关中秋季飑线天气成因和中尺度特征分析

利用MICAPS资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和卫星云图、宝鸡多普勒雷达资料,对陕西关中2010年9月3日和2013年9月12日两次飑线天气过程(下分别简称"9·3"过程、"9·12"过程)的环境场和形成机制及中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明:两次过程天气背景和机制不同,"9·3"过程为槽前型,其中层干侵入致使对流不稳定发展、低涡切变提供了初始上升运动和较强的水汽辐合,地面上雷暴高压形成的切变线是飑线的触发机制和组织发展系统;"9·12"过程为槽后型,高层干冷平流的侵入加强了对流不稳定层结,水汽辐合偏弱,地面干线是强对流的触发机制。两次过程中尺度系统特征明显,卫星云图上为对流单体合并为中β尺度云团;雷达图上为雷暴单体弥合为带状回波,进而出现弓形回波,弓形回波中存在中层径向辐合对应的强回波核;强回波的三体散射是出现冰雹天气的主要特征。     

北京地区两次特大暴雨过程的对比分析

利用自动站资料、探空资料、多普勒雷达和风廓线雷达资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对北京地区2016年7月20日(简称"7·20")和2012年7月21日(简称"7·21")2次特大暴雨过程进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)"7·20"过程主要受低涡北部的低压倒槽影响,副热带高压西伸北抬使得低涡移动缓慢,而"7·21"过程北京地区位于冷涡底部宽广的槽区;(2)2次过程都出现了强的水汽辐合中心,近地面存在高比湿区;(3)2次过程均存在假相当位温等值线密集带和陡立区,但"7·21"过程锋区的动力强迫作用更强,低层水汽和能量向上输送作用更为明显;(4)"7·20"过程前期高空有厚度"爆增效应",抑制了对流发展,而"7·21"过程整层厚度下降,前期冷空气从高层侵入华北地区,表现为明显的斜压性,有利于对流发展;(5)中尺度分析显示,"7·20"过程以稳定性降雨为主,降雨过程中几乎没有闪电发生;"7·21"过程主要以对流性降雨为主,云图上不断有对流云团合并加强,雷达回波结构更紧密,组织性更强。     

两次华南飑线卫星亮温特征与强对流天气分析

利用Himawari-8高时空分辨率红外亮温资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,对比冷锋型和暖区型飑线个例("4·13"和"5·6")亮温特征与雷暴大风、地面强降水的关系,结果表明:(1)两次过程的云顶最低亮温、冷云区平均亮温差异小,但两次过程初生阶段云型不同,"4·13"与"5·6"相比,冷云顶面积较小、持续时间较短、移动速度较快;(2)"4·13"("5·6")的亮温梯度大值区主要位于冷云区东南侧(西南侧),与云团移动方向平行(垂直);两次过程雷暴大风与亮温梯度均具有较好的空间对应关系,亮温梯度增大超前于雷暴大风增强,可作为提前预警指标;(3)"4·13"地面强降水集中分布在低亮温区西侧,原因为风暴顶前移导致强降水与冷云区具有空间位置差异;"5·6"地面强降水则与云顶低亮温具有较好的对应关系。     

陇东南汛前期2次斜压锋生类短时强降水过程动力特征对比

2019年4月19—20日(简称"4·19")和4月26—27日(简称"4·26")陇东南出现2次区域短时强降水天气过程,利用常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,通过诊断锋生函数、温度平流、垂直风切变等物理量对2次过程的动力特征进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)2次过程均存在高空冷平流、低层冷暖气流交汇,地面分别有明显的冷锋和冷式切变辐合线,属于斜压锋生类强对流。(2)在同样显著的斜压大气环境条件下,2次过程动力特征存在明显差异,"4·19"过程冷空气较为深厚,中、低层强冷平流驱动低层锋生,对流发生在锋面强迫抬升的动力不稳定条件下,呈现出锋面降水特征;"4·26"过程低层及近地层有冷空气扩散,对流发生在近地层锋生与低空急流共同作用下,由热力不稳定主导,对流性降水特征显著。(3)700 hPa和850 hPa锋生函数可分别定量描述低层和近地层影响系统的时空分布和演变特征,由于近地层触发系统受地形影响难以界定,尤其"4·26"过程低层及近地层冷空气路径复杂,锋生函数可作为近地层触发系统判定的物理量指标。     

2013年湖南首场致灾性强对流天气过程成因分析

应用湖南多部雷达和探空资料、中小尺度自动气象站资料、南岳高山站逐时观测资料及LAPS局地分析资料,对2013年3月19日湖南首场致灾性强对流天气过程的成因进行综合分析,并探讨强冰雹和雷暴大风预警着眼点及其可预警性。结果表明:强对流发生前,近地面晴空辐射增温、对流不稳定层结、强的垂直风切变、强温度梯度直减率以及近地层较好的水汽条件为强对流风暴发生发展提供了良好的潜势条件;中低层冷平流、地面中尺度辐合线、能量锋和露点锋以及近地面层弱辐散、中低层强辐合、高层强辐散的动力耦合结构是强对流发生的有利天气背景,中低层冷空气是这次强对流过程的触发机制;强对流风暴的前期以超级单体风暴和多单体风暴为主,超级单体风暴东移北上过程中与湖南西部不断新生的对流回波结合后发展成飑线,飑线维持、发展过程中出现"弓形"回波、中层径向辐合(MARC)、低层辐散、速度大值区等特征;在短临预警服务中,中低层明显的钩状回波结构、持续偏高的反射率因子和垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)值为靖州强冰雹预警的发布提供了有效依据,而低仰角距离地面1 km内的径向速度大值区(大于20 m.s-1)则为道县雷暴大风预警提供重要参考。     

低层暖平流强迫背景下湖南两次飑线过程对比分析

利用常规观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,对2017年5月11日和6月5日发生在湖南的两次飑线过程(以下分别简称"5·11"飑线过程和"6·5"飑线过程)进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)两次过程均发生在低层暖平流强迫背景下,"5·11"飑线过程发生前冷平流较明显,"6·5"飑线过程发生前暖湿气流更强盛,副热带高压位置不同导致后一过程水汽条件更好;(2)"5·11"飑线过程中层更干,0℃度层高度更低,有利于出现较大范围雷暴大风和小冰雹,而"6·5"飑线过程自由对流高度(LFC)相对较低、低层湿度更大,则易产生更大强度的短时降水;(3)"5·11"飑线过程产生大范围雷暴大风的环境条件明显好于"6·5"飑线过程,但后一过程因地面倒槽发展、暖湿气流更强、低涡东移使大气对流不稳定增大等原因,更有利于形成局地致灾性大风;(4)"6·5"飑线过程中气旋少且维持时间短,以及垂直风廓线产品(VWP)、径向速度图上雷暴大风特征不够典型,其预警难度更大。     

冷涡背景下苏北地区连续两次强对流天气过程对比分析

利用地面观测资料、天气雷达资料和ECMWF-ERA5逐小时0.25°×0.25°再分析资料,主要从环境条件和触发机制两个方面,对2019年6月8日（简称过程A）、9日（简称过程B）影响江苏省北部的两次冷涡型强对流天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明： 过程A是由暖湿气流引起的短时强降水伴随雷暴大风的湿对流天气;过程B则是在高层西北气流下由干冷平流强迫引起的大风冰雹伴随短时强降水的混合对流天气。过程A,由暖湿气流形成强对流不稳定层结,垂直风切变强度一般,湿层深厚,有利于短时强降水的发生;过程B,中高层的较强干冷平流叠加在低层暖湿平流上而形成强对流不稳定层结,强的垂直风切变位于中低层,配合较强的动力抬升条件,有利于冰雹的发生。两次天气过程的触发机制都是地面辐合线。过程A的预报重点为水汽条件和来自上游的对流系统与当地地面辐合线的耦合;过程B的预报重点为大气的不稳定度和冷涡后部冷空气的干侵入与地面辐合线的耦合。     

一次南岭山脉前汛期强对流天气过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、FY-2G/2E卫星黑体亮温(TBB)资料、多普勒天气雷达资料与ERA-Interim再分析资料,对2016年4月17—18日南岭山脉一次强对流天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)该过程前期,受地面倒槽与辐合线影响出现暖区降水,后期随着地面冷空气侵入配合低空切变线与高空槽东移南压迅速转变为锋面降水,强降水落区与南岭山脉走向一致,大暴雨由多个中尺度对流系统(MCS)移入和有利地形作用造成;大冰雹、雷暴大风主要出现在暖区降水时段,暖区短时强降水以高质心降水为主,锋面越山之后强天气主要为低质心短时强降水,雷暴大风和冰雹较少出现。(2)雷达回波图上中层径向辐合的出现,对雷暴大风具有预警参考意义;中气旋、高垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)、回波悬垂、有界弱回波等回波特征对提前预警大冰雹有一定的指示作用。(3)不同类型强天气发生的大气层结条件存在差异,上层干区深厚、低层湿度条件较好有利于产生大冰雹,大的0—6 km垂直风切变有利于冰雹增长;大的下沉对流有效位能(DCAPE)是预报雷暴大风的一个参考指标;整层温度露点差和DCAPE小是判断只出现短时强降水的参考依据。(4)南岭及其附近地区"喇叭口"地形和迎风坡地形有利于低层气流辐合触发对流,造成暴雨多发和降水时间延长,南岭背风坡的锋生作用使南岭山脉南麓出现雷暴大风、冰雹等天气的可能性增大。     

湘西北一次强冰雹天气雷达回波特征分析

利用常规观测资料和张家界新一代多普勒雷达资料对2020年3月21日晚—22日凌晨发生在湘西北地区的冰雹天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:"上干下湿"喇叭口特征的不稳定层结,合适的0℃层与-20℃层高度,在地面冷空气和辐合线的触发机制下,利于冰雹、雷暴大风和短时强降雨等强对流天气的形成;此次冰雹天气是由典型的超级单体风暴对流...     

广西3次不同类型强对流天气对比分析

利用常规、非常规观测及NCEP再分析资料,对广西1次高空触发强对流(简称高架强对流)及2次地面触发强对流(简称地面强对流)天气过程进行诊断对比分析。结果表明:高架强对流云系TBB值高,造成小冰雹,而地面强对流云系TBB值低且梯度大,冷中心达200 K,产生大冰雹、局地龙卷等;大冰雹回波具有高悬强回波、弱回波区、中气旋、三体散射及高的VIL;由弓形回波造成的强降水、雷暴大风,其发生前强回波质心迅速下降;超级单体风暴造成的局地龙卷,其回波具有中气旋、弱回波区及强组合切变,0~3 km垂直风切变在强风暴减弱消失前1 h左右明显减弱;"120227"、"130323"、"130417"3次强对流发生在高空急流轴右侧辐散区、中低层急流汇合处,具有强的环境风垂直切变及上干下湿特征,且抬升触发系统分别为近垂直分布的中高层、整层、中低层辐合系统(槽、切变、锋面或辐合线);"130323"地面过程造成的强对流灾害天气最强,其层结不稳定性及抬升运动也最强。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.