长壁孤岛工作面冲击失稳能量场演化规律

煤矿冲击地压一直是困扰中国煤矿安全的主要问题,而煤矿开采过程中跳采形成的孤岛工作面由于容易产生应力集中,来压强度提高,极容易发生冲击地压。基于唐山矿T2193下孤岛工作面的地质条件,从数值分析的角度研究了煤岩体材料的非均匀性,揭示了孤岛工作面顶板周期来压时煤岩体能量释放的动态特征,分析了工作面前方能量释放激增机制。数值模拟结果显示,长壁工作面回采过程中直接顶的不断垮落造成了老顶悬空距离的不断增大,工作面周期来压时,积聚于老顶岩层内的弹性应变能将瞬间释放,容易引发工作面及巷道的冲击失稳。孤岛工作面由于其特有的矿压显现特征,老顶周期破断时所释放的弹性应变能将更加剧烈,冲击地压势必愈加强烈。孤岛工作面顶底板和煤层的能量释放激增可以作为判断煤岩体冲击失稳的前兆信息。孤岛工作面前方发生冲击破坏的主要原因是由于工作面回采过程中围岩所积聚的大量弹性能在顶板断裂时所伴随的巨大能量释放而造成的。     

不同岩性顶板回采工作面矿压分布规律

采用数值模拟技术和现场矿压观测系统,研究了不同岩性顶板回采工作面矿压分布规律及其显现特征。结果表明,在煤炭开采过程中,不同岩性顶板回采工作面最大支承应力存在一定差异,在强度较高的砂岩顶板岩体中,支承压力大,工作面前方支承压力峰值距工作面距离小,初次来压步距和周期来压步距大,矿压显现强烈;而在强度较低的泥岩顶板区,顶板岩体不能和砂岩骨架层一样抵抗覆岩压力,且支承压力小,支承压力的峰值向回采工作面前方岩体内部推移,初次来压步距和周期来压步距小,矿压显现不明显。      

A study of the ground control effects of mining longwall faces into open or backfilled entries

Unusual circumstances may require that a longwall retreat into or through a previously driven room. The operation can be completed successfully, but there have been a number of spectacular failures. To help determine what factors contribute to such failures, a comprehensive international database of 131 case histories has been compiled. The cases include six failures where major rock falls occurred in front of the shields, and seven even more serious failures involving major overburden weighting. The case studies suggest two types of room failure mechanism. The first is a roof fall type failure caused by loading of the immediate roof at the face as the fender or remnant longwall panel narrows. The second is an overburden weighting type failure caused by the inability of the roof to bridge the recovery room and face area, and affecting rock well above the immediate roof. The data indicate that the roof fall type of failure is less likely when intensive roof reinforcement (bolts, cables and trusses) is employed together with higher-capacity shields. The overburden weighting failures, in contrast, occurred when the roof was weak and little standing support was used. Weighting failures were not greatly affected by the density of roof reinforcement. In one of the overburden weighting cases, in a Pittsburgh coalbed mine, stress cell, convergence, bolt load and extensometer data have been used to analyze the failure in detail.     

Discontinuous Modelling of Stratum Cave-in in a Longwall Coal Mine in the Arctic Area

This paper presents a discontinuous numerical approach for studying roof cave-in mechanisms and obtaining the required support capacity of longwall shields in a case study site, the Svea Nord coal mine in Svalbard. The block size in the roof strata and the mechanical parameters of the discontinuities for the numerical model were obtained through back-calculations. The back-calculations were conducted with a statistical method of design of experiment. Numerical simulations revealed that voussoir jointed beams are formed before the first cave-in occurs. The maximum deflection of a roof stratum in the study site prior to the first cave-in is about 70 % of the stratum thickness. The maximum span of the roof strata prior to the first cave-in depends upon the in situ horizontal stress state. The roof beams have a large stable span when they are subjected to high horizontal stress; but horizontal stress would increase the possibility of rock crushing in deflected roof beams. The simulations and field measurements show no periodic weighting on the longwall shields in the study site. Stiff and strong roof beams would result in large first and periodic cave-in distances. As a consequence of having large cave-in distances, the longwall shields must have high load capacity, which can be calculated by the presented numerical approach.     

工作面长度对覆岩空间结构演化及大采高采场矿压规律的影响

工作面长度的增加是导致采场矿压强度增加的原因之一。通过相似模拟试验证明了覆岩能破断成梯形台形态,并指出了梯形台形成机制及梯形台的参数计算原理。利用梯形台分析了工作面长度对覆岩破断规律的影响,指出了梯形台与关键层理论的关系。基于薄板理论推导了岩层破断步距的计算公式,分析了工作面长度对梯形台空间结构演化及采场矿压显现特征的影响。结果表明：由于覆岩按梯形台破断,工作面长度较短时,加载层厚度较小,来压强度小。对比研究了赵庄2号井1305大采高工作面（工作面长度为85 m）和1302大采高工作面（工作面长度为180 m）矿压特征。结果表明：1305工作面基于梯形台和薄板理论进行选型计算,支架计算工作阻力为4 738 kN,现场选用额定阻力5 500 kN能够满足顶板控制的要求;1302工作面基于梁理论进行选型计算,支架计算工作阻力为7 623 kN,现场需选用额定阻力7 800 kN才能满足顶板控制的要求。     

芦岭煤矿8煤层顶板特征研究

基于钻孔岩心资料,分析了芦岭煤矿8煤层顶板的岩性类型和顶板的结构类型,统计了顶板30m以内砂岩的厚度和8煤直接顶厚度。按照硬质岩石百分含量(K)的大小将顶板岩体岩性分为硬质岩体、中硬岩体和软质岩体三类;按照直接顶厚度/采高的比值(Km)将顶板的工程地质类型分为无周期来压顶板、周期来压顶板和周期来压强烈顶板三种类型,得出了8煤顶板类型分区。研究结果为该矿工作面布置方法、顶板支护方式的选择提供了依据,为顶板事故的预防提供了参考资料。     

浅埋煤层长壁开采顶板岩层灾害控制研究

根据浅埋煤层顶板岩层的赋存特点和长壁开采时基岩老顶的断裂下沉特征,应用初始后屈曲理论和突变理论探讨了初次来压期间基岩老顶的灾害机制和灾害控制,补充了基岩老顶破断后控制岩块滑落失稳的充分条件和岩块触矸前后台阶下沉的判据,确定了台阶下沉量,给出了控制台阶下沉和维持顶板稳定的支护力计算公式,并以神东矿区大柳塔1203工作面为例给出了工程实例。研究发现,顶板破断后岩块处于不平衡状态,台阶下沉的机制是结构的滑落失稳;岩块触矸前后的台阶下沉分别与断裂下沉和开采高度之间存在着确定的关系;顶板强烈来压主要是由结构滑落失稳造成的,控制台阶下沉的实质是控制岩块沿煤壁的滑落失稳。研究结果表明,综合应用初始后屈曲理论和突变理论,可根据顶板结构的赋存状况和结构特征,确定基岩老顶触矸前是否会出现全厚度切落;根据工作面的开采高度和采空区有效充填厚度等,可确定基岩老顶触矸后岩块的运动形式;根据顶板的破断步距、断裂下沉量和岩块摩擦因数等,可确定岩块触矸前后控制台阶下沉的支护力     

晋城矿区厚层脆韧性石灰岩顶板变形与控制特性研究

晋城矿区15#煤直接顶K2石灰岩厚8～12 m,结构致密坚硬,为坚硬难垮落顶板。针对厚层石灰岩顶板可能面临的大面积断裂和垮落,从而导致冲击地压等问题,通过岩石力学性质试验获得相关岩层力学参数,并运用关键层理论、数值模拟和相似材料模型试验,研究了厚层脆韧性石灰岩顶板的变形与垮落特性,得到了顶板初次来压步距20～25 m和周期来压步距10～15 m及垮落规律,并提出了顶板控制的技术途径,即初期中深孔爆破结合顶板关键层缓慢下沉综合控制技术。实践表明,厚层石灰岩顶板的垮落形态和垮落步距与理论和试验研究结果基本一致。该项成果为晋城矿区厚层脆韧性石灰岩顶板控制提供了有效途径。     

Fractural structure of thick hard roof stratum using long beam theory and numerical modeling

The thick hard rock (THR) roof of the long-wall mining face is prone to the large-sized cantilever roof, and its sudden fracture will cause serious rock dynamic disasters, such as coal and gas outburst and rockburst. In this study, based on the long beam theory, the initial fracture mechanical model for THR was established, and the first weighting characteristics and extreme fracture step distance were calculated. This study introduced a new technology called deep-hole pre-splitting blasting (DPB) which could break the THR by drilling holes with different depths and angles at different levels of roof rock and then blasting it. Field measurement analysis indicated that the immediate roof and lower thick hard strata were fully collapsed to fill the goaf, and the upper thick hard stratum was effectively cut off. The results showed that mechanical model and drilling holes method and DPB technique were so notably that would lead to a foundation for large-scale popularization and application in a Chinese Mine.     

深部开采覆岩应力变化规律模拟实验研究

为了研究深部开采条件下覆岩结构运动所引发的动力破坏特征及巷道围岩中采动支承压力分布规律,以某矿20180工作面覆岩为研究对象,通过相似材料模拟实验,得出了深部开采条件下覆岩应力变化规律。结果表明:顶板垮落规律显著,初次来压步距较长,周期来压步距基本相似;开采过程中底板与顶板支撑压力是动态变化的,并具有同步性;随着顶板岩层高度的增加,应力集中系数逐渐减小。根据底板和顶板的应力变化规律,将底板和顶板划分为五个区域,为深部开采条件下工作面巷道超前支护,采空区瓦斯抽放及矿压控制提供可靠理论依据。     

Forecasting shield pressures at a longwall face using artificial neural networks

Leg pressure data from all shields of a longwall face are monitored and recorded in the surface computer. An algorithm is developed to detect peak pressures or periodic roof weightings from these pressure data. The intensities and locations of periodic roof weighting are further analyzed using artificial neural network for forecasting of forthcoming shield pressures. The network was trained using data 153 m (500 ft) of face advance. Shield pressures are forecasted for the successive nine mining cycles or approximately 9 m of face advancement. The results obtained validate the efficacy of the developed model.     

考虑层间剪应力作用的煤矿岩层控制理论探讨

目前已被广泛应用的煤矿开采的关键层理论对煤矿岩层控制提供了重要理论依据,并合理解释了煤矿开采矿压显现现象。该理论认为煤矿开采引起的岩层破断、失稳后形成的铰接结构控制了覆岩的运移规律,但其忽略了层与层之间剪应力对覆岩破断运移规律的影响。基于岩层间存在剪应力这一假设,建立了覆岩组合梁力学模型,获得了非均质组合梁剪应力理论解;提出了考虑层间剪应力的关键层判断步骤,并修正了煤矿开采关键层破断距的计算公式;研究认为关键层控制的上覆岩层并不一定同时随其破断;基于双层岩层开采模型,分析提出了柔性控制层概念：即关键层破断后起到类似关键层作用而控制上覆一层或几层岩层变形的一类岩层;进一步提出了柔性控制层的判别方式,探讨了柔性控制层对关键层复合破断和矿压显现规律的影响,分析认为柔性控制层的存在一定程度上减弱了周期来压强度并产生二次伴随来压现象;结合工程案例,验证了该假设的合理性。     

综采工作面周期来压步距受回采速率影响研究

为实现不同采煤速率条件下综采工作面周期来压步距的预测,保证来压时工作面稳定,以陕北某煤矿14204工作面为工程背景,通过对工作面支架压力实时监测得出矿压显现规律,并分别采用对数函数和双曲函数对周期来压步距受推采速率的影响进行回归分析。分析结果表明,14204工作面平均来压步距为13.3 m;经过对比分析,发现双曲函数能很好的拟合推采速率对周期来压步距的影响;随回采速率的提高周期来压步距有所增加,但是由于工作面两端及中间位置的顶板所处的边界条件、地质条件等不尽相同,所以周期来压步距增加的幅度有所差异。研究成果为陕北地区综采工作面矿压显现规律的预测及控制提供了有益的实践经验。      

基于SOS微震监测系统的综放工作面来压周期分析

针对综放回采工作面老顶来压时易发生冒顶冲击地压事故,某矿1305综放工作面采用波兰矿山研究总院研制的新一代SOS高精度微震监测系统,对工作面自开切眼回采开始进行全程时时连续监测。统计分析微地震事件、事件发生频率及事件总能量的周期性变化,从而推断出老顶断裂的周期性。再经过理论计算验证系统的准确性。结果表明:工作面的周期来压与矿震事件能量的周期变化存在相对应的关系; 强烈微震活动发生前有一段弱震活动时期,为强震的发生积蓄了更多的能量; 周期来压时释放的总能量在某一特定水平波动,但波动的变化不稳定性增强。该结论对工作面安全回采及预防矿震冲击地压的发生具有一定的现实指导意义。     

Study of roof stability of the end of working face in upward longwall top coal

Low recovery of longwall top coal caving (LTCC) remains one of the most difficult engineering problems in this mining method and impedes its application. The top coal left in the gob at face end accounts for a large portion of the total coal loss, and the instability of the leftover triangle coal at face end has long been a threat to the safety of miners and the mining equipment. In this paper, based on the engineering background of Ruilong mine, we explore the stability of the roof at the end of the face by using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field measurement. Results reveal that in the inclined longwall top coal caving face, the immediate roof forms an “arch” structure, and the basic roof forms a “masonry beam” structure after the roof collapses; working resistance of the support calculated by the method of ultimate bearing capacity was adequate to meet the requirement of roof load; roof load of coal pillar was related to the length of key block and fracture position; and increasing the size of coal pillar could ensure the stability of both coal pillar and roof.     

Upscaling of elastic properties for large scale geomechanical simulations

Large scale geomechanical simulations are being increasingly used to model the compaction of stress dependent reservoirs, predict the long term integrity of under‐ground radioactive waste disposals, and analyse the viability of hot‐dry rock geothermal sites. These large scale simulations require the definition of homogenous mechanical properties for each geomechanical cell whereas the rock properties are expected to vary at a smaller scale. Therefore, this paper proposes a new methodology that makes possible to define the equivalent mechanical properties of the geomechanical cells using the fine scale information given in the geological model. This methodology is implemented on a synthetic reservoir case and two upscaling procedures providing the effective elastic properties of the Hooke's law are tested. The first upscaling procedure is an analytical method for perfectly stratified rock mass, whereas the second procedure computes lower and upper bounds of the equivalent properties with no assumption on the small scale heterogeneity distribution. Both procedures are applied to one geomechanical cell extracted from the reservoir structure. The results show that the analytical and numerical upscaling procedures provide accurate estimations of the effective parameters. Furthermore, a large scale simulation using the homogenized properties of each geomechanical cell calculated with the analytical method demonstrates that the overall behaviour of the reservoir structure is well reproduced for two different loading cases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Support capacity and roof behaviour at longwall faces with shield supports

Summary Field investigations on seven U.S. longwall coal faces were carried out to examine the behaviour and interaction of roof, floor and support on longwall faces equipped with hydraulic powered supports. The most important factor in determining face stability was found to be periodic weighting and an empirical design equation was developed for support capacity. The interaction of various elements in the face system is examined and discussed.     

淮南煤田口孜集勘查区深部煤层顶、底板工程地质特征研究

口孜集勘查区矿井目前正处于开发阶段,深部煤层顶、底板的稳定性对煤层开采方法具有很大的影响。在分析煤层顶、底板岩性在平面上变化规律的基础上,结合岩石物理力学性质,对影响煤层顶底板稳定性的因素进行了研究。依据本区顶板岩石的单轴抗压强度,结合钻孔工程地质编录RQD值和煤层开采的采高比,对主采煤层进行了工程地质分类,其中13-1煤层顶板在东北部及中部以周期来压顶板为主,而8煤在东南及西北部也以周期来压为主。另外,对该区深部开采的工程地质问题进行了预测,根据预测结果提出了相应的预防措施。     

断层对顶板稳定性影响相似模拟试验研究

通过相似模拟试验方法分析了不同倾向高角度正断层, 在采动影响下顶板岩体变形破坏和矿压分布规律。结果表明, 在采动影响下断层“活化”,断层带及其影响范围内的岩体破碎, 表现为周期断裂步距小, 冒落带高, 尤其是断层下盘, 顶板稳定性差; 当工作面开采到离断层面22.5~ 30 m时, 直到断层位置的前方煤体中支承压力增大, 煤体被压碎, 且随着距断层面距离的缩小, 支承压力的峰值位置向工作面前方转移; 通过断层后, 顶板岩体中支承压力减小, 比无断层存在的情况要低。      

Evaluation of coal longwall caving characteristics using an innovative UDEC Trigon approach

The paper presents an innovative numerical approach to simulate progressive caving of strata above a longwall coal mining panel. A proposed Trigon logic is incorporated within UDEC to successfully capture the progressive caving of strata which is characterized by fracture generation and subsequent propagation. A new damage index, D, is proposed that can quantify regions of both compressive shear and tensile failure within the modelled longwall. Many features of progressive caving are reproduced in the model and found to fit reasonably well with field observations taken from a case study in the Ruhr coalfield. The modelling study reveals that compressive shear failure, rather than tensile failure, is the dominant failure mechanism in the caved strata above the mined-out area. The immediate roof beds act like beams and can collapse in beam bending when vertical stress is dominant or in beam shear fracture when horizontal stress is dominant. The proposed numerical approach can be used to guide the design of longwall panel layout and rock support mechanisms.