东亚高空急流协同变化研究新进展

东亚高空急流是东亚大气环流系统的重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候具有重要影响。以往对东亚高空急流的研究多关注副热带急流及其对天气气候的影响,近年来,学者们在明确区分东亚副热带急流和极锋急流的基础上,从东亚副热带急流和极锋急流协同变化的视角,对东亚高空急流的变化规律和机理及其对我国气候异常的影响,开展了一系列研究,揭示出副热带急流和极锋急流强度的反位相协同变化是以副热带急流强（弱）伴随着极锋急流弱（强）为其主要配置形式和模态,并对应着特定的大气环流形势以及相应的气温和降水异常分布,与冬季冷空气活动、梅雨期降水、极端事件、冬季风等具有密切关系。本文聚焦东亚高空急流协同变化方面的最新研究成果,从东亚高空急流协同变化规律、高空急流协同变化的热力和动力学影响机理、高空急流协同变化气候效应、高空急流与中高纬低频遥相关型的联系等方面进行较为全面的总结,以加深东亚高空急流活动基本特征和变化规律的认识。     

副热带高空急流的非地转平衡特征

利用数值模式的高分辨率模拟结果研究了夏季东亚副热带西风急流短期强度变化过程中的非地转平衡特征。结果表明,急流区为非地转风的正值区,最大值区域位于急流中心北侧,主要的负值区位于急流入口区附近。急流核南侧非地转风呈反气旋式切变,入口区呈反气旋式切变,入口区北侧和出口区北侧有弱气旋式切变。非地转风对急流的强度变化及其程度均有一定的指示性,地转偏差与急流短期强度的变化有密切的联系。最大偏差风的变化超前于纬向风的变化约6h。非地转风涡度的分布存在着中尺度的特征：极值区域大小只有中尺度的范围,且正负相间。中尺度涡度极值区主要集中于3个区域：太行山脉、长白山脉以及日本本州岛。这3个区域均对应于高度超过1000m的中尺度地形区域,高空急流的非地转涡度大值区与中尺度地形对应相关。中尺度降水区分别与非地转风涡度极值密集区相对应。     

夏季亚洲副热带西风急流气候特征

利用1958～2003年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料以及中国160站月降水资料,较全面、细致地分析了夏季亚洲西风急流气候特征.结果表明,亚洲急流存在其南北位置、强度和沿急流Rossby波活动的变化,定义的西风急流扰动指数能较好地综合反映急流的这3种变化.沿西亚急流和东亚急流的Rossby波活动具有不同的年际和年代际变化,并受不同波列活动的影响.西亚急流Rossby波活动(WAJRA)受北大西洋涛动影响,而东亚急流Rossby波活动(EAJRA)与南极涛动有联系.西亚急流Rossby波活动影响新疆夏季降水,东亚急流Rossby波活动影响100°E以东地区降水.     

夏季东亚高空急流的变化及其对东亚季风的影响

东亚高空急流是东亚夏季风系统的一个重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候有着重要影响.近十年来,对东亚高空的变异规律及其相关机理、急流对东亚气候的影响等方面做了大量的观测资料分析和数值模拟研究.本文从夏季东亚高空急流的变化特征及其与东亚气候的关联、东亚高空急流的变异机理以及当前的气候模式对东亚高空急流的模拟能力评估和未来预估等几个方面,对这些研究结果进行了综述.     

近45 a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873～1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料,定义了北大西洋涛动指数.用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系.指出,北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切.强涛动年,冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征;夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低.还表明,强涛动年冬季,西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱,大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征,对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近.     

夏季逐月东亚高空急流异常对我国降水的影响

根据1981～2010年NCEP/DOE再分析资料与中国160站降水资料,利用统计学、物理量诊断等方法,探讨夏季东亚季风环流系统重要成员——东亚高空西风急流位置、强度逐月变化与我国降水的关系。分析表明:6～8月东亚高空西风急流比各自气候态位置偏南(北)时,易造成6月华南、江南地区降水、7月江淮流域降水以及8月长江中上游地区降水偏多(少)。本文重点分析2010年6月、2007年7月及2006年8月东亚高空西风急流位置异常时东亚高、低纬度环流特征及其对我国降水影响的物理成因。研究发现:2010年6月东亚高空西风急流稳定在35°N以南。急流轴南侧(北侧)为强辐散(辐合)距平,相应低层辐合(辐散),造成江南、华南地区从低层至高层的强上升运动,配合整层偏西水汽通量距平,为该地区持续性降水提供了有利的动力和水汽条件;2007年7月东亚高空急流位置偏南、强度偏弱,急流月内尺度扰动偏强,使得东亚中高纬度冷空气活动频繁,造成淮河流域出现持续性暴雨;2006年8月东亚高空西风急流位置持续偏北、强度偏强,有利西太平洋副高西伸、北抬,我国四川—重庆地区受副高控制,出现了极端高温干旱天气。     

近45a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873－1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料，定义了北大西洋涛动指数。用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系。指出，北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切。强涛动年，冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征；夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低。还表明，强涛动年冬季，西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱，大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征，对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近。     

冬季北半球极涡强度对北太平洋风暴轴的影响

利用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国国家气候中心北半球极涡强度指数资料,采用相关和合成分析等方法,初步分析了北半球极涡强度对北太平洋风暴轴的影响及其可能机制。研究发现,北半球极涡与北太平洋风暴轴之间有同步的强弱变化特征,在北半球极涡强度的高(低)值年,一般对应着风暴轴强度的增强(减弱),风暴轴区域扰动动能的加大(减弱),天气尺度涡动向极和向上的热量以及西风动量输送的显著增强(减弱)。进一步分析表明,极涡的异常变化可以通过改变欧亚大陆及其下游北太平洋上空的高度场,进而改变东亚西风急流的强度以及风暴轴上游的斜压性,从而对风暴轴产生影响。     

夏季东亚高空急流与太平洋-日本遥相关型的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR和NOAA月平均资料,采用奇异值分解方法分析了夏季东亚高空纬向风场和西北太平洋海表温度(SST)的耦合关系,并据此研究了东亚副热带高空急流和太平洋-日本(Pacific-Japan,PJ)遥相关型的可能联系。合成分析结果表明,东亚副热带高空急流正模态年,急流偏南偏强,对流层上层南亚高压增强东进,中层西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,菲律宾周边海域SST升高,中纬度黑潮延伸体区SST降低,菲律宾海和热带西太平洋地区对流活动偏弱,日本海和黑潮延伸体海区对流活动增强,对应PJ遥相关型的负位相;而东亚副热带高空急流负模态年,急流偏北偏弱,对流层上层南亚高压减弱西退,中层西太平洋副热带高压减弱东撤,菲律宾周边SST降低,中纬度黑潮延伸体区SST升高,菲律宾海和热带西太平洋地区对流活动强盛,日本海和黑潮延伸体海区对流活动减弱,对应PJ遥相关型的正位相。由于夏季东亚副热带高空急流活动与PJ遥相关型存在关联,PJ遥相关型可能是东亚副热带高空急流响应太平洋海温异常的纽带。     

夏季东亚西风急流与陕西降水的关系

定义了西风急流位置指数和强度指数,利用NCEP/NCAR1948—2006年全球再分析风场资料,分析6、7、8月和夏季平均东亚西风急流的气候变化特征,并探讨夏季逐月东亚西风急流异常与陕西降水的关系。分析表明:6—8月西风急流位置显著北抬,位置和强度都存在着显著的年际、年代际变化特征。夏季陕西降水多少与东亚西风急流月际变化密切相关。6月急流轴北侧西风加强、南侧西风减弱,急流位置较常年偏北,有利陕西降水偏多;而7-8月及夏季表现为陕西降水偏多时,东亚西风急流位置偏南。     

FGOALS-s2 simulation of upper-level jet streams over East Asia: Mean state bias and synoptic-scale transient eddy activity

Upper-level jet streams over East Asia simulated by the LASG/IAP coupled climate system model FGOALS-s2 were assessed, and the mean state bias explained in terms of synoptic-scale transient eddy activity (STEA). The results showed that the spatial distribution of the seasonal mean jet stream was reproduced well by the model, except that following a weaker meridional temperature gradient (MTG), the intensity of the jet stream was weaker than in National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP)/Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Inter-comparison Project Ⅱ reanalysis data (NCEP2). Based on daily mean data, the jet core number was counted to identify the geographical border between the East Asian Subtropical Jet (EASJ) and the East Asian Polar-front Jet (EAPJ). The border is located over the Tibetan Plateau according to NCEP2 data, but was not evident in FGOALS-s2 simulations. The seasonal cycles of the jet streams were found to be reasonably reproduced, except that they shifted northward relative to reanalysis data in boreal summer owing to the northward shift of negative MTGs. To identify the reasons for mean state bias, the dynamical and thermal forcings of STEA on mean flow were examined with a focus on boreal winter. The dynamical and thermal forcings were estimated by extended Eliassen-Palm flux (E) and transient heat flux, respectively. The results showed that the failure to reproduce the tripolar-pattern of the divergence of E over the jet regions led to an unsuccessful separation of the EASJ and EAPJ, while dynamical forcing contributed less to the weaker EASJ. In contrast, the weaker transient heat flux partly explained the weaker EASJ over the ocean.     

The East Asian Upper-Tropospheric Jet Streams and Associated Transient Eddy Activities Simulated by a Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.1

In this paper, major features of the upper-tropospheric jet streams simulated by a coupled Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.1 are evaluated through comparison with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The jet streams consist of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and the East Asian polar-front jet (EAPJ). Associated stationary wave and synoptic-scale transient eddy activities (STEA) are also examined. The results show that the climatological positions of the westerly jet streams are well captured by BCC_CSM1.1, but with slight intensity biases. Statistics from the 6-h model outputs reveal that the jet core number (JCN) of ESPJ is significantly underestimated. Examination of the simulated seasonal evolution of the westerly jet stream indicates that the model has produced a westward movement of the EASJ core in May, one month earlier than that in the reanalysis. Analysis of stationary wave activities shows that the overestimated meridional wind component may have caused considerable enhancement of meridional momentum and heat transport. The stationary Rossby wave represented by the wave activity flux at the southern flank of the Tibetan Plateau is favorable to the growth of asymmetric zonal wind and the multiple-center pattern of JCN. Unlike the stationary wave heat flux transport, the model tends to systematically generate weaker transient heat flux over East Asia. Further analysis of STEA exhibits a general consistent pattern between the simulation and the reanalysis, while the intensity of the northern STEA branch associated with the EAPJ is greatly reduced. The deficiencies of eddy momentum and heat flux transport and accompanied eddy forcing may contribute to the biases of the simulated upper-tropospheric jet streams, suggesting the potential importance of midlatitude internal atmospheric dynamics in shaping the tropospheric general circulation, which is not yet fully and accurately resolved in the current BCC_CSM1.1.     

Meridional Displacement of the East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet and Its Relationship with the East Asian Summer Rainfall in CMIP5 Simulations

As the first leading mode of upper-tropospheric circulation in observations, the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet (EAJ) varies closely with the East Asian rainfall in summer. In this study, the interannual variation of the EAJ meridional displacement and its relationship with the East Asian summer rainfall are evaluated, using the historical simulations of CMIP5 (phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). The models can generally reproduce the meridional displacement of the EAJ, which is mainly manifested as the first principal mode in most of the simulations. For the relationship between the meridional displacement of the EAJ and East Asian rainfall, almost all the models depict a weaker correlation than observations and exhibit considerably large spread across the models. It is found that the discrepancy in the interannual relationship is closely related to the simulation of the climate mean state, including the climatological location of the westerly jet in Eurasia and rainfall bias in South Asia and the western North Pacific. In addition, a close relationship between the simulation discrepancy and intensity of EAJ variability is also found: the models with a stronger intensity of the EAJ meridional displacement tend to reproduce a closer interannual relationship, and vice versa.     

北太平洋风暴轴的气候特征及其变化的初步研究

本文使用ECMWF再分析网格点资料(ERA-40),分析了不同季节和不同高度层上北太平洋风暴轴(天气尺度瞬变扰动活动)的气候特征及其时间演变规律。分析表明,气候平均而言,北太平洋风暴轴冬季强且偏西南,夏季弱且偏东北。在近45 a里,冬季及夏季风暴轴在整个对流层、尤其是对流层中上层具有整体一致的年际和年代际变化特征。在各个高度层上冬季风暴轴于1985年前后一致性地发生了由弱至强的年代际跃变;夏季风暴轴发生年代际由弱至强跃变的时间在各个高度层上略有不同,对流层中高层的跃变时间与北太平洋大气海洋系统1970年代的跃变时间一致。在冬季风暴轴活动偏强年里,中纬度天气尺度瞬变扰动增强的同时,位置也有所北抬,反之亦然。夏季风暴轴活动偏强(弱)年则主要表现为瞬变扰动在气候平均位置上的增强(减弱)。     

Longitudinal heating gradient: Another possible factor influencing the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon circulation

The Largest longitudinal heating gradients in the tropics exist between the African desert and Asian convective regions during summer once the South Asian monsoon is established. The heating gradients are anchored by the la-tent heat release and net radiative flux convergence over the monsoon region, and by the dominant net radiative flux divergence over the desert.An apparent relationship is found between the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon circulation and the longitudinal healing gradients mentioned, in addition to the latitudinal heating gradients cross the monsoon region. The monsoon circulation measured in terms of the zonal wind component is stronger when the longitudinal heating gradients are large, and vice versa. Thus, we claim that the longitudinal heating gradient may be another important factor which influences the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon circulation. There is little evidence that the interannual variability of the longitudinal heating gradients between Africa and Asia and, thus, the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon circulation, is a strong function of the El Nino / Southern Oscillation cycle.     

Spatial differences in seasonal variation of the upper-tropospheric jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere and its thermal dynamic mechanism

NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data from 1951 to 2008 are used in this study to reveal the spatial-asymmetric features in the seasonal variation of the upper-tropospheric jet stream (UTJS) and its thermal dynamic forcing mechanism. The jet occurrence percentage distribution of the UTJS demonstrates a spiral-like pattern in winter, but it is quasi-annular in summer. The jet occurrence percentage in the Eastern Hemisphere is larger than that in the Western Hemisphere, and its maximum area is located further south. The polar front jet stream (PJS) and subtropical jet stream (SJS) can be distinguished over the Northern Africa and Asian regions, whereas only one jet stream can be observed over the Western Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, a single peak pattern is found in the seasonal variation of the SJS occurrence frequency with the highest jet occurrence appearing in winter and the lowest in summer, while a double peak pattern is observed in the seasonal variation of the PJS occurrence, i.e., the jet occurrence reaches its peaks in autumn and spring for the PJS. Based on the thermal wind theory, air temperature gradient and atmospheric baroclinicity are calculated and compared with the jet occurrence variation to explore the thermal dynamic forcing mechanism for the UTJS variation. In addition, synoptic-scale transports of eddy heat and momentum are also calculated. The results indicate that the SJS variation is primarily determined by the air temperature gradient and atmospheric baroclinicity, while the PJS variation is under great influence of the transport of eddy heat and momentum over Northern Africa and East Asia. The UTJS variation over the area from 140E to 70W cannot be well individually explained by the air temperature gradient and atmospheric baroclinicity. Further analysis indicates that UTJS variation over this area is largely under control of combined effect of the transport of eddy heat and momentum as well as the atmospheric baroclinicity.     

中纬度瞬变涡旋活动对东亚夏季平均环流和降水的影响

首先利用CFSR再分析数据,分析了东亚夏季平均环流结构及瞬变涡旋活动特征,再通过WRF模式设计控制性试验和敏感性试验分别模拟受到/不受到来自北边界中纬度瞬变涡旋活动影响的东亚夏季环流和降水,通过两组试验对比揭示了瞬变涡旋活动对东亚夏季平均环流和降水的贡献。结果表明,中纬度瞬变涡旋活动可以通过系统性的输送动量、热量、水汽和涡度来改变背景场,从而影响夏季平均环流和降水。当中纬度瞬变涡旋活动大幅度减弱时,其产生的向极动量、热量和水汽输送也显著减弱。一方面向北热量和水汽输送的减少使东亚东部大陆上低层的平均温度和水汽增加,为降水提供了环流不稳定条件和水汽条件,另一方面瞬变涡旋的动力输送变化在环流场上形成相当正压结构响应,整个中国东部地区受强西南风控制,东亚夏季风增强并推进到更北的区域。这两个因素的共同作用使我国北部地区和华南地区产生了水汽辐合和对流增强,导致该地区降水的增强。     

东亚季风系统的动力过程和准定常行星波活动的研究进展

本文系统地回顾了近几年来关于东亚季风系统的动力过程与机理方面的研究,特别是关于东亚季风系统年际和年代际变异与准定常行星波活动关系的研究。最近的许多研究表明东亚夏季风系统变异的动力过程主要与东亚／太平洋型(即EAP型)遥相关有关,利用EAP型遥相关理论不仅可以说明东亚夏季风系统各成员之间内在联系的机理,而且可以揭示热带西太平洋热力和菲律宾周围对流活动影响东亚夏季风系统季节内、年际变化及其异常的经向三极子结构的动力过程;除了EAP型遥相关外,研究还表明北半球夏季从北非到东亚的对流层上层经向风异常存在一个沿急流传播的遥相关型,它对东亚夏季风系统异常的经向三极子型分布也有重要影响。并且,最近关于东亚冬季风变异与行星波活动的关系已做出许多研究,并获得很大进展。这些研究表明:北半球冬季准定常行星波传播波导在年际和年代际变化上存在着反相振荡特征,即若“极地波导”加强,则“低纬波导”将减弱,反之亦然;准定常行星波两支波导的反相振荡与北半球环状模(NAM)的年际和年代际振荡有紧密联系,而NAM的变化通过行星波活动的异常可以导致东亚冬季风的年际和年代际变化;此外,准定常行星波活动的年际变化与东亚冬季风异常之间的关系明显地受热带平流层纬向风准两年周期振荡(QBO)的调制,进一步的研究还提出了可能的机理。最后本文还指出:2005～2007年冬季东亚冬季风的异常不仅与西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压的变异有关,而且与极涡的演变和准定常行星波活动密切相关。     

华北雨季开始早晚与大气环流和海表温度异常的关系

本文利用国家气候中心的1961~2016年华北雨季监测资料、美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）的大气再分析资料、NOAA海表温度资料,分析了华北雨季开始早晚的气候特征,然后利用合成分析、回归分析等方法,研究了华北雨季开始早晚与大气环流系统和关键区域海表温度的关系。结果表明,56 a来华北雨季开始最早在7月6日,最晚在8月10日,1961~2016年华北雨季开始平均日期是7月18日。华北雨季开始时间具有显著的年际变化,但雨季发生早晚的长期变化趋势不太明显。华北雨季开始早晚与西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）、东亚副热带西风急流、东亚夏季风等环流系统的活动关系密切,当对流层高层副热带西风急流建立偏早偏强,中层西太平洋副高第二次北跳偏早,低层东亚夏季风北进提前时,华北雨季开始偏早,反之华北雨季开始偏晚。华北雨季开始早晚与春、夏季热带印度洋、赤道中东太平洋海表温度关系显著且稳定,当Ni?o3.4指数和热带印度洋全区海表温度一致模态（IOBW）为正值时,贝加尔湖大陆高压偏强,副高偏强偏南,东亚夏季风偏弱,导致华北雨季开始偏晚;当海表温度指数为负值时,则华北雨季开始偏早。     

Simulation of the westerly jet axis in boreal winter by the climate system model FGOALS-g2

The major features of the westerly jets in boreal winter, consisting of the Middle East jet stream (MEJS), East Asian jet stream (EAJS) and North Atlantic jet stream (NAJS), simulated by a newly developed climate system model, were evaluated with an emphasis on the meridional location of the westerly jet axis (WJA). The model was found to exhibit fairly good performance in simulating the EAJS and NAJS, whereas the MEJS was much weaker and indistinguishable in the model. Compared with the intensity bias, the southward shift of the WJA seems to be a more remarkable deficiency. From the perspective of Ertel potential vorticity, the profiles along different westerly jet cores in the model were similar with those in the reanalysis but all shifted southward, indicating an equatorward displacement of the dynamic tropopause and associated climatology. Diagnosis of the thermodynamic equation revealed that the model produced an overall stronger heating source and the streamfunction quantifying the convection and overturning Hadley circulation shifted southward significantly in the middle and upper troposphere. The two maximum centers of eddy kinetic energy, corresponding to the EAJS and NAJS, were reproduced, whereas they all shifted southwards with a much reduced intensity. A lack of transient eddy activity will reduce the efficiency of poleward heat transport, which may partially contribute to the meridionally non-uniform cooling in the middle and upper troposphere. As the WJA is closely related to the location of the Hadley cell, tropopause and transient eddy activity, the accurate simulation of westerly jets will greatly improve the atmospheric general circulation and associated climatology in the model.