基于异质SVM神经网络的土壤盐渍化灾害预测模型

为研究银川平原普遍存在的土壤盐渍化问题,文章对银川平原的土壤盐渍化程度及潜在的发展趋势作出预测。利用Landsat 8 OLI数据与野外实测数据,选取地面高程、地下水位埋深、地下水溶解性总固体、植被指数、盐分指数及干旱指数为预测指标并提取指标值建立数据集,结合野外实测样点数据,建立基于异质支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM)神经网络算法的盐渍化灾害预测模型。结果表明:（1）建立预测模型时,选择Radial Basis Funciton作为模型的核函数,c=100且g=3时预测精度最高可达85%;（2）研究区轻度盐渍化土壤面积约854 km2,中度盐渍化土壤面积约985 km2,重度盐渍化土壤面积约231 km2,主要分布在平罗县西大滩、银川芦花和吴忠苦水河地区;（3）银川平原北部的土壤盐渍化情况较严重且多分布于耕地周围的撂荒地以及地下水位埋藏较浅的地区,耕地资源中土壤盐渍化状况较严重,应注重耕地的合理灌溉与排水,增加土壤的可持续利用性。     

Causality analysis of the groundwater response in a delta plain of the lower Nakdong River,Republic of Korea

The salinity of groundwater in an estuarine delta plain is sometimes related to the presence of an estuarine dam. To understand groundwater processes and salinity variation, time series data on the river water level, groundwater level, and groundwater electrical conductivity were collected for the Nakdong River in southeastern Republic of Korea. Sampling was undertaken upstream of the estuarine barrage system, which is opened and closed depending on upstream flow and seawater level. Comprehensive correlation analysis was performed between the groundwater and river water levels using bubble plots between groundwater electrical conductivity and the hydrological variables. Comparative analysis between the correlations and the field measurements of the hydrological variables indicated a negligible flux connection between the river and groundwater. Oscillatory pressure wave propagation from the river boundary explains the response patterns of the groundwater level. There were different response times for the rising and falling of the river water. Electrical conductivity in groundwater is not directly associated with that of the river except in one well close to the river boundary. The response patterns of groundwater electrical conductivity were explained by potential anthropogenic activity. Further transfer modeling results also indicate a spatial explanatory response pattern for the groundwater level. No spatial patterns in the models of electrical conductivity indicate that the hydrological processes are different with respect to the groundwater level and electrical conductivity.

     

宁夏清水河上游浅层地下水咸化作用研究

认识干旱区地下咸水的形成机制对水资源管理和规划具有重要意义。在宁夏清水河平原上游采集52组浅层地下水化学样品和8组易溶盐样品,分析了地下水咸化的水文地球化学作用,利用元素质量平衡法计算了各作用对地下水盐分的贡献比率。结果表明：沿径流方向,地下水咸化程度呈增加趋势。咸化作用主要为岩石风化,并具空间分异,在补给区以碳酸盐风化为主,在强径流区硫酸盐风化占优,在弱径流区硫酸盐和岩盐风化共同提供了68%～93%的盐量。随着地下水TDS增加,蒸发岩贡献比率上升,碳酸盐和硅酸盐贡献比率下降。蒸发岩风化是导致浅层地下水咸化的首要因素。     

松嫩平原环境演变与土地盐碱化、荒漠化的成因分析

松嫩平原是我国最大的平原之一,百年前还是一个水草丰盛的大草原,自20世纪下半叶以来,盐碱化十分严重,盐碱荒漠化发展迅速,许多地区经20～30年就变成了不毛之地。以往的研究很少涉及地质历史背景,然而,这是一个极为重要的因素。文章以地质历史的演变为基础,从气候因素、人文因素和全球变化等多种因素对松嫩平原苏打盐分的来源、分布与富集规律及盐碱化、荒漠化的形成原因开展综合研究。应用TM卫星遥感数据、3S技术及环境模拟技术对土地盐碱化、荒漠化的分布、扩展进行量化研究,并首次进行了松嫩平原的盐碱荒漠化评价,揭示了该区生态环境恶化的严重性。从而为振兴东北提供了重要的环境信息,为松嫩平原生态环境保护、治理和土地资源的可持续利用提供了科学依据。     

海原盆地地下水咸化特征和控制因素

地下水是海原盆地唯一的供水水源,近年来部分地区地下水溶解性总固体(TDS)增高,引起了有关部门和水文地质工作者的高度关注。通过分析69组地下水样品的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素数据,对地下水补给来源和咸化的水文地球化学过程进行了研究。结果表明:地下水TDS值198.2~6 436.4 mg/L,沿着地下水流向,咸化程度增加,水化学类型从基岩区的HCO3—Ca·Mg型演化至滞留—排泄区的SO4·Cl—Na·Mg型。地下水补给来源主要为大气降雨和基岩裂隙水侧向径流,补给源—对地下水咸化贡献较小。溶滤作用具空间差异,基岩区和补给区以碳酸盐、硅酸盐风化为主,径流区和滞留—排泄区则为蒸发岩风化,硫酸盐是地下水中阳离子的主要来源。补给水、溶滤和蒸发对第四系地下水TDS的贡献比率分别为4.8%~81.2%、11.9% ~85.9%、1.7%~29.5%,溶滤作用是控制海原盆地地下水咸化的首要因素。当地有关部门应加大对基岩泉水的综合利用,同时注意控制海原县和西安镇等地区地下水开采量,防止地下水进一步咸化。另外,在微咸水分布区可引进地下水去除硫酸盐技术,提高微咸水利用程度。     

亳州盐渍土的分布及其工程地质特征

盐渍土是气候、地貌、地质、工程地质、水文地质等因素综合影响的工程地质灾害,本文在大量调查、分析与研究的基础上,采用了槽探、水样(水化学分析)、土样(土壤含盐量分析、土壤毛细水试验)等综合方法,分析了亳州盐渍土灾害的危害性及对农业生态系统、公路建设的影响,同时,考虑到人为和环境地质因素对盐渍土的影响,圈定了盐渍土的潜在威胁区,从而,预测了盐渍土的发展、演变趋势,因地制宜地提出了整治盐渍土的基本对策与措施。     

毫州盐渍土的分布及其工程地质特征

盐渍土是气候，地貌、地质、工程地质、水文地质等因素综合影响的工程地质灾害，本文在大量调查、分析与研究的基础上，采用了槽探、水样（水化学分析）、土样（土壤含盐量分析、土壤毛细水试验）等综合方法，分析了亳州盐渍土灾害的危害性及对农业生态系统、公路建设的影响，同时，考虑到人为和环境地质因素对盐渍土的影响，圈定了盐渍土的潜在威胁区，从而，预测了盐渍土的发展、演变趋势，因地制宜地提出了整治盐渍土的基本对策     

辽河三角洲地下潜水现状及变化规律研究

在辽河三角洲地区,布设10个地下水监测点,通过3年的动态监测,得到第四系孔隙潜水水质动态变化规律.辽河三角洲地区地下水矿化度普遍较高,范围介于1~31 g/L.西部山前倾斜平原,地下水矿化度较小,水质较好.南部滨海低平原区,矿化度介于12~31 g/L,地下水为盐水.东北部冲积平原区地下水矿化度介于1~3 g/L,为微咸水.在地下水化学类型方面,HCO₃-Na型地下水主要分布于西部山前倾斜平原区;Cl-Na型地下水主要分布在南部滨海低平原地区;Cl-Na·Ca型地下水主要分布在北部和东部的冲积平原区;HCO₃·Cl-Na型地下水主要分布在东北部的冲积平原区.山前倾斜平原地区,地下水水质基本保持着良好的状态,大部分地区水质变化不大.南部低平原区,Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺及矿化度持续升高,高矿化度、氯化物型和钠型水分布面积增大,向周边扩散.北部冲积平原地区,地下水的各组分及矿化度略有起伏,变化不大并趋于稳定.     

Impacts of wastewater irrigation in arid and semi arid regions: case of Sidi Abid region,Tunisia

Impacts of irrigation with treated wastewater effluents on soils and groundwater aquifer in the vicinity of Sidi Abid Region (Tunisia) are evaluated. The groundwater aquifer was monitored by several piezometers, where monthly water levels were registered and groundwater salinity was evaluated. This resulted in characterizing the spatial and temporal evolution of the hydrochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer, showing thereby the impact of artificial recharge. Piezometric maps for pre-recharge and post-recharge situations were developed and a comparison study of both piezometric situations was considered. The piezometric evolution map showed a generalized rise of the piezometric level in the vicinity of the irrigation zone. The extent of recharge was shown to increase with time as the groundwater level increase, which was localized in the vicinity of the irrigation area, reached more extended zones. Several groundwater samples were withdrawn from wells and piezometers and analyzed. Examining the corresponding physical and chemical parameters showed an increase in the concentrations of nutrients (28 mg/l for NO₃ and 3.97 mg/l for NH₄) in the groundwater aquifer below the irrigation zone, which confirms again the infiltration of treated wastewater effluents. The evolution of soil salinity was examined through chemical analysis of soil samples. Electric conductivities of soils were generally shown to be less than 4 mS/cm while the irrigation water has an electric conductivity that may reach 6.63 mS/cm. This might be explained by the phenomenon of dilution and the capacity of soils to evacuate salts downward.     

Use of hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotopes for evaluation of groundwater in Qingshuihe Basin,northwestern China

Hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotope data were utilized to understand origin, geochemical evolution, hydraulic interconnection, and renewability of groundwater in Qingshuihe Basin, northwestern China. There are four types of groundwater: (1) shallow groundwater in the mountain front pluvial fans, originating from recent recharge by precipitation, (2) deep paleo-groundwater of the lower alluvial plains, which was formed long ago, (3) shallow groundwater in the lower alluvial plains, which has undergone evaporation during the recharge process, and (4) mixed groundwater (shallow and deep groundwater in the plain). The main water types are Na–HCO₃, which dominates type (1), and Na–SO₄, which dominates types (2) and (3). Geochemical evolution in the upper pluvial fans is mainly the result of CO₂ gas dissolution, silicates weathering and cation exchange; in the lower alluvial plains, it is related to mineral dissolution. The evaporative enrichment only produces significant salinity increases in the shallow groundwater of the lower alluvial plains. Shallow groundwater age in the upper plain is 10 years or so, showing a strong renewability. Deep groundwater ages in the lower plain are more than 200 years, showing poor renewability. In the exploitation areas, the renewability of groundwater evidently increases and the circulation period is 70–100 years.     

Distribution and evolution features of salinized soil in Hebei Plain

In order to study the distribution and evolution features of saline soil, the correlations between the groundwater depth, salinity and salinization of soil are examined through analyzing the hydrometeorological data and distribution maps of saline soil, groundwater depth and salinity in 1957 and 2005. The results show that the area of salinization has generally decreased. The area of salinization decreases with the increasing groundwater depth, and the dynamic evolution characteristics appeared between the groundwater depth and area of salinization. The area of heavy salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is > 5 g/L, the area of moderate salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is between 2-5 g/L, the area of light salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is 1-2 g/L and the area of non-salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is <1 g/L. The area of heavy salinization was characterized with groundwater depth <2.5 m and salinity >1.8 g/L. The area of non-salinization was characterized with groundwater depth >4.0 m and salinity 0.2-1.5 g/L.     

Land degradation risk assessment of El Fayoum depression, Egypt

The main objective of this study is to assess the land degradation risk of cultivated land in El Fayoum depression. The physiographic map of the depression was produced by using remote sensing and land surveying data. The depression comprises lacustrine plain, alluvial–lacustrine plain, and alluvial plain representing 12.22%, 53.58%, and 34.20% of the total area, respectively. The soil, climate, and topographic characteristics of the depression were extracted from land surveying, laboratory analyses, digital elevation model, and available reports. A simple model was designed to employ these data for assessing the chemical and physical risk of land degradation using Arc-GIS 9.2 software. The obtained results indicate that severe risk to chemical and physical degradation affect 54.15% and 29.23% of the depression, respectively. The current status of soil salinity, sodicity, and water table indicate that most of lacustrine and alluvial–lacustrine soils are actually degraded by salinization, sodification, and waterlogging. The results of degradation risk and the actual hazard indicate that the human activities are not sufficient to overcome the degradation processes in the most of the depression (80. 22%). Moreover, a negative human impact affects 26.29% of the area mostly in the alluvial plain. Great efforts related to the land management are required to achieve the agriculture sustainability.     

Hydrologic factors controlling groundwater salinity in northwestern coastal zone,Egypt

The aim of this article is to assess the main factors influencing salinity of groundwater in the coastal area between El Dabaa and Sidi Barani, Egypt. The types and ages of the main aquifers in this area are the fractured limestone of Middle Miocene, the calcareous sandstone of Pliocene and the Oolitic Limestone of Pleistocene age. The aquifers in the area are recharged by seasonal rainfall of the order of 150 mm/year. The relationship of groundwater salinity against the absolute water level, the well drilling depth, and the ability of aquifer to recharge has been discussed in the present work. The ability of aquifer to locally recharge by direct rainfall is a measure of the vertical permeability due to lithological and structural factors that control groundwater salinity in the investigated aquifers. On the other hand, the fracturing system as well as the attitude of the surface water divide has a prime role in changing both the mode of occurrence and the salinity of groundwater in the area. Directly to the west of Matrouh, where the coastal plain is the narrowest, and east of Barrani, where the coastal plain is the widest, are good examples of this concept, where the water salinity attains its maximum and minimum limits respectively. Accordingly, well drilling in the Miocene aquifer, in the area between El Negila and Barrani to get groundwater of salinities less than 5000 mg/l is recommended in this area, at flow rate less than 10 m³/hr/well. In other words, one can expect that the brackish water is probably found where the surface water divide is far from the shore line, where the Wadi fill deposits dominate (Quaternary aquifer), acting as a possible water salinity by direct rainfall and runoff.     

Estimating And Modifying The Effects Of Agricultural Development On The Groundwater Balance Of Large Wheatbelt Catchments

Seven large catchments, cleared progressively from 1912 to 1985, were studied to determine the groundwater conditions for salinization of both the pristine and disturbed environments. Detailed drilling was conducted to provide information on the nature and didtribution of the physical and chemical properties of these groundwater systems. First-order estimates of recharge and discharge rates were derived from the groundwater balance, chloride mass balance, and specific yield techniques. Recharge rates under pristine conditions estimated from the groundwater balance method were of the order of 0.02–0.14 mm/yr and 0.05–3.0 mm/yr using the chloride method. Recharge was greatest in the deep sandplain and arkosic-outcrop soil associations and least in the heavy textured midslope and valley soils. Higher rates were obtained from the specific yield technique, where recharge under current agricultural conditions was considered to be between 6 and 10 mm/yr. Recharge rates of up to 30 mm/yr were noted when flooding of the sandy-textured, valley floor soils occured. Clearing of the native vegatation for agriculture is estimated to have increased groundwater recharge by between one and three orders of magnitude. Equilibrium groundwater balance estimates suggest that discharge rates have only increased ten-fold. As a result of the changes to the water balance, 5–30% of particular catchments may need to become discharge areas to balance increased recharge of 6–10 mm/yr. Native woodlands and halophyte communities are considered to have played an important role in providing a complex discharge mechanism before clearing. The management of catchments to contain soil salinity should include improved recharge control systems using specialized crop rotations. To date, however, little evidence of the success of this method exists. Therefore, discharge enhancemnet should also become a part of catchment management systems. Discharge can be manipulated by planting phreatophytic vegetation and by pumping groundwater from basement aquifers to improve agricultural water supplies. The results presented in this paper suggest that discharge enhancement has an important role to play and, as a part of integrated catchment water management, has the potential to control and eventually reduce dryland salinity     

Detecting a salinity plume in an unconfined sandy aquifer and assessing secondary soil salinization using electromagnetic induction techniques, North Dakota, USA

 Land-use changes on the Sheyenne Delta in southeastern North Dakota, USA, have prompted research on impacts to the unconfined Sheyenne Delta aquifer (SDA). This study examines effects of the saline discharge of a flowing artesian well that taps the Dakota aquifer (DAK) on SDA groundwater chemistry and soil salinity. Objectives were to map the saline plume in the SDA using induction techniques, to assess chloride migration in the SDA, and to evaluate induction sensitivity to moderately saline sands. Induction data, collected in a 2.9-ha grid, were compared to 31 soil profiles analyzed for gravimetric moisture, electrical conductivity, and chloride. Soil salinization is widespread, but only 7% of the area meets the 4-dS/m threshold for saline soils. SDA chloride distribution was determined on transects oriented with and perpendicular to the flow path determined from induction readings. Chloride was detected in the aquifer 550 m from the source, indicating a transport rate of 21 m/yr. Complex recharge and discharge patterns and hummocky relief contribute to a wide chloride plume at this site. A mass balance based on soil-water content and chloride concentration shows that only 4% of the chloride from the DAK well remains in the grid volume. Received, January 1998 · Revised, January 1999 · Accepted, March 1999     

物探方法在研究河北平原第四系浅层水和咸水体分布规律中的应用

本文介绍了在分析河北平原近三十年来所取得的丰富电测深和电测井资料基础上,结合水文地质和遥感资料进行综合研究,所总结出的第四系不同岩性沉积物、各种矿化度地下水、土壤积盐临界深度内不同程度盐渍化土的电性参数,以及利用物探资料解决河北平原浅层水文地质分区、山前平原浅层水富水性分区、查明咸水体分布规律、咸水区内浅层淡水发育情况及盐渍土分区范围等水文地质问题时,所取得的成果。反映了河北平原第四系含水综合地质体的区域性电性特征,显示了物探方法解决有关水文地质问题的良好应用效果。     

Assessing groundwater vulnerability using GIS-based DRASTIC model for Ahmedabad district,India

The present research aims to derive the intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater against contamination using the GIS platform. The study applies DRASTIC model for Ahmedabad district in Gujarat, India. The model uses parameters like depth, recharge, aquifer, soil, topography, vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity, which depict the hydrogeology of the area. The research demonstrates that northern part of district with 46.4% of area is under low vulnerability, the central and southern parts with 48.4% of the area are under moderate vulnerability, while 5.2% of area in the south-east of district is under high vulnerability. It is observed from the study that lower vulnerability in northern part may be mostly due to the greater depth of vadose zone, deeper water tables and alluvial aquifer system with minor clay lenses. The moderate and high vulnerability in central and southern parts of study area may be due to lesser depth to water tables, smaller vadose zone depths, unconfined to semi-confined alluvial aquifer system and greater amount of recharge due to irrigation practices. Further, the map removal and single-parameter sensitivity analysis indicate that groundwater vulnerability index has higher influence of vadose zone, recharge, depth and aquifer parameters for the given study area. The research also contributes to validating the existence of higher concentrations of contaminants/indicators like electrical conductivity, chloride, total dissolved solids, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, sodium and magnesium with respect to groundwater vulnerability status in the study area. The contaminants/indicators exceeding the prescribed limits for drinking water as per Indian Standard 10500 (1991) were mostly found in areas under moderate and high vulnerability. Finally, the research successfully delineates the groundwater vulnerability in the region which can aid land-use policies and norms for activities related to recharge and seepage with respect to existing status of groundwater vulnerability and its quality.     

Simultaneous transport of water and solutes under transient unsaturated flow conditions — A case study

The imbalance between incoming and outgoing salt causes salinization of soils and sub-soils that result in increasing the salinity of stream-flows and agriculture land. This salinization is a serious environmental hazard particularly in semi-arid and arid lands. In order to estimate the magnitude of the hazard posed by salinity, it is important to understand and identify the processes that control salt movement from the soil surface through the root zone to the ground water and stream flows. In the present study, Malaprabha sub-basin (up to dam site) has been selected which has two distinct climatic zones, sub-humid (upstream of Khanapur) and semi-arid region (downstream of Khanapur). In the upstream, both surface and ground waters are used for irrigation, whereas in the downstream mostly groundwater is used. Both soils and ground waters are more saline in downstream parts of the study area. In this study we characterized the soil salinity and groundwater quality in both areas. An attempt is also made to model the distribution of potassium concentration in the soil profile in response to varying irrigation conditions using the SWIM (Soil-Water Infiltration and Movement) model. Fair agreement was obtained between predicted and measured results indicating the applicability of the model.     

吉林省西部潜水资源与生态环境风险分析

吉林省西部是我国主要粮食产区,但区内农业水利规划管理同时面临潜水资源与生态环境双重风险。近20年来,区内曾尝试多种水资源利用模式,但缺少不同模式应用效果的定量化对比。文章建立了不同水资源利用模式,对比分析各模式的水资源与次生盐碱化风险。以洮儿河流域为例,采用循环神经网络预测2019—2023年该地区大气降水和地表水对地下水补给量;通过随机数值模拟预测现状开采、连续干旱、无序开采、地下水库建设、节水灌溉、旱田改水田6种情形下,区内潜水水位空间分布特征。以防止次生盐碱化为目标,定义水位埋深上限为1 m;以含水介质厚度为参考,定义水位埋深下限为12 m。遴选适合吉林省西部地区地下水资源可持续利用模式。结果显示:无序开采是导致区内水资源枯竭的主要诱因;地下水库建设和旱改水工程有助于潜水资源维护,但长期运行可加剧生态环境风险。节水灌溉（净采强度为2.0×108～3.0×108 m3/a）是降低区内水资源风险和生态环境风险的最佳方式。文章采用的神经网络—随机模拟分析方法成功预测了地下水位变化驱动因子和地下水位中长期变化趋势,为我国干旱半干旱地区潜水资源利用方案制定提供了新方法。     

新疆乌鲁木齐河流域北部平原区水文地球化学

乌鲁木齐河流域是西北干旱地区内流盆地的典型代表,也是水文地质研究的重点区域。本次研究利用以往工作的资料,并在流域下游北部平原区采集地下水和地表水样品21组,用无机离子作为示踪剂,结合环境同位素的分析,提出乌鲁木齐河流域平原区的地表水普遍溶解有蒸发盐,与晚全新世(近4000年)以来我国西北地区气候不断变得干旱有关;并将北部平原区的地下水划分为三层不同水体:现代水(埋深21~65 m)是乌鲁木齐河河水经蒸发后入渗补给的,而下面二层水为晚全新世初期(埋深179~259 m)和晚更新世末次冰期(埋深~353 m)补给的水都是原地的降水入渗。