川北米仓山南缘典型石墨矿床地球化学特征与成因

文章对比分析了米仓山南缘旺苍-南江石墨矿带东、西2段主要石墨矿床地质及地球化学特征。矿带东段石墨矿体形态以不规则囊状为主,矿石类型以角砾状石墨大理岩型为主,矿体原岩为含有机质碳酸盐岩;矿石的V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)、U/Th平均值分别为0.75、0.42、0.94,稀土元素总量（∑REE）平均84.4μg/g,δEu平均0.65,矿体原岩沉积于贫氧环境。西段石墨矿体以似层状为主,层控特征明显,矿石类型为石墨片岩型,具钒矿化,原岩以含碳质黏土质、泥砂质碎屑岩为主;矿石的V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)、U/Th平均值分别为3.90、0.79、1.93,稀土元素总量（REE）平均124μg/g,δEu平均0.59,矿体原岩沉积于贫氧-缺氧环境。石墨矿δ13C值为-16.0‰～-23.0‰,平均-19.1‰,与有机质相近,显著低于大理岩围岩,表明石墨矿碳质来源以有机碳为主。米仓山南缘石墨矿床成因为沉积-变质型,石墨含矿层位经历了晋宁期-澄江期区域变质及热接触变质等多期变质成矿作用,最终形成晶质石墨矿床,其成矿与罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚-裂解引发的区域变质-岩浆活动有关。     

青海省格尔木市妥拉海河超大型石墨矿床地球化学特征及其成因探讨

妥拉海河石墨矿床是在青海省发现的首个超大型大鳞片晶质石墨矿。该矿床位于柴达木盆地南缘、东昆仑中段,矿体呈层状、似层状赋存于下元古界金水口岩群下岩组的片麻岩、钙质片麻岩、石英片岩和大理岩中,属于典型的片麻岩型石墨矿床。为探讨其矿床成因,本文对含矿地层开展了详细的岩相学、全岩地球化学和同位素地球化学研究。研究结果表明：含矿的石墨片麻岩、石墨石英片岩稀土元素总量为82.95×10^-6～154.86×10^-6,轻稀土富集,具有明显的Eu负异常和Ce弱负异常,显示了原岩形成于大陆边缘浅海缺氧沉积环境。赋矿的变质岩原岩为富含有机质的砂质岩、杂砂岩和钙硅酸盐岩,物质来源主要是陆源碎屑,少量为浅海的碳酸盐岩。矿石中石墨片麻岩和大理岩的δ¹³C同位素组成指示石墨的碳质来源于生物有机碳,而大理岩的碳质来源为无机碳。妥拉海河石墨矿床是形成于古元古代的区域变质型矿床。     

湖南省新化县寒婆坳石墨矿床地质地球化学特征及控矿因素

湖南省是我国隐晶质石墨最主要的矿产区, 其隐晶质石墨的储量位居全国第一, 主要是由煤系地层受接触热变质作用形成。本文以湖南省涟邵煤田北段寒婆坳石墨矿床为例, 分析研究区内石墨矿床的地质地球化学特征与控矿因素。结果表明, 矿石固定碳含量较高(＞80%), 矿石构造以块状为主, 距花岗岩由近到远, 石墨粒度逐渐变小。由上向下, 接触热变质及石墨化的程度逐渐变大。寒婆坳石墨矿床碳质砂岩Al2O3、TFeO、Na2O、K2O、TiO2含量相对较高, 而围岩大理岩MgO、CaO含量相对较高; 二者均表现出轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特点。碳质砂岩稀土元素总量较高, 平均值为212×10–6, 大理岩稀土元素总量较低, 平均值为11.18×10–6; 碳质砂岩具有明显的Eu、Pb、Sr负异常, U、Th、Ba正异常, Ce异常不明显。大理岩Cs、Pb为负异常, U为正异常, Sr异常不明显。寒婆坳矿区碳质砂岩主要形成于缺氧还原的环境, 原岩沉积环境属于陆源海相沉积, 物质来源于大陆碎屑物, 位于滨浅海潮汐带沉积。测水组煤系地层、天龙山花岗岩体及寒婆坳推覆断层是本区石墨矿床的关键控矿因素。     

四川坪河晶质石墨矿床地球化学特征及成因分析

四川坪河晶质石墨矿床大地构造位置位于扬子古陆块内的米仓山—大巴山基底逆冲带上,是中国重要的晶质石墨矿床之一。为研究其矿床成因,通过野外地质特征调查和矿物特征研究,结合含石墨变质岩系的地球化学特征分析可知,坪河晶质石墨矿床主要赋存在中元古界火地垭群麻窝子组地层中,矿体在平面、剖面上形态呈层状到不规则透镜状,矿体产状与围岩基本一致。主要含矿岩石为含石墨片岩,次为含石墨白云质大理岩,矿石平均固定碳含量16.32%;石墨矿物多呈鳞片状,其中大鳞片石墨(>0.15 mm)占37%,中小鳞片石墨(<0.15 mm)占63%;主量元素和微量元素分析结果表明: 坪河晶质石墨矿床含石墨变质岩系原岩为泥质粉砂岩,物源为陆源;锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年结果显示含石墨片岩变质时代为新元古代(751.6±4.5) Ma;石墨矿δ¹³C测试平均值为-24.17‰,表明石墨的碳质来源为有机碳。综合推测坪河晶质石墨矿床成因为有机成因的区域变质矿床。     

苏北超高压变质带新集石墨矿地质特征及成因分析

苏北超高压变质带新集石墨矿矿体赋存于东海群班庄组,矿体受地层控制明显。本文通过研究石墨矿体地质特征,分析石墨矿石主要成分并与扬子陆块各类沉积岩对比,结合区域碳同位素判别物源。结果表明,新集石墨矿石主要为石墨石英片岩型石墨矿石;成矿原岩为碳质泥岩,但与一般碳质泥岩相比,CaO、MgO的富集程度更高,是成分较为特殊的碳质泥岩;矿石中碳同位素δ(¹³C)=-31.2×10^-3～-22.3×10^-3,围岩大理岩δ(¹³C)=-0.8×10^-3～0.2×10^-3,石墨与大理岩的碳同位素分布区间完全不同,二者没有重叠区,说明它们的碳质具有不同来源,石墨碳来源于有机沉积物。     

中国北方石墨矿床及赋矿孔达岩系碳同位素特征及有关问题讨论

本文综合了中国北方孔达岩系和石墨矿床的碳同位素数据 10 2件 ,发现片麻岩石墨 透辉岩石墨 <大理岩石墨 <石墨大理岩方解石 <大理岩方解石 ;混合岩化岩石中石墨δ1 3C总介于有机碳和无机碳之间 ;不同地体片麻岩石墨δ1 3C极为一致 ,变化于 - 2 2 .8‰～ - 2 1.48‰ ,略低于世界有机质平均值 - 2 6± 7‰ ;大理岩的原岩碳酸盐δ1 3C高于 2‰ ,与2 330～ 2 0 6 0 Ma期间全球性δ1 3Ccarb正向漂移事件一致。地质流体是碳同位素分馏、均一化的重要因素 ,是石墨矿床的 3种主要碳源之一 ,是碳的 5种存在形式之一 ,也是碳循环的重要媒介和方式 ;导致热液矿床δ1 3C=- 5‰左右的因素较多 ,依据δ1 3Ccalcite - 5‰得出成矿物质和流体来自地幔的结论值得怀疑 ;中国北方孔达岩系形成于古元古代 ,可能为 2 30 0～ 2 0 5 0 Ma。     

莱芜市独路石墨矿矿床地质特征及矿床成因

独路石墨矿位于泰山一沂山断隆泰山凸起东端,矿床赋存于新太古代泰山岩群雁翎关组之中。矿床内发育6个石墨矿体,呈层状、似层状产出。矿石类型主要为含石墨黑云变粒岩型,石墨矿石属鳞片状晶质石墨矿,石墨矿物片径细小。矿石样品固定碳含量一般为6％～8％,在省内属较高品位。原岩为富含有机质的杂砂岩——沉积凝灰岩,经中低压变质相系变质作用形成石墨矿,属沉积变质成因。找矿标志明显,外围及深部找矿前景良好。独路石墨矿的发现填补了鲁西地区石墨矿空白。     

甘肃省肃北县敖包沟晶质石墨矿床地球化学特征与成因研究

为探讨甘肃省肃北县敖包沟晶质石墨矿床成矿物质来源及矿床成因,对采自矿区的8件样品进行了主、微量、稀土元素和碳同位素测定.结果 显示,敖包沟晶质石墨矿主量元素总体显示出富硅、贫钙的特征,其Al2O3/TiO2比值为12.20～26.50(平均19.99),Al2O3/(Al2O3 +Fe2O3)比值为0.48～ 0.91(均值为0.77);富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)和高场强元素(Ta、Zr、Hf、Tb),Rb/Sr比值为0.57～1.06(平均为0.80),Sr/Ba比值为0.23～0.67(平均为0.39);轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素相对亏损,具弱Ce负异常和Eu负异常.石墨的δ13C值为-28.60‰～-31.35‰,平均为-29.51‰,指示石墨物源为有机碳.地球化学特征表明,敖包沟品质石墨矿床可能形成于被动大陆边缘沉积岩的变质作用,含矿岩石的变质原岩为含碳质泥岩和粉砂质泥岩,形成于古元古代浅海相沉积环境,物源为陆源碎屑岩,推测敖包沟晶质石墨矿床为区域变质型晶质石墨矿床.     

鸡西柳毛石墨矿碳质来源及铀、钒的富集机制

鸡西柳毛石墨矿的原岩属正常沉积岩,沉积环境为稳定的浅海带蒸发盆地.稳定同位素δ13C的对比研究表明,石墨中的碳质来源于同源生物有机质,而围岩大理岩中的碳则是沉积碳酸盐的原始成份.矿石化学组分数理统计研究表明,铀、钒等金属元素与碳呈明显的正相关,反映了沉积环境具有蒸发盆地的特性,即泻湖体系.矿床具层控性质,为含金属元素钒、铀为主的矿石系列.中低品位复层石墨矿的沉积环境以潮坪为主,构成了矽线石与石墨组合,反映了氧化与还原条件交替出现的变化环境.     

四川南江坪河石墨矿炭质来源及成矿机制

南江坪河石墨矿赋存于中元古界火地垭群麻窝子组下段,岩性为白云质大理岩与石墨绢云母片岩组成的互层,原岩为一套灰岩-炭质泥岩韵律沉积,属于潮坪-泻湖沉积环境。沉积地球化学结果表明围岩白云质大理岩形成于氧化环境,而赋矿的石墨绢云母片岩形成于缺氧环境。南江坪河石墨矿的δ13C值波动在-24.5‰~-22‰之间,与有机质的δ13 C分布范围重叠,表明其中的炭质来源于生物有机质,而大理岩中的炭质则是原始沉积碳酸盐岩的原始组分。结合地质、地球化学特征,初步提出了南江坪河石墨矿成矿机制:在闭塞缺氧的泻湖环境中,有机碳在还原成岩环境中容易保存,形成富含有机质的沉积物;后期成岩过程中经过区域变质作用,有机质重新结晶形成石墨矿源层;随后,经过岩体侵位接触变质,使得含矿岩系中的石墨片径增大,富集成石墨矿床。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.