基于波动方程的广义屏叠前深度偏移

地震波传播算子的计算效率和精度是制约三维叠前深度偏移的关键因素. 广义屏传播算子(GSP, Generalized Screen Propagator)是一种在双域中实现的广角单程波传播算子. 这一方法略去了在非均匀体之间发生的交混回响,但它可以正确处理包括聚焦、衍射、折射和干涉在内的各种多次前向散射现象. 通过背景速度下的相移和扰动速度下的陡倾角校正,广义屏算子能够适应地层速度的强烈横向变化. 这种算子可以直接应用于炮集叠前偏移,通过将广义屏算子作用于双平方根方程,还可以获得一种高效率、高精度的炮检距域叠前深度偏移方法,用于二维共炮检距道集和三维共方位角道集的深度域成像. 本文首先简述了炮检距域广义屏传播算子的理论,进而讨论了共照射角成像(CAI, Common Angle Imaging)条件,由此给出各个不同照射角(炮检距射线参数)下的成像结果,进而得到共照射角像集. 由于照射角和炮检距的对应关系,共照射角像集又为偏移速度分析和AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)分析等提供了有力工具.     

窄方位地震数据双平方根方程偏移方法探讨

简单回顾双平方根（DSR）方程偏移一般理论之后,介绍了适应偏移速度分析的角度域成像快速算法.针对地震勘探中窄方位三维地震数据成像问题,探讨了限定输入数据体或限定波场传播方向的DSR方程偏移方法.数值试验表明,共方位角偏移等DSR方程叠前深度偏移方法在盐体或礁体、古潜山等强横向变速地区具有很好的应用前景.     

叠前逆时偏移影响因素分析

反射地震勘探中的偏移成像技术是获取地下介质构造形态最有效的手段之一.在叠前深度域偏移方法中,目前工业界采用的方法包括基于射线理论的波动方程积分解法和基于波动理论的微分波动方程单程波解法,这两类方法难以处理地震波横向速度变化剧烈的高陡倾角构造成像问题.近年来勘探地震学研究领域发展起来的叠前逆时偏移采用了双程波求解微分波动方程的算法,这种方法具有相位准确、不受介质横向速度变化和高陡倾角构造的影响、成像精度高、可以利用回转波正确成像等优点,从理论上弥补了当前工业界常规地震偏移所面临的成像缺陷.然而,叠前逆时偏移成像方法从理论走向实用尚需解决如下问题:计算速度和数据存储空间的节省、初始速度模型的建立、震源子波的选择、数值模型边界条件的定义和假像的消除等等.对于计算速度和存储量大的问题,随着计算机硬件的快速发展,将会不断得到改善,同时可以采取一些计算技术和存储策略来加以缓解.本文主要针对初始速度模型的建立、震源子波的选择、数值模型边界条件的定义和假像的消除这些因素,利用简单模型进行了分析.对于反射波造成的传播路径上的假像,给出了一种振幅补偿滤波方法.对勘探地球物理学界给出的SEG/EAGE二维盐丘模型、Marmousi模型和本研究设计的崎岖海底模型进行了叠前逆时偏移成像,均取得了较好的成像效果.     

南海南部深部结构的复杂构造地震成像

南海南部海底崎岖、地下构造复杂、二维地震资料中多次波非常发育,在地震数据处理中很难获得令人满意的成像效果,为此本文采用了预测反褶积后F-K域滤波及叠前时间偏移后Radon变换去除多次波的组合方案,有效地衰减了多次波,突出了有效信号能量;采用速度分析点加密法获取了更为准确的速度,实现了陡倾角构造与海山的准确成像;采用百分...     

Poststack diffraction imaging using reverse‐time migration

We propose a method for imaging small‐scale diffraction objects in complex environments in which Kirchhoff‐based approaches may fail. The proposed method is based on a separation between the specular reflection and diffraction components of the total wavefield in the migrated surface angle domain. Reverse‐time migration was utilized to produce the common image gathers. This approach provides stable and robust results in cases of complex velocity models. The separation is based on the fact that, in surface angle common image gathers, reflection events are focused at positions that correspond to the apparent dip angle of the reflectors, whereas diffracted events are distributed over a wide range of angles. The high‐resolution radon‐based procedure is used to efficiently separate the reflection and diffraction wavefields. In this study, we consider poststack diffraction imaging. The advantages of working in the poststack domain are its numerical efficiency and the reduced computational time. The numerical results show that the proposed method is able to image diffraction objects in complex environments. The application of the method to a real seismic dataset illustrates the capability of the approach to extract diffractions.     

Stereotomography assisted by migration of attributes

Depth velocity model building remains a difficult step within the seismic depth imaging sequence. Stereotomography provides an efficient solution to this problem but was limited until now to a picking of seismic data in the prestack time un-migrated domain. We propose here a method for stereotomographic data picking in the depth migrated domain. Picking in the depth migrated domain exhibits the advantage of a better signal-to-noise ratio and of a more regular distribution of picked events in the model, leading to a better constrained tomographic inverse problem. Moreover, any improvement on the velocity model will improve the migrated results, again leading to improved picking. Our strategy for obtaining a stereotomographic dataset from a prestack depth migration is based on migration of attributes (and not on a kinematic demigration approach!). For any locally coherent event in the migrated image, migration of attributes allows one to compute ray parameter attributes corresponding to the specular reflection angle and dip. For application to stereotomography, the necessary attributes are the source/receiver locations, the traveltime and the data slopes. For the data slope, when the migration velocity model is erroneous, some additional corrections have to be applied to the result of migration of the attributes. Applying these corrections, our picking method is theoretically valid whatever the quality of the migration velocity model. We first present the theoretical aspects of the method and then validate it on 2D synthetic and real seismic reflection data sets.     

基于倾角-偏移距域道集的绕射波成像

地震绕射波是地下非连续性地质体的地震响应,绕射波成像对地下断层、尖灭和小尺度绕射体的识别具有重要的意义.在倾角域共成像点道集中,反射波同相轴表现为一条下凸曲线,能量主要集中在菲涅耳带内,绕射波能量则比较发散.由于倾角域菲涅耳带随偏移距变化而存在差异,因此本文提出一种在倾角-偏移距域道集中精确估计菲涅耳带的方法,在各偏移距的倾角域共成像点道集中实现菲涅耳带的精确切除,从而压制反射波.在倾角-偏移距域道集中还可以分别实现绕射波增强,绕射波同相轴相位校正,因此能量弱的绕射波可以清晰地成像.在倾角域共成像点道集中,反射波同相轴的最低点对应于菲涅耳带估计所用的倾角,因此本文提出一种在倾角域共成像点道集中直接自动拾取倾角场的方法.理论与实际资料试算验证了本文绕射波成像方法的有效性.     

Diffraction imaging by prestack reverse‐time migration in the dip‐angle domain

Prestack image volumes may be decomposed into specular and non‐specular parts by filters defined in the dip‐angle domain. For space‐shift extended image volumes, the dip‐angle decomposition is derived via local Radon transform in depth and midpoint coordinates, followed by an averaging over space‐shifts. We propose to employ prestack space‐shift extended reverse‐time migration and dip‐angle decomposition for imaging small‐scale structural elements, considered as seismic diffractors, in models with arbitrary complexity. A suitable design of a specularity filter in the dip‐angle domain rejects the dominant reflectors and enhances diffractors and other non‐specular image content. The filter exploits a clear discrimination in dip between specular reflections and diffractions. The former are stationary at the specular dip, whereas the latter are non‐stationary without a preferred dip direction. While the filtered image volume features other than the diffractor images (for example, noise and truncation artefacts are also present), synthetic and field data examples suggest that diffractors tend to dominate and are readily recognisable. Averaging over space‐shifts in the filter construction makes the reflectors? rejection robust against migration velocity errors. Another consequence of the space‐shift extension and its angle‐domain transforms is the possibility of exploring the image in a multiple set of common‐image gathers. The filtered diffractions may be analysed simultaneously in space‐shift, scattering‐angle, and dip‐angle image gathers by means of a single migration job. The deliverables of our method obviously enrich the processed material on the interpreter's desk. We expect them to further supplement our understanding of the Earth's interior.     

Velocity model building from seismic reflection data by full‐waveform inversion

Full‐waveform inversion is re‐emerging as a powerful data‐fitting procedure for quantitative seismic imaging of the subsurface from wide‐azimuth seismic data. This method is suitable to build high‐resolution velocity models provided that the targeted area is sampled by both diving waves and reflected waves. However, the conventional formulation of full‐waveform inversion prevents the reconstruction of the small wavenumber components of the velocity model when the subsurface is sampled by reflected waves only. This typically occurs as the depth becomes significant with respect to the length of the receiver array. This study first aims to highlight the limits of the conventional form of full‐waveform inversion when applied to seismic reflection data, through a simple canonical example of seismic imaging and to propose a new inversion workflow that overcomes these limitations. The governing idea is to decompose the subsurface model as a background part, which we seek to update and a singular part that corresponds to some prior knowledge of the reflectivity. Forcing this scale uncoupling in the full‐waveform inversion formalism brings out the transmitted wavepaths that connect the sources and receivers to the reflectors in the sensitivity kernel of the full‐waveform inversion, which is otherwise dominated by the migration impulse responses formed by the correlation of the downgoing direct wavefields coming from the shot and receiver positions. This transmission regime makes full‐waveform inversion amenable to the update of the long‐to‐intermediate wavelengths of the background model from the wide scattering‐angle information. However, we show that this prior knowledge of the reflectivity does not prevent the use of a suitable misfit measurement based on cross‐correlation, to avoid cycle‐skipping issues as well as a suitable inversion domain as the pseudo‐depth domain that allows us to preserve the invariant property of the zero‐offset time. This latter feature is useful to avoid updating the reflectivity information at each non‐linear iteration of the full‐waveform inversion, hence considerably reducing the computational cost of the entire workflow. Prior information of the reflectivity in the full‐waveform inversion formalism, a robust misfit function that prevents cycle‐skipping issues and a suitable inversion domain that preserves the seismic invariant are the three key ingredients that should ensure well‐posedness and computational efficiency of full‐waveform inversion algorithms for seismic reflection data.     

盐下构造速度建模与逆时偏移成像研究及应用

盐丘速度建模及成像是盐下油气藏勘探有关技术瓶颈问题.盐下构造由于盐丘速度与围岩地层差异大,且厚度横向变化大,造成地震波场复杂及时间域构造畸变.针对H区复杂盐丘的地质特征,通过技术创新重新认识盐下油气藏.针对盐丘速度建模的难点,提出了"多信息约束层控实体建模技术",采用序贯高斯模拟及克里金趋势约束速度反演方法,较好解决了盐下速度异常问题,大大提高了速度建模的精度;针对盐下复杂构造成像, 基于有限差分方法研究了精确且高效的差分格式逆时波场外推算法.基于GPU/CPU协同平台,将波场延拓通过GPU实现.采用逆时偏移深度域成像技术,使高角度反射界面、甚至超过90°盐丘侧翼界面的反射波精确成像.通过盐丘理论模型试算验证算法及方法的正确性.上述方法解决了盐丘速度建模精度问题、盐丘侧翼的回转构造成像问题,实现了对盐丘边界及盐丘侧翼的准确归位.消除了速度异常造成的时间域构造畸变,使盐下地层在深度域能够准确成像.     

An approximate least squares reflectivity inversion in the presence of density

Traditional least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM) often aims to improve the quality of seismic imaging, such as removing the acquisition footprint, suppressing migration artifacts and enhancing resolution. In this paper, we find that the conventional reflectivity defined in the LSRTM is related to the normal-incident reflection coefficient and the background velocity. Compared with the defined reflectivity, our inverted result is relatively “true”. With reflected data, LSRTM is mainly sensitive to impedance perturbations. According to an approximate relationship between them, we reformulate the perturbation related system into a reflection-coefficient related one. Then, we seek the inverted image through linearized iteration. Moreover, with the assumption that the density varies more gradually than the migration velocity, only the knowledge of the latter is required, although the reflected waves are produced at impedance discontinuities. We test our method using the 2D Marmousi synthetic dataset.     

基于目标区的局部角度域方向照明分析及其在偏移成像中的应用

叠前深度偏移已成为近年来地震偏移成像领域广泛应用的技术之一,其中复杂盐丘下方目标区域结构的成像始终是偏移成像中较难解决的问题.局部角度域波场分解可以提供在空间和方向上的双重局部化信息,因而这一技术被广泛地应用在方向照明分析、成像振幅校正等方面.本文在采用局部指数标架小波束进行角度域方向照明分析的基础上,研究采集系统对复杂盐丘下部层状结构成像质量的影响;同时通过分析目标区对应于相对地表采集系统分布的照明能量,确定叠前炮集数据中对盐下目标区成像起重要贡献的部分,并将这些数据用来对目标区成像,从而达到提高盐下结构成像质量的目的.本文将二维SEG-EAGE盐丘模型中盐下反射体作为目标区,分别计算其照明分析和由照明能量分布确定的炮集数据对目标区的偏移成像结果,同时通过与成像振幅校正前后的成像结果对比,说明了该方法对提高目标区结构成像质量的有效性.     

Advanced three-dimensional seismic imaging of deep supercritical geothermal rocks in Southern Tuscany

The seismic K-Horizon is the key to gaining understanding on the deep supercritical geothermal rocks in Southern Tuscany. The K-Horizon is hosted in metamorphic rocks, which cause strong seismic wavefield scattering resulting in a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Our study aims to reveal high-resolution seismic images of the K-Horizon below a geothermal field in Southern Tuscany, using an advanced three-dimensional seismic depth imaging approach. The key seismic pre-processing steps in the time domain include muting a large amount of persistent noise based on the statistical analysis of the seismic amplitudes, and tomostatics technique to correct for static effects. We carried out seismic depth imaging using Kirchhoff Pre-Stack Depth Migration and Fresnel Volume Migration techniques. Each migration technique was tested with constant and heterogeneous three-dimensional velocity models. Due to the difficulties in determining emergent angles for this low signal-to-noise ratio data set, the migration results with the heterogeneous three-dimensional velocity model show less coherent reflections compared to the migration results using the constant velocity model. Both velocity models however lead to relatively the same structure and depth of the K-Horizon, indicating the similarity of the average velocities along the wave propagation paths in both velocity models. With both velocity models Fresnel Volume Migration yields the K-Horizon with better reflection coherency and higher signal-to-noise ratio than standard Kirchhoff Pre-Stack Depth Migration. Nevertheless, both migration techniques have been able to reveal the K-Horizon with relatively high resolution and provide a reliable basis for geothermal rock characterization as well as steering of the first geothermal well penetrating the K-Horizon.     

基于可视性分析与能量补偿的金属矿弹性波全波形反演

采用弹性波全波形反演方法精确重建深部金属矿多参数模型,建模过程采用基于地震照明的反演策略.首先给出基于照明理论的观测系统可视性定义,利用可视性分析构建新的目标函数,对反演目标可视性较高的炮检对接收到的地震记录在波场匹配时占有更高的权重,确保了参与反演计算中的地震数据的有效性;其次将给定观测系统对地下介质的弹性波场照明强度作为优化因子,根据地震波在波阻抗界面处的能量分配特点,自适应补偿波场能量分布和优化速度梯度,以提高弹性波全波形反演过程的稳定性和反演结果的精度.理论模型和金属矿模型反演试验结果表明,基于可视性分析和能量补偿的反演策略可以使弹性波全波形反演更快地收敛到目标函数的全局极小值,获得适用于金属矿高分辨率地震偏移成像的多参数模型.     

Direct migration of ambient seismic data

Utilising ambient seismic energy naturally propagating in the Earth as an alternative approach to active body-wave seismic investigations has been a topic of interest for a number of decades. However, because ambient surface-wave arrivals typically are of much greater amplitude than ambient body-wave energy, significant data signal processing and long recording times are required to mitigate this and other coherent noise sources, and to correlate sufficient reflected body-wave energy to converge to a stable image. Even for these scenarios, identifying and validating imaged body-wave reflection events remain challenging. In active-source investigations, extended imaging condition gathers are used to examine velocity (in)accuracy. Herein, we develop an ambient direct migration approach that uses a novel ambient (deconvolution) extended imaging condition. We simulate synthetic ambient-wavefield seismic data for two different models and use a field data set from Lalor Lake in Manitoba, Canada, to conduct a series of numerical experiments to demonstrate the velocity sensitivity and long-term stationarity of ambient-wavefield seismic data in the migration image domain. Tests with varying global velocity perturbations show a characteristic reflector moveout in deconvolution extended imaging condition gathers that can serve as a diagnostic of reflected ambient body-wave energy. We illustrate that this imaging formalism, under idealised circumstances, gives comparable results to conventional seismic methods, which extends the use of extended imaging condition gather-based image validation to ambient-wavefield seismic data scenarios. We assert that this may be a valuable tool for the validation of ambient migration techniques that to date have yielded largely inconclusive results.     

角度域弹性波Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移速度分析方法

为提高地震成像结果的准确性并真实反映实际地震波场在介质中的传播特性,应该充分利用多分量地震数据的矢量特征进行弹性波成像,其中,最为棘手的问题是纵横波偏移速度场的确定,为此,本文提出了直接利用多分量地震数据进行弹性波角度域偏移速度分析的方法.基于空移成像条件的弹性波Kirchhoff偏移方程提取了弹性波局部偏移距域共成像...     

时频域振幅相位联合的最小二乘逆时偏移

最小二乘逆时偏移方法具有复杂地质构造成像精度高、成像振幅准确等优点.但是,当地下存在强散射介质时,最小二乘逆时偏移方法很难透过上覆强散射地质体获得深部构造的高精度成像结果.本文为了提高深部精细构造的成像质量,提出时频域振幅相位联合的最小二乘逆时偏移方法.该方法主要通过构建时频域振幅相位联合目标函数,减弱振幅信息对成像结果的影响,提高深部弱散射地震信号的可成像精度.首先,对地震信号进行时频变换,构建时频域最小二乘偏移目标函数;其次,在目标函数中引入振幅权重因子,调节时频域振幅相位权重;最后,推导时频域振幅相位联合目标函数对模型参数的梯度,并利用L-BFGS局部优化算法对成像结果进行迭代.Marmousi模型和盐丘模型测试结果表明,本文方法能够很好地利用弱散射地震信号的时频域振幅相位信息,实现透过上覆强散射地质体进行深部高精度成像的目标.     

Diffraction imaging using an adaptive phase filter

As an ideal carrier of high-resolution information, seismic diffraction can be used to clarify and locate small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface. However, a diffraction is weak and thus be suppressed by the specular reflection. Furthermore, a diffraction would be destroyed by the conventional imaging method due to the polarity reversal of diffraction. In this paper, we analyse the behaviour of diffraction and reflection. For the image point on a horizontal or oblique reflector, the zone on both sides of the stationary point has the same energy after using a cosine weight function. Based on the behaviour, we propose the adaptive phase filter to adjust the polarity of the energy on both sides, and calculate it through the illumination angle and the reflector dip angle. This method avoids the calculation of the Fresnel zones and can further suppress residual reflection that disturb the diffraction images. Synthetic and field data applications show that the desired imaging results can be obtained by the proposed method. The test results demonstrate that the method is efficient in detecting small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface and can provide high-resolution information for seismic interpretation.     

等效偏移距偏移方法在声波反射成像测井中的应用研究(英文)

声波反射成像测井能够获得井眼周围构造的重要信息,然而,由于接收到的反射波信号远小于井眼模式波、信噪比较低,且每次发射只有8道接收,因此应用常规的偏移成像处理方法成像效果不好。本文应用一种基于散射理论的等效偏移距偏移方法,对声波反射成像测井模拟数据及现场数据进行偏移处珲。结果表明,与常规叠后深度偏移方法相比,等效偏移距方法可以有效提高覆盖次数,对于低信噪比的声波反射测井资料可以获得较好的井旁构造成像效果。     

TI介质局部角度域高斯束叠前深度偏移成像

各向异性射线理论基础上的局部角度域叠前深度偏移方法能够为深度域构造成像与基于角道集的层析反演提供有力支撑,但是对于复杂地质构造而言,高斯度叠前深度偏移在不失高效、灵活等特点的情况下,具有明显的精度优势.为此,本文研究局部角度域理论框架下的高斯束叠前深度偏移方法.为提高算法效率与实用性,文中讨论了一种从经典弹性参数表征的各向异性介质运动学和动力学射线方程演变而来的由相速度表征的简便形式,并提出了一种比较经济的各向异性高斯束近似合成方案.结合地震波局部角度域成像原理,讨论一种适合高斯束偏移的角度参数计算方法.国际上通用的理论模型合成数据试验表明：相比局部角度域Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移成像方法,本文方法具有更高的成像精度与抗噪能力,既适用于复杂构造成像,也可为TI介质深度域偏移速度分析与模型建立提供高效的偏移引擎.