不同覆盖条件对土壤水热分布影响的计算机模拟Ⅰ——数学模型

本文建立了用于数值解的不同覆盖条件下土壤二维水热运动数学模型。该模型中多孔材料覆盖层(砂砾、秸秆等)被当作传热多孔介质处理,对水分传输的影响被当乍具有一定阻力的阻挡层处理,且将油纸、塑膜及土面增温剂等均视为薄膜类材料。省略了许多假设条件,因而使覆盖效应的研究建立在更加科学的基础上,可以更为深入地了解覆盖层在不同气候条件下对土壤水分蒸发、入渗及地温影响机理和程度。为综合评价和选用农用覆盖材料及其参数提供了手段。     

流域径流离散处理和提取算法研究

通过对流域进行离散处理,从集合论角度出发,将流域看成点的集合,对流域进行离散化处理,在其上对流域源点、交汇点、出口点、单径流及复合径流各流域要素进行约束和定义,提出并实现了算法。该算法基于流域水文模拟方法,较好地解决了流域出口点和环流判别问题,使追踪出的径流更符合实际,具有简单、高效、实用的特点。根据算法设计开发了软件系统,并且应用到黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域分布式水文和侵蚀预报模型中,取得了较好的模拟效果。     

基于输入文件定制的SWAT模型集成应用方法研究

SWAT模型采用与特定的GIS软件集成的方式,可利用GIS软件辅助完成空间离散单元划分、数据组织及运行参数调整,使其难以有效地集成到不同应用的流域管理系统中.该文分析了SWAT模型运行的空间离散单元组织和输入文件结构,提出通用输入文件定制的模型集成方案.利用动态链接库技术在Visual Studio.NET环境下用C#语言开发了一套SWAT模型输入文件定制的类库和输入模型参数调整的功能模块,并通过实例进行了验证.该方法实现了将SWAT模型高效集成到不同的应用系统中而无需集成相关的GIS处理系统.     

空间点元位置不确定性对空间距离与面积度量的影响

采用置信域模型研究了空间点元的位置不确定性;基于误差传播定理,估算了由于空间点元位置不确定性而引起的空间距离不确定性及空间三角形面积不确定性;采用蒙特卡罗法在CAD平台上模拟点元概率密度分布的基础上,统计并验证了空间两点间距离不确定性及空间三角形的面积不确定性的正确性。相关研究为空间点元应用过程中产生的不确定性评估提供了理论依据,为工程质量验收提供定量化标准。     

不同覆盖条件对土壤水热分布影响的计算机模拟I—数学模型

本文建立了用于数值解的不同覆盖条件下土壤二维水热运动数学模型。该模型中多孔材料覆盖层（砂砾、秸秆等）被当作传热多孔介质处理，对水分传输的影响被当作具有一定阻力的阻挡层处理，且将油纸、塑膜及土面增温剂等均视为薄膜类材料。省略了许多假设条件，因而使覆盖 效应的研究建立在更加科学的基础上，可以更为深入地了解覆盖层在不同气候条件下对土壤水分蒸发、入渗及地温影响机理和程度。为综合评价和选用农用覆盖材料及其参数提供了手段。     

沟域经济的地域类型识别研究——以北京市门头沟区为例

以村庄为基本单元,结合实地调研和村庄级统计材料,收集门头沟区18条典型沟域的沟域经济发展数据。在对其沟域经济类型区进行研究的基础上,对地域类型进行了划分,并探讨了不同地域类型下的沟域经济空间结构。根据熵权一层次模型,结合实地调研数据、专家意见及村庄级资料,研究得出沟域平均海拔、区位条件等是沟域经济地域类型划分的主导要素...     

基于MODIS数据不同荒漠植被指数的空间变化研究--以新疆三工河流域为例

通过对三工河流域的实例研究,探讨了干旱区不同下垫面荒漠植被指数的空问变化规律。采用植被信号／土壤噪音对15个植物样方数据进行对比分析,探讨了三工河流域荒漠植被指数的梯度变化及适宜性。结果表明：扇缘溢出带植被指数值最高,其次是山前丘陵带和固定沙丘,较真实地反映出了三工河流域荒漠植被的梯度变化规律;扇缘溢出带的EVI值要比NDVI值离散程度小,趋势平稳,在扇缘溢出带用EVI能更好地反映植被生长状况;山前丘陵带的NDVI值要比EVI值均匀,山前丘陵区用NDVI这一植被指数较好,扇缘溢出带和固定沙丘区用EVI要比用NDVI好。     

膜下滴灌条件下绿洲棉田土壤水分运动数值模拟

应用非饱和土壤水运动理论,建立膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动二维数值模拟模型,研究了田间层状土壤在膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动特征.应用不同小区不同灌水处理的实测值与模拟值进行验证,同时对模型做了精度分析,结果表明符合精度要求,这说明所建立的模型能客观地反映实际土壤条件下的水分运动情况.研究结果表明:土壤剖面30～40 cm粘土层使土壤水分运动具有很大的差异,0～30 cm变化明显,而40 cm以下土壤水分运动的变化较小.膜下滴灌应该采取灌水量小,频度大的灌溉模式.     

基于QTM格网的球面对称正交小波构建与多分辨率表达

全球离散格网可以实现全球空间数据的无缝管理,却不易进行球面局部数据的多分辨率自适应表达与描述.针对上述问题,该文在基于球内接正八面体的全球离散格网框架基础上,引入球面流形概念,将平面小波在球面上重新定义,构建了具有多分辨分析、局部紧支撑特性的球面离散对称正交小波,可以兼顾数据压缩和球面局部数据的多分辨率自适应表达.最后在Matlab平台上进行了相关实验分析,验证了相关方法的正确性与可行性.     

海冰离散元模型的研究回顾及展望

为描述极区及副极区海冰在不同尺度下的离散分布特性,以及海冰与海洋结构相互作用过程中的破碎性能,海冰的离散单元模型从上世纪80年代发展起来并不断完善。本文将海冰离散单元模型分为地球物理尺度( ~100km)、浮冰块尺度(10m ~ 10km)和海洋结构尺度(1m ~ 100m)等三种不同尺度,讨论了不同尺度下海冰的离散分布规律或海冰由连续状态向离散状态转化的动力过程。通过对块体、圆盘和颗粒不同形态的海冰离散单元模型的介绍,对其在极区海冰的动力特性、海冰重叠堆积及其与波浪的作用过程、海冰与海洋结构的相互作用中的应用进行了分析,对海冰强度的尺度效应进行了讨论。最后,讨论了海冰离散单元模型中存在的问题和重点研究内容。     

The seedbed microclimate and active revegetation of disturbed lands in the Mojave Desert

One of the greatest challenges to the U.S. Department of Defense is maintaining the sustainability of military lands while maximizing their use for training activities. Restoration of disturbed lands in the Mojave Desert has proven to be a challenge, particularly revegetation from seed. This study presents soil moisture dynamics from three restoration sites at the National Training Center, Ft. Irwin, CA. The soil microclimate (matric potential, water balance, and temperature) was monitored beneath various surface treatments to better assess their effects on seed germination and establishment. Results show that under the typically hot and dry climatic conditions that prevail, the soil microclimate is a hostile environment. Irrigation had the most positive effect on the seedbed. Surface mulches including gravel, straw, emulsion, and bark had limited benefits often detrimental. Although seedlings germinated, survival after three months was negligible. Results presented here suggest that successful seeding with broadcast sprinkler irrigation in the central Mojave Desert is not possible unless the seedbed area is limited or advantageous environmental conditions prevail. Improved knowledge of the germination requirements and applied numerical modeling would result in more successful seedbed management.     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山湿沙层水分特征

湿沙层水分及其运移过程是沙漠地区水循环的重要环节。巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山湿沙层规模巨大,本文对巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山湿沙层水分特征进行了初步分析。结果表明：湿沙层水分具有区域相似性特征,含水量多小于3%;吸附水和沙粒空隙间的水汽是湿沙层水分两种主要的类型,沙粒粒级级配影响吸附水水量变化,两种水分在沙山垂直剖面上的运移过程及相互转化可能维持了湿沙层水分的相对平衡状态;沙丘表层形成的“逆温层”以及由此引起的沿沙丘表层向沙丘内部的热量传递,形成与湿沙层水分蒸发相反的空气运动方向,使得湿沙层水分在夏季晴朗的白天受到保护;夏季受温度梯度影响,湿沙层中的水汽和膜状水向沙山底部缓慢运移;冬季受温度梯度和水势的双重影响,沙山底部潜水面附近的水汽和膜状水向上缓慢运移,补给湿沙层;湿沙层水分来源包括大气降水、大气水汽、凝结水及地下水等。     

采用树木年轮资料重建山东沂山地区200多年来的湿润指数*

在中国,尤其在中国西北部地区,树轮年表是古气候信息的一个重要来源.由于某种原因,中国东部地区少有树轮研究工作.该文通过运引ARSTAN程序,建立并研究了山东境内沂山地区的树轮主年表(1750～1992).树轮和气候要素的响应面分析得出沂山地区的树轮生长和温度降水呈非线性相关,因此使用传统方法重建单个气候因子是不合理的.通过响应函数和回归分析,5月至8月份的湿润指数(P/T)被确定为重建对象,该湿润指数值代表了温度和降水对树轮生长的共同影响,且相关性很高,远超过信度检验.利用线性回归方法,获得重建湿润指数的预报方程,用树木年轮年表重建了自1750年以来的沂山地区逐年5月～8月湿润指数的变化.分析了沂山地区湿润指数重建的可靠性.     

铵态氮沉降对内蒙古呼伦贝尔草地CO_2通量的影响（英文）

大气氮沉降可能会影响陆地生态系统的碳通量。本文主要目的是探讨在氮素缺乏的草地生态系统中,氮素添加是否会增加CO2通量。本研究于2008和2009生长季进行,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究CO2通量对氮沉降增加的响应。结果表明,2年的氮素添加并没有显著影响土壤NH4+含量,NO3-含量只是在2009年生长季后期有所增加。高氮处理增加了CO2通量,而低氮处理在2008年抑制了CO2通量,2009年后期增加了CO2通量。而且氮素添加显著增加了地上生物量和根系的生物量。CO2通量与土壤水分、土壤温度的关系并没有因为氮素的添加而改变,但是氮素添加增加了CO2通量对土壤水分和土壤温度的敏感性。这些结果表明,在未来大气氮沉降增加的背景下,呼伦贝尔草甸草原CO2通量有可能会增加。     

A Coupled MM5-NOAH Land Surface Model-based Assessment of Sensitivity of Planetary Boundary Layer Variables to Anomalous Soil Moisture Conditions

The sensitivity of the near-surface weather variables and small-scale convection to soil moisture for Western Kentucky was investigated with the aide of the MM5 Penn State/NCAR mesoscale atmospheric model for three different synoptic conditions in June 2006. The model was initialized with FNL reanalysis from NCEP containing soil moisture data calculated with the Noah land surface model. Dry and wet experiments were performed in order to find the influence of soil moisture specification on boundary layer atmospheric variables. Dry experiments showed less available atmospheric moisture (between 2 and 6 g kg^-1) at near-surface levels during all synoptic events consistent with slightly deeper boundary layers, higher lifting condensation levels and a larger Bowen ratio. As expected, precipitation rates were generally smaller than those of the control simulation. However, during a moderately strong synoptic event in early June, the dry experiments displayed larger precipitation rates compared to the control experiment (up to 5 mm in 3 hr) as the soil volumetric fraction was decreased from 0.05 to 0.15 (m³ m^-3) with respect to the control simulation. Precipitation rates in wet experiments were also modulated by characteristics of synoptic conditions. In early June, precipitation rates slightly were larger than the control run (from 0.2 mm 3 h^-1 to 1.4 mm 3 h^-1) while in the other periods precipitation was reduced significantly. Both dry and wet anomaly experiments experienced reduced precipitation for different reasons. It was found, lifting condensation level, CAPE and low Bowen ratio were not sensitive markers of changes in soil moisture. Equivalent potential temperature was a better indicator of precipitation changes among all experiments. The controlling factor in these responses was the soil moisture content forcing vertical velocities. Thermodynamic conditions such as local stability played a less substantial role in controlling the precipitation processes. It was found that the response of planetary boundary layer variables under a variety of soil moisture conditions can be modified due to degree of synoptic forcing. Weak-to-moderate forcing favored convection while strong synoptic forcing tended to suppress it under dry soil moisture conditions. Wetter soils did not produce a response in horizontal wind fields as large as under the drier soils.     

青藏高原地表土壤水变化、影响因子及未来预估

土壤水分是地表和大气连接的纽带,在水文循环中扮演着重要角色。青藏高原作为“第三极”和“亚洲水塔”,其土壤水分对周边地区的气候如亚洲季风的形成和维持产生重要影响,也深刻影响着亚洲水资源的可利用量。基于分布在青藏高原3个气候区的100个站点的实测土壤水数据,对ECV、ERA、MERRA、Noah数据集进行评价,选择对土壤水分评估效果最好的数据集,分析各种气象要素对土壤水分时空格局的影响,并预估未来100年内青藏高原土壤水变化,探讨可能气候成因。结果表明：① Noah数据集对青藏高原历史时期土壤水分评估效果最好,相对其他地区,各数据集对那曲地区土壤水分评估效果最优;② 在各种气象因子中,降水是影响大部分地区土壤水分时空变化的最主要因子,但在喜马拉雅山脉地带,尤其山脉北坡,温度和太阳辐射有较高的影响;③ 1948-1970年土壤水分有明显的下降趋势,1970-1990年土壤水分呈波动变化,无明显趋势,1990-2005年土壤水分有一定的上升趋势,2005年后至今土壤水分有明显快速下降趋势：④ 不同未来情景,土壤水分有下降趋势,其中在CRP 8.5情景下,土壤水分下降最为明显,在2080年之后有更加显著的下降趋势;⑤ 未来降水和温度均呈上升趋势,其中干旱指数变化在RCP 8.5情景下呈下降趋势,在RCP 2.6和RCP 4.5情景下无明显变化,干旱指数在一定程度上能解释未来土壤水分的变化格局。     

温度和水分对科尔沁沙质草地土壤氮矿化的影响

土壤氮矿化对陆地生态系统初级生产力起决定性作用,但其影响因素较多,其中温度和水分最为重要。研究沙质草地土壤氮矿化对温度和水分的响应,对预测全球变化对沙质草地生态系统结构和功能的影响具有重要作用。因此,通过开顶式气室(OTC)模拟增温和人工调控田间持水量的方法对科尔沁沙质草地的土壤进行原位培养,分析温度和水分对土壤氮矿化作用的影响。结果表明:无论温度如何变化,科尔沁沙质草地土壤氮净矿化/硝化速率随着田间持水量的增加而明显提高。净硝化速率和净矿化速率在田间持水量为9.5%时最大,田间持水量达到时12.5%明显下降。增温使沙质草地土壤氮矿化显著变化,但增温的效应与田间持水量存在一定的关联。在相对适宜的田间持水量条件下(田间持水量为6.5%~12.5%),OTC增温可以使科尔沁沙质草地的土壤氮矿化/硝化速率显著提高;但是在田间持水量处于相对较低或者过高的状态下,该地区土壤的净氮净矿化/硝化速率对温度增加的响应不明显。     

Wind tunnel test of the influence of moisture on the erodibility of loessial sandy loam soils by wind

Loessial sandy loam soils are the major soil categories in the northern Loess Plateau, China. Owing to a dry, windy climate and sparse surface cover, wind erosion is a serious problem and dust (sand) storms occur frequently. Soil moisture is one of the most important factors influencing resistance to wind erosion. The influence of moisture content on the erodibility of sandy loam soils was investigated through wind tunnel simulations. Results showed that the threshold velocity for soil particle movement by wind increases with increasing soil moisture by a power function. The intrinsic factor in the increase in soil resistance due to moisture content is the cohesive force of soil water. Cohesive forces of the film and capillary water are different; the influence of soil moisture on threshold velocity was shown to follow a step-like pattern. The wind erosion modulus of sandy loam was directly proportional to the cube of the wind velocity or the square of the effective wind velocity (V−V_t). There existed a negative exponential relationship between the wind erosion rate and soil moisture content. Initially, as soil moisture increased the decrease in the wind erosion rate was rather rapid. When the moisture content reached more than 4%, the rate of decrease in erosion slowed and became almost constant with successive increments of moisture. This suggests that different soil moisture contents can prevent wind erosion at different levels. Four percent soil moisture could only reduce the erodibility of the sandy loam soil by a small degree.     

Effect of olive oil cake on water holding capacity of sandy soils in Libya

The effect of adding olive oil cake to two sandy soils on their abilities to retain water was investigated under controlled conditions. Olive oil cake was applied to the soils in pots and rates equivalent to 0, 5, 10, and 20% by weigh of the air-dried soil. Pots were incubated for 3 weeks at controlled conditions.The results show that the addition of oil cake significantly increased (P 0·05) the ability of the two sandy soils studied to retain water under all applied tensions. However, treatments with highest percentage of oil cake applied, had significantly higher water retention compared to those which had less. In terms of available water, which was calculated as the difference in volumetric water content between field capacity (-33 KPa) and wilting point (1·5 MPa), the highest olive oil cake applied doubled this difference in comparison to the control. An effect of soil texture was also noted. Generally, the influence of olive oil cake on the available moisture percentage was more pronounced in sand than the sandy loam.