生态屏障约束下的综合功能区划研究——以云南省昭通市为例

Ecological shelter zones reconstruction is an ecosystem restoration and conservation project aimed to the ecological safety of nations, regions and basins. Reconstruction of ecological shelter zones of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River became one of the most important tasks of Western Development strategy. This article, taking Zhaotong as an example, studies the functional regionalization of ecological shelter zones. The study supplies a case for functional regionalization of small and medium regions whose main tasks are environment reservation. With the guidance of theories of functional regionalization, and based on the analysis of Zhaotong＇s natural, ecological and socioeconomic factors, the paper suggests five principles for factors selection. These principles include： （1） reversing order evaluation; （2） selecting main factors; （3） keeping the integrality of administrative regions of towns; and （4） making the products acceptable by local government. To analyze spatial status of selected factors, LUCC data in 2002, 1：50,000 relief maps and town-unit socioeconomic statistical data in 2004 are used. RS and GIS tools are also applied to melt traditional and modern geographical methods. This would be useful to functional regionalization research in mountainous areas. As a conclusion, the leading functional regions of ecological conservation or economic development are suggested, respectively. Zhaotong city is divided into two-level functional regions. The first-level includes three leading functional regions and they will lead developing direction of sub-regions. The second-level includes eight sub-regions, which are policy implemented regions, and will supply guidance to Zhaotong＇s ecological shelter zones reconstruction.     

塔里木河流域生态功能区划研究

生态功能区划为流域生态保护与修复提供重要的科学参考。而塔里木河流域由于缺少生态功能区划导致目前生态修复工程缺乏针对性,生态引水工程布局欠佳,以及生态修复和水资源管理的成效低下。为此,在对区域生态环境特征分析的基础上,将流域内不同区域的水文过程与生态结构、服务功能及生态环境敏感性相结合,依据生态功能区划原则、方法和指标体系,形成了塔里木河流域生态功能区划方案,即将该流域分为2个生态大区、4个生态区、28个生态亚区。研究成果不仅为流域实现水资源的优化配置和生态环境保护提供参考依据,也可为相似流域的生态功能区划研究提供示范和借鉴。     

Strategic transformation of regionalization for the agricultural comprehensive development: The example of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China

Strategic transformation of regionalization for agricultural comprehensive development (ACD) was presented by the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (MOF) in 2014. The regionalization is the premise and basis of the sustainable development and improved competitiveness for agriculture. Based on the environmental resources related to agriculture, such as cropland, climate, water resources, terrain, geomorphology, patterns of the ACD projects, distribution of ecological planning, etc., we devised 13 indices using the geographic comprehensive regionalization method. The indices took into account a combination of dynamic and static, qualitative and quantitative, as well as agricultural and ecological factors. The strategic transformation of regionalization for the ACD in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China was performed; seven types were included: prioritized regions, prioritized and restricted regions, protected regions, protected and restricted regions, restricted and prioritized regions, restricted and protected regions, and restricted regions. A further 24 subtypes were used based on locations and ecological zones. The regionalization results showed that prioritized regions were mainly in northern Ningxia, the most suitable area for agriculture. The protected and restricted regions were in central and southern Ningxia. In the central part, drought was the limiting factor for agriculture, and water conservation projects there should be supported. The ecological environment is fragile in southern Ningxia, so there is a need for ecologically sound agriculture to be developed in this region. Such regionalization could achieve two goals, namely agricultural conservation and eco-environmental protection. It was performed following the requirement for scientific regionalization to include three types of regions (prioritized regions, protected regions, and restricted regions), and was applied at the township scale in a provincial or autonomous region for the first time. The results provide both guidance for the strategic transformation of the ACD in Ningxia, and a reference for similar work in other provinces.     

福建省沙县生态功能区划

遵循生态功能区划原则(可持续发展原则、主导性原则、综合性原则、区域共轭性原则、可操作性原则)，根据沙县不同地域生态环境的差异及其特点，在省三级生态功能区划的基础上，对沙县进行县域生态功能区划即第四级生态功能小区的划分。在沙县生态功能区划背景图的基础上，共划分出10个生态功能小区，并为每个生态功能小区提出了主导功能、辅助功能和相应的生态保育建设方向。     

对自然地理区划方法的认识与思考

在研习和继承前人区划研究工作与成果的基础上, 着重于自然地理区划方法论及其体系的探讨。首先, 深入阐述了自然地理区划的内涵, 认为: 自然地理区划既是区域划分的结 果, 也是区域划分的方法与过程, 同时还是认识地理特征和发现地理规律的一种科学方法。 第二, 假设性认为自然地理区划是客观存在的, 针对不同的区划目的和采用不同的区划原则 所形成了不同类型的自然地理区划, 如部门区划与综合区划、区域区划与类型区划等, 则构 成了对区划对象的多角度认识, 并且这些区划间存在内在联系, 具有一定的一致性和可转换性。第三, 在分析总结各种自然地理区划方案研究的基础上, 提出了包括区划本体、区划原 则、区划等级系统、区划模型和区划信息系统的自然地理区划范式, 其中自然地理区划原则、等级系统和区划模型构成了区划方法的核心, 并且通过区划模型, 实现区划原则、指标体系 和单位等级系统的综合。最后, 论文对自然地理区划信息系统研究所涉及的主要科学问题和 主要功能作了简要的说明和讨论, 并指出: 在地理空间单元理论的指导下, 可以实现在统一 的科学框架下的各种自然地理区划的集成, 并为开展综合区划研究提供可用的技术方法。     

宁夏农业综合开发战略转型区划研究（英文）

Strategic transformation of regionalization for agricultural comprehensive development(ACD) was presented by the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China(MOF) in 2014. The regionalization is the premise and basis of the sustainable development and improved competitiveness for agriculture. Based on the environmental resources related to agriculture, such as cropland, climate, water resources, terrain, geomorphology, patterns of the ACD projects, distribution of ecological planning, etc., we devised 13 indices using the geographic comprehensive regionalization method. The indices took into account a combination of dynamic and static, qualitative and quantitative, as well as agricultural and ecological factors. The strategic transformation of regionalization for the ACD in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China was performed; seven types were included: prioritized regions, prioritized and restricted regions, protected regions, protected and restricted regions, restricted and prioritized regions, restricted and protected regions, and restricted regions. A further 24 subtypes were used based on locations and ecological zones. The regionalization results showed that prioritized regions were mainly in northern Ningxia, the most suitable area for agriculture. The protected and restricted regions were in central and southern Ningxia. In the central part, drought was the limiting factor for agriculture, and water conservation projects there should be supported. The ecological environment is fragile in southern Ningxia, so there is a need for ecologically sound agriculture to be developed in this region. Such regionaliza-tion could achieve two goals, namely agricultural conservation and eco-environmental protection. It was performed following the requirement for scientific regionalization to include three types of regions(prioritized regions, protected regions, and restricted regions), and was applied at the township scale in a provincial or autonomous region for the first time. The results provide both guidance for the strategic transformation of the ACD in Ningxia, and a reference for similar work in other provinces.     

多元统计分析在分区研究中的应用

探讨了基于因子分析的聚类分析方法在遵循主要地理区划原则,特别是综合分析与主导因素相结合的原则和相对一致性原则过程中的特色。以中国土地利用程度和效益分区为例,首先利用因子分析对评价指标进行了降维处理,并研究了各个评价指标之间的关系;然后利用聚类分析,结合主要区划原则,将全国划分为5个类型区,12个亚区。     

太湖流域水生态功能三级分区

水生态功能分区是进行流域现代水生态管理的必然要求,是面向水质目标管理控制单元划分的基础。针对太湖流域特征,提出了太湖流域水生态功能三级分区的目的和划分原则,在其指导下构建了太湖流域非太湖湖体区和太湖湖体区水生态功能三级分区指标体系;在GIS技术支撑下,分别以太湖流域非太湖湖体区1100多个和太湖湖体区3500多个水生态功能单元为基本空间统计单位,结合分区指标数据,制作了基于水生态功能单元的各项指标的空间分布图,采用二阶聚类法并结合人工辅助的方法将太湖流域划分为21个水生态功能三级区;分区水生态特征分析结果表明全流域各分区水生生物特征均具有较大的变异性,反映出流域内水生态的空间差异和不均匀性,体现了分区结果的合理性、科学性和可靠性。     

中国人文地理综合区划

中国人文地理综合区划是以中国自然地理要素的地域分异规律为基础,充分考虑全国人文要素的地域分异性和相似性,将全国划分为不同空间层级、相对独立完整、并具有有机联系的特色人文地理单元。是一项基础性、综合性、前沿性与实用性的重要工作。通过人文地理综合区划,将突出中国人文地理要素的地域分异性、地方特色性和复杂多样性,因地制宜地推动人文地理学科发展,为面向国家和地方发展战略需求推动“一带一路”建设、新型城镇化和生态文明建设、为营造重点地区良好的地缘政治环境提供基础性的科学支撑。本文在吸纳已有的各类自然和人文地理区划成果的基础上,按照综合性、主导性、自然环境相对一致性、经济社会发展相对一致性、地域文化景观一致性、空间分布连续性与县级行政区划完整性等原则,以自然、经济、人口、文化、民族、农业、交通、城镇化、聚落景观和行政区划10大要素为基础划分依据,构建中国人文地理综合区划指标体系,采用自上而下与自下而上相结合的区划思路和空间聚类分析方法,将中国人文地理划分为东北人文地理大区Ⅰ、华北人文地理大区Ⅱ、华东人文地理大区Ⅲ、华中人文地理大区Ⅳ、华南人文地理大区Ⅴ、西北人文地理大区Ⅵ、西南人文地理大区Ⅶ和青藏人文地理大区Ⅷ共8个人文地理大区和66个人文地理区。该区划方案填补了中国人文地理没有综合区划的空白。各个人文地理大区和各个人文地理区之间呈现出不同的地形地貌属性、气候属性、生态属性、人口属性、城镇化属性、经济发展属性、聚落景观属性、地域文化属性和民族宗教属性。中国人文地理综合区划方案与已经划出的中国自然地理综合区划、中国经济区划、中国农业区划等有较大程度的吻合性,体现出在自然与人文要素双重作用下的中国人文地理综合区划的地域分异规律。     

Process and proposal for comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography

The comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography is based on the rules governing regional differentiation of Chinese physical geographic factors. Based on regional differences and similarities in human factors, this study divides the whole country into two levels of relatively independent, complete and organically linked human geographic units. As a fundamental, comprehensive, cutting-edge, practical and important task, the comprehensive regionalization of human geography highlights the characteristics, regional and sub-regional features, complexity and variety of spatial differences between factors of Chinese human geography. It is capable of promoting the development of human geography based on local conditions, providing basic scientific support to national and local development strategies, such as the Belt and Road Strategy, new urbanization and environmental awareness, and creating a sound geopolitical environment in key areas. Using results from existing physical and human geographic zoning studies, and in accordance with the principles of synthesis, dominant factors, the relative consistency of the natural environment, the relative consistency of social and economic development, the consistency of the regional cultural landscape, the continuity of spatial distribution and the integrity of county-level administrative divisions, and taking as its basis the division of human geography into 10 major factors (nature, economy, population, culture, ethnicity, agriculture, transportation, urbanization, the settlement landscape and administrative divisions), this paper constructs an index system for the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography through a combination of top-down and bottom-up zoning and spatial clustering analysis. In this study, Chinese human geography is divided into eight regions and 66 sub-regions. The eight human geography regions are (I) Northeast China, (II) North China, (III) East China, (IV) Central China, (V) South China, (VI) Northwest China, (VII) Southwest China, and (VIII) Qinghai and Tibet. This zoning proposal fills gaps in studies involving the non-comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography. Each human geography region and sub-region has different topographical, climatic, ecological, population, urbanization, economic development, settlement landscape, regional cultural and ethno-religious attributes. This proposal on the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography dovetails closely with previous studies on comprehensive regionalization in Chinese physical geography, Chinese economic zoning, and Chinese agricultural zoning. It shows that, under the dual roles of nature and humans, there are certain rules of regional differentiation that govern the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography.     

A study on scheme of soil and water conservation regionalization in China

Regionalization of soil and water conservation is a base for the planning of soil and water conservation in China. It can provide scientific basis for constructing healthy eco-environment and regional management and development. It makes a brief review of related regionalization of study and makes clear the concept of regionalization of soil and water conservation. In this paper, based on synthetical analysis of the characteristics of eco-environments of China, the principles, indices and nomenclature of the regionalization of soil and water conservation are proposed. Through the construction of the regionalization of soil and water conservation collaboration platform and data reporting system, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme, with 8 regions, 41 sub-regions and 117 sections divided in China.     

青藏高原土地沙漠化区划

青藏高原是土地沙漠化正在发展-强烈发展的重要区域,土地沙漠化区域分异明显。本文在确定区划原则和区划指标的基础上,将青藏高原沙漠化区域划分为藏南河谷湖盆区、藏北高原区、阿里高原区、藏东南三江河谷区、柴达木盆地区、共和盆地区、青海湖盆地环湖区、青南高寒区和川西甘南高原区等9区23亚区,各区域土地沙漠化的基本特征、现状与发展态势各有不同。按照高原沙漠化地域分异规律与特点,结合生态建设的要求,青藏高原沙漠化防治的基本思路是:全面保护,综合治理,适度开发,协调发展。     

中国地貌区划理论与分区体系研究

区划和类型是地貌学研究的两大核心内容。中国地貌区划已有诸多划分方案,比较而言,各种方案存在遴选指标不一、确定等级较少、反映特征各异、划分结果不同、成图尺度较小等不足。应中国地理国情普查等国家专项任务的需求,对较大尺度、多级地貌区划研究提出了新的要求。在梳理中国地貌区划的理论,包括板块构造与地貌圈特征、地貌形态与内外营力体系、地貌形态的类型组合与区域分异的基础上,基于2013年提出的中国地貌二级区划的新方案,归纳了全国多级地貌区划分的原则,提出了基于“大区—地区—区—亚区—小区”的全国五级地貌等级分区方案,建立了“大地构造控制下的地势阶梯特征—>区域宏观形态类型组合—>内外营力及基本形态类型组合—>区域内形态类型组合—>区域微地貌形态组合”的五级地貌分区指标体系,提出了五级地貌区划体系的命名规则和编码方式,构建了基于多源数据进行多级地貌区划单元精确定位的技术与方法,完成了全国1:25万尺度五级地貌区的划分,包括6个一级大区、36个二级地区、136个三级区、331个四级亚区、1500多个五级小区,并建立了全国地貌区划数据库。该研究对于促进中国区域地貌学的发展、基于地貌区划的应用研究等具有重要的指导意义。     

中蒙俄经济走廊生态经济区划研究

区划是地理学认识地理环境地域分异规律和优化人地关系地域系统结构与功能的有效手段。本文首先借鉴已有研究,对区域生态经济学这门新兴交叉学科及生态经济区划等相关概念进行了界定,明确了生态经济区划原则。其次,通过设计两级生态经济区划方案,首次对中蒙俄三国重要的经济增长轴带“中蒙俄经济走廊”这一国际区域进行了生态经济区划探索研究。基于研究区地貌、气候等自然地理要素以及经济开发强度等人文经济要素,首先将研究区划分为6类生态经济区。通过引入人均环境污染物产生量、土地利用类型、产业结构、人均GDP、城镇化率等具体生态环境和经济社会指标,进一步将研究区细化为19类生态经济亚区。最后,综合对比分析各类生态经济亚区的生态环境与经济社会特征及地域分异规律,贯彻绿色可持续发展理念,将其确定为优化发展区、重点发展区和保育发展区3类,并提出了针对不同类型区的绿色发展建议。本研究将为中蒙俄经济走廊的绿色发展提供科学支撑。     

宁夏农业综合开发战略转型区划研究

农业综合开发战略转型区划研究,是科学适应新形势下国家对农业综合开发提出的“坚持可持续、提升竞争力”要求的前提和基础。针对已有农业区划的单一目标和单一类型划分问题,以宁夏为例,基于农业相关的耕地、气候、水、地形、地貌、项目布局、生态规划等空间数据,采用地理学综合区划的方法,提出了动态与静态结合、定性与定量结合、农业与生态结合的13项多维指标体系,提出了合理且可操作的技术流程,科学划分了包含过渡类型的一级区划（7大类型：重点开发区、“重点+限制”开发区、保护性开发区、“保护+限制”开发区、“限制+重点”开发区、“限制+保护”开发区和限制性开发区）和二级区划（24个亚类）,实现了农业可持续和生态环境保护的双重目标。本文是国家财政部明确提出农业综合开发要科学划分重点开发区、保护性开发区和限制性开发区之后,首次实现在省（区）级以乡（镇）为单位的科学划分,可为今后农业综合开发战略转型项目的科学布局和精准投入提供重要依据,为宁夏农业综合开发战略转型工作的具体落地实施提供科学保障,同时也可为其他省份或地区的农业综合开发战略转型区划工作提供有益参考。     

基于比较优势的中国农业可持续发展区划

在相对可持续发展能力评估的基础上，完成了基于比较优势的中国农业可持续发展区划。首无建立了具有农业资源，农业发展，环境生态，农村社会，科教管理5个支持系统的农业可持续发展总能力指标体系，共选择源指标95个，采用相对资产／负债评估方法，对省（市，区）级各支持系统和总能力的相对净资产（比较优势）进行了评估，并用GIS与图形库联结显示空间分布。然后在此基础上依据区划则将中国分为9个农业发展地区（一级），22个农业发展副区（二级），一级地区反映农业可持续发展和问题治理的方向，二级副区反映农业可持续发展的水平，从而建立起中国农业可持续发展区划系统。     

无锡都市区制造业的区位决策影响与适宜性分区

通过对制造业区位决策的影响要素分析,讨论各区位因子对制造业适宜性分区的控制作用。以经济发达的无锡市为例,综合考虑生态约束、开发引导和相关空间因素,分别选择生态服务功能、灾害易损性、水环境风险进行生态约束要素分区评价;选择交通、集聚规模和土地潜力指标进行开发引导要素分区评价;同时考虑城镇和基本农田的分布状况。在此基础上,运用GIS空间分析方法,综合评价全市域制造业的适宜性分区,作为制造业空间区位决策的依据,其中生态环境约束较弱、开发引导较强的地区可以适当布局制造业项目,而生态环境约束较强、或开发引导较弱、或人口相对稠密、或优质农田分布的地区需要严格控制乃至禁止制造业项目的建设。     

中国水土保持区划方案初步研究

水土保持区划是水土保持规划的基础,可为生态环境建设和区域管理与发展提供科学的依据.简要回顾了相关区划工作,明确了水土保持区划的概念,结合我国水土流失等生态环境特点,提出了水土保持区划原则、指标体系和命名规则;通过构建全国水土保持区划协作平台和数据上报系统,结合我国已有相关水土保持研究成果,采用自上而下与自下而上的演绎归纳途径和定性与定量相结合的方法,构建了我国水土保持区划初步方案,将全国划分为8个一级区,41 个二级区,117 个三级区.     

中国退耕还林综合区划

退耕还林工程涉及我国自然、经济和社会条件各不相同的广大区域，只有基于科学的综合区划，才能保证工程建设的圆满成功。根据我国退耕还林工作的实际需要，研究以退耕还林工程的整个工程区25个省(区、市)1897个县(市、区、旗)为研究对象，引入Matlab等先进理论和技术，横跨自然、经济、社会科学3大领域，共获取原始数据60000多个，采用以定量为主，适当结合定性的方法，实行定性分析与定量分析相结合，对退耕还林区划进行了系统研究。对于较高级别的分区，采用自上而下的、定性与定量相结合的分析方法。对于较低级别的分区，采用自下而上的、定量分析的方法，即以Matlab为平台，运用层次分析法和系统聚类分析法(HCM)进行分区。建立了退耕还林类型区划体系，即大区-区-亚区-小区，将退耕还林工程区区划为4个大区、12个区、39个亚区、116个小区。     

景观生态区划的理论研究

景观生态系统由多个层次水平的等级体系所组成， 在不同的时间和空间尺度中， 其结构与 功能具有不同的相互依存关系， 区划的概念有助于整合景观的等级性并厘清复杂性。本研究在景 观生态学格局、过程、功能研究的基础上， 结合综合自然地理区划、生态区划、生态经济区划、农业 区划等相关研究的成果，探讨了景观生态区划应依循的原则、内容及区划等级系统， 指出景观生 态区划不仅强调景观水平方向上的空间异质性， 还必须综合景观单元的过程关联和功能统一性。 同时以生态系统完整性原则为核心制定了开展景观生态区划需遵循的等级性、多尺度性、发生一 致性、格局与功能依存性、功能协调性以及界线完整性等原则。在其指导下， 重点讨论了景观生态 区划过程中涉及的方法论构建、景观生态分析与评价、景观生态区划体系构建等研究内容。最后， 通过比较了景观生态区划与自然区划、生态区划以及经济区划之间的异同，提出了不同尺度下景 观生态区划理论的应用方向。