of the family in Lower Cretaceous (upper Albian) amber from the Utrillas Group (Peñacerrada I site) in Spain. Although several parts of the specimens are obscured due to preservation, a sufficient number of taxonomical characters are visible to consider adequate placement within Heterocleptinae, including the very long posterior pair of cephalic trichobothria inserted on tubercles and the preapical articulation between the first and second antennal segments. The new fossil taxon is included into a cladistic analysis with extinct and extant hydrometrids, and it results putatively basal among the subfamily Heterocleptinae, suggesting that this clade was already present 105 Ma ago.     

A new pipid frog from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia and early evolution of crown-group Pipidae

Pipid frogs are fully aquatic frogs that today inhabit freshwater environments of southern continents on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, with a fairly good fossil record dating back to the Cretaceous. Here I report on fossils from the Allen Formation (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian), Río Negro Province, Argentina, that are ascribed to a new genus and species of pipid. In order to assess the evolutionary relationships of the new taxon, which is represented by sphenethmoids, otic capsules, ilia, humeri, and vertebrae, cladistic analyses of a data matrix of 165 osteological characters scored for 36 taxa were performed. The results are congruent with previous hypotheses of pipoid interrelationships and consistently place the new taxon as part of the lineage today represented by the African xenopodines. Temporal calibration of the phylogenetic tree based on the fossil record imply that the origin and early diversification of crown-group Pipidae might have occurred during the Early Cretaceous, prior to the final breakup of western Gondwana. This study highlights the importance of including fossils, even fragmentary ones, directly in phylogenetic analyses in order to disentangling how, when, and where pipid frogs diversified.     

Biogeographical network analysis of Cretaceous Australian dinosaurs

The biogeography of Cretaceous Australian dinosaur fauna has been characterized variously as endemic, cosmopolitan or closely related to other Gondwanan faunas. Over the past decade, a large number of new Australian dinosaur taxa have been described and included in phylogenetic analyses, allowing for new insights into their biogeographical affinities to be obtained. Here, I combine the latest phylogenies of Australian dinosaurs into a supertree that includes as many Australian taxa as possible and apply it to the construction of biogeographical networks of Cretaceous dinosaurs. The results show that the Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia have a strong connection with South American dinosaurs and to those of other Gondwanan continents via South America. Community detection algorithms indicate that the Gondwanan continents form a community within Cretaceous dinosaur biogeographical networks. The biogeographical affinities between Australia and Laurasia detected in previous studies were largely due to the scarce dinosaur fossil record of Gondwana at that time and to the unstable phylogenetic position of Australian dinosaurs because of the fragmentary nature of their fossils. Continuing discoveries of new Australian taxa and refinement of resulting phylogenetic analyses can further deepen our understanding of the biogeographical history of Australia.     

Holocene insect fossils from two sites at Ennadai Lake, Keewatin, Northwest Territories, Canada

Ennadai Lake, in the forest-tundra ecotonal region of Keewatin, Northwest Territories, Canada, has been the subject of several paleoecological investigations (palynology, plant macrofossils, fossil soils). This study concerns Holocene insect fossils at Ennadai, a new approach in a region shown to be sensitive to climatic change. The Ennadai I site yielded 53 taxa, representing 13 families of Coleoptera and 7 families of other insects and arachnids, including abundant ants. These fossils range in age from about 6300 to 630 yr B.P. The Ennadai II site produced fossils of 58 taxa, including 13 beetle families and 15 families of other arthropods, ranging in age from 4700 to 870 yr B.P. The insect evidence suggests the presence of trees in the Ennadai region from 6000 to 2200 yr B.P. A conifer pollen decline from 4800 to 4500 yr B.P. at Ennadai has previously been interpreted as an opening up or retreat of forest in response to climatic cooling, but the insect fossils reveal the continued presence of trees during this interval. Both insect assemblages suggest trends of forest retreat and tundra expansion between about 2200 and 1500 yr B.P., presumably due to climatic cooling, with a return of woodland by about 1000 yr B.P.