Potassium leaching in undisturbed soil cores following surface applications of gypsum

Displacement studies on leaching of potassium (K⁺) were conducted under unsaturated steady state flow conditions in nine undisturbed soil columns (15.5 cm in diameter and 25 cm long). Pulses of K⁺ applied to columns of undisturbed soil were leached with distilled water or calcium chloride (CaCl₂) at a rate of 18 mm h⁻¹. The movement of K⁺ in gypsum treated soil leached with distilled water was at a similar rate to that of the untreated soil leached with 15 mM CaCl₂. The Ca²⁺ concentrations in the leachates were about 15 mM, the expected values for the dissolution of the gypsum. When applied K⁺ was displaced with the distilled water, K⁺ was retained in the top 10–12.5 cm depth of soil. In the undisturbed soil cores there is possibility of preferential flow and lack of K⁺ sorption. The application of gypsum and CaCl₂ in the reclamation of sodic soils would be expected to leach K⁺ from soils. It can also be concluded that the use of sources of water for irrigation which have a high Ca²⁺ concentration can also lead to leaching of K⁺ from soil. Average effluent concentration of K⁺ during leaching period was 30.2 and 28.6 mg l⁻¹ for the gypsum and CaCl₂ treated soils, respectively. These concentrations are greater than the recommended guideline of the World Health Organisation (12 mg K⁺ l⁻¹).     

Reclamation of calcareous saline–sodic soil using different amendments: Time changes of soluble cations in leachate

Soil salinity and sodicity are escalating problems worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid regions. A laboratory experiment was conducted using soil column to investigate leaching of soluble cations during reclamation process of a calcareous saline–sodic soil (CaCO₃?=?20.7%, electrical conductivity (EC)?=?19.8 dS m^?1, sodium absorption ratio (SAR)?=?32.2[meq L^?1]^0.5). The amendments consisted of control, cattle manure (50 g kg^?1), pistachio residue (50 g kg^?1), gypsum (5.2 g kg^?1; equivalent of gypsum requirement), manure + gypsum and pistachio residue + gypsum, in three replicates which were mixed thoroughly with the soil, while sulfuric acid as an amendment was added to irrigation water. To reflect natural conditions, after incubation period, an intermittent irrigation method was employed every 30 days. The results showed that EC, SAR, and soluble cations of leachate for the first irrigation step were significantly higher than those of the subsequent leaching runs. Moreover, the concentration of removed soluble cations was lower for the control and gypsum-treated soils. It was found that among applied amendments, treatments containing cattle manure showed higher concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium in the leachate, while due to pistachio residue application, further amount of potassium was removed out of soil column. The addition of pistachio residue resulted in the highest reduction in soil salinity and sodicity since the final EC and exchangeable sodium percentage dropped to 18.0% and 11.6% of their respective initial values, respectively. In the calcareous soil, solubility of gypsum found to be limited, in contrast, when it was added in conjunction with organic amendments, greater amounts of sodium were leached.     

Mechanism and numerical simulation of multicomponent solute transport in sodic soils reclaimed by calcium sulfate

The mechanism for reclaiming sodic soils using calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) could provide a theoretical basis for the field application of CaSO₄ substitutes, including the by-products of flue gas desulfurization (BFGD), fly ash, and phosphorus gypsum. In this study, Ca²⁺ application experiment was conducted to analyze the dynamic changes of the cations in the reclamation of sodic soils with CaSO₄. A multicomponent solute transport model (UNSATCHEM) that considers ion adsorption exchange and dynamic changes in the soil’s hydraulic conductivity was subsequently used to simulate and predict the movement of ions. The Ca²⁺ application experiment consisted of four treatments with four CaSO₄ concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g L^?1). When the Ca²⁺ concentrations in the supplied water were 14.71, 22.06, and 29.41 mmol L^?1, Ca²⁺ achieved penetration, and this process was faster when the Ca²⁺ concentration in the supplied water was higher. Ca²⁺ did not achieve penetration when the Ca²⁺ concentration was 7.35 mmol L^?1. UNSATCHEM was able to simulate the transportation mechanism of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ in the soil solution in the Ca²⁺ application experiment, the adsorption and exchange between the Na⁺ in the soil colloid and Ca²⁺ in the soil solution, and the precipitation and dissolution of CaSO₄ with a high degree of accuracy. Sodic soil reclamation with CaSO₄ was not a short-term process. Compared with applying CaSO₄ only once, applying CaSO₄ in batches decreased the accumulation of soil salts and promoted its dissolution.     

稳定流场中饱和均质土壤盐分迁移的传递函数解

通过对淹灌条件下砂质壤土的盐水入渗试验,以传递函数模型作为数学模拟的工具,探讨了对流占优运移机制下土壤盐分的迁移特征,得到了盐分在45cm土层的迁移时间概率分布函数与迁移时间概率密度函数及土壤盐分平均孔隙流速和水动力弥散系数,进行了盐分出流过程的数学模拟,同时对描述稳定流场中土壤盐分对流迁移特征的有关参量进行了初步分析。     

吉林省西部湖泊地带苏打盐渍土溶陷性

吉林省西部苏打盐渍土的溶陷性是该地区河湖连通工程无衬砌渠道的主要工程问题之一,研究苏打盐渍土溶陷特性可为渠道溶陷防治提供依据。以乾安县内湖泊规划渠道经过的盐渍土区为研究对象,通过原状土的室内溶陷试验,得到了苏打盐渍土溶陷系数随压力变化的规律,分析了深度150 cm以上土壤溶陷系数随深度变化的关系。结果表明：苏打盐渍土在200 kPa的压力下,首次遇水时产生最大的溶陷变形量,溶陷系数最大,溶陷性最强,随着压力增大,溶陷系数降低;深度30 cm以上和120 cm以下的土壤不具溶陷性,30~120 cm的苏打盐渍土具有轻微溶陷性;30 cm以上的土壤作为积盐层,高浓度的交换性Na⁺使得土壤颗粒聚结,孔隙比较低,土壤水分入渗受阻,渗流作用微弱,盐分不易溶解、流失;30~120 cm的土壤间理化性质的差异是造成盐渍土溶陷的原因之一,是渠道溶陷治理的关键区域。     

Dynamics of the soil water and solute in the sodic saline soil in the Songnen Plain,China

According to the field experiment in the sodic saline soil region in the Songnen Plain, the dynamics of the soil water and solute affected by the shallow groundwater were explored during the growing season in 2004. The results presented that, influenced by the strongly evaporative demand, the soil water tended to transport to the upper soil layer with salt. The layered soil water balance model (LSWB model) revealed that the ratio of the water exchange between the groundwater and upper layer of the soil was 11.7:1. The groundwater discharge was 53.86 mm, but the groundwater recharge from the upper layer of soil was only 5.04 mm from 11 July to 06 September, which indicated that the groundwater could discharge to upper layer of soil and influence the soil salinization through capillary rise. The observed values of the salt content from July to mid-October presented that the soil solute was more changeable influenced by the climatic condition at 30 cm depth. As the field saturated hydraulic conductivity was low, the salts mainly accumulated in about 50–70 cm depth soil layer and hardly leached into deeper soil layer. Furthermore, the salt content was mainly controlled by the groundwater in the subsoil below 100 cm depth, the salt content decreased with the groundwater level receding. As influenced by the shallow groundwater and freeze-thaw action, further studies should be performed on the mechanism of soil salinization in the sodic saline soil region in the Songnen Plain of China.     

滨海盐碱地区包气带中淡水透镜体维持机理

大气降水是滨海盐碱地区浅层地下水的重要补给来源。滨海地区浅层地下水多为咸水且埋藏较浅,在不同包气带岩性渗透性差异下,在大气降水入渗补给过程中,一定时间内潜水面以上一定范围内存在淡水分布,即淡水透镜体,它能局部隔离地下咸水对上层土壤和植物的危害,并在一定程度上供给植物吸收利用。采用自制的室内物理模拟装置,通过控制土层结构,模拟了大气降水入渗补给条件下包气带中淡水透镜体的形成与消退过程,探讨了不同土壤类型中淡水透镜体的维持情况;并利用吸水管模拟客土上所种植物根系吸水,研究了不同吸水量条件下土壤中淡水透镜体的变化规律。结果表明:上层中砂、底层粉砂质黏土的双层土体结构中,淡水透镜体的维持性最好,在降水入渗补给条件下,透镜体形成时间在1500 min左右可达最大厚度(约15 cm),若补给源消失,透镜体完全消退需7500 min,能较长时间地阻隔地下咸水;双层土中模拟形成的稳定淡水透镜体在无补给条件下,能够隔离地下咸水的同时亦能为上层植物提供243.5 mL淡水资源。     

Sodium affected subsoils,gypsum, and green-manure: Inter- actions and implications for amelioration of toxic red mud wastes

Experiments were carried out on two alkaline sodium affected sub-soils (15–30 cm) from Strathalbyn and Two Wells in South Australia, under glasshouse conditions in pots containing 1 kg of soil. The effect of green manure was examined with and without the addition of gypsum. Before flowering, the common vetch (Vicia sativa) was incorporated into the soil, and incubated at 80% field capacity. After 12 weeks, the improvements in hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) occurred in the following order of treatments: gypsum+green manure >gypsum >green manure >control. Green manure did not improve macroaggregation in sodic soils. However, stabilisation occurred at the microstructure level. The average size of dispersed materials in control soils was <5 m, whereas after green manuring, the average particle size increased up to 30 m. The products of decomposition of green manure were both organic compounds and the released Ca²⁺ from native lime which aggregated the clay particles and stabilized the domains. The results of this study promise the use of green manure as an ameliorant for sodic alkaline environments such as the red muds of bauxitic minespoils.     

Empirical and mechanistic evaluation of sodium exchange isotherms on natural mineral and organic adsorbents and organically functionalized nanoparticles

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of low-cost adsorbents including bentonite, kaolinite and zeolite saturated with calcium and potassium, potato and wheat residues, and three metal oxide nanoparticles functionalized with an acidic extract of potato residues in improving the quality of sodic waters. The optimization of factors such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage was investigated using a solution containing sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The optimal pH and contact time were 7.0 and 24 h, respectively. The optimal dosage for using functionalized nanoparticles was 0.1 g and for using other adsorbents was 1.0 g. The sodium exchange isotherms were conducted in binary sodium–calcium and sodium–potassium and quaternary sodium–calcium–magnesium–potassium systems. Zeolite saturated with potassium was the most effective adsorbent in removing sodium from aqueous solutions with an average removal efficiency of 69.2 and 66.5 % in binary and quaternary systems, respectively. Freundlich and Langmuir equations fitted well to experimental data in both binary and quaternary systems. Cation selectivity coefficients calculated based on the Gaines–Thomas convention varied with changing pH and adsorbent dosage. Graphical and statistical evaluations confirmed that the mechanistic cation exchange model using average Gaines–Thomas selectivity coefficients in geochemical PHREEQC program was able to successfully simulate the sodium exchange on different adsorbents in both systems. The Gaines–Thomas selectivity coefficient values greater than unity and as a consequence, the negative values of the Gibbs free energy change of adsorption indicated that sodium exchange reactions in the presence of different adsorbents used is this study were exergonic and spontaneous.     

冻融季节苏打盐渍土的水盐变化规律

通过野外定位观测和室内分析,探讨了冻融季节的微域尺度(32 m长的横剖面)苏打盐渍土的水分和盐分的变化规律.结果表明:冻结期大量地下水迁移并储存在盐化草甸土的冻层中,同时地下水位埋深迅速从1.2 m下降到2.5 m以下;苏打盐化草甸土冻结层的含水率明显增加,其中30~40 cm土层的含水率变化最明显(从冻结前的20%增加到50%).苏打碱土冻层的含水率增量不明显,但盐分显著增加,其中白盖苏打碱土表层的盐分增量幅度达80%.盐分变化主要表现为苏打盐渍土表层HCO₃-、CO₃2-、SO₄2-以及Na+的增加,大量盐分表聚使消融期土壤的盐渍化程度不断加重.     

平面P1波斜入射下海底洞室地震响应解析分析

基于无黏性可压缩理想流体介质波动理论和Biot流体饱和多孔介质波动理论,考虑水下饱和土的流固耦合,借助Hankel函数积分变换法(HFITM)给出入射平面P1波在海底洞室周围散射问题的解析解。相比传统研究中的"大圆弧假定",Hankel函数积分变换法可以较好地处理半空间表面边界条件。利用该解析解,计算分析了洞室表面透水条件、入射角度、入射频率、海水水深和饱和土的孔隙率等因素对水-土交界面处水平位移、竖向位移和洞室表面动水压力、环周总应力的影响。结果表明:洞室表面透水条件对水-土交界面处水平位移和竖向位移影响较小;随着斜入射角的增加,水-土交界面处竖向位移减小;随着入射频率的增加,水-土交界面处水平位移随之增加;海水水深为2.5倍SV波的波长时,水-土交界面处水平位移及洞室表面动水压力最大值最大;随着孔隙率的增加,水-土交界面处水平位移、竖向位移和洞室表面环周总应力减小,而洞室表面动水压力随之增加。     

非均质土壤饱和稳定流中盐分运移的传递函数模拟

对室内人工构造的两种非均质土柱,以传递函数模型作为模拟手段,研究了稳定流场中饱和非均质土壤盐分优先运移的随机特征。首先计算了模型参数μ和σ2,获得了氯离子在非均质土壤中迁移时间的概率密度函数,然后应用传递函数模型对土柱中氯离子的出流浓度动态进行了随机模拟,并对非均质土壤中氯离子的均值和中值迁移时间及相应的运移体积与可动体积进行了分析和讨论,还依据质量守衡原理获得了土壤溶液中氯离子平均驻留浓度的变化。     

Surfactant-enhanced remediation of contaminated soil: a review

Extracting aqueous solutions with or without additives are employed to solubilize contaminants in soil. Since water solubility is the controlling removing mechanism, additives are used to enhance efficiencies. These additives can reduce the time to treat a site compared to the use of water alone. Additives must be of low toxicity and biodegradable. The research in this area has focussed mainly on halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and is still quite limited for metal removal. Additives include surfactants, organic and inorganic acids, sodium hydroxide, which can dissolve organic soil matter, water-soluble solvents such as methanol, displacement of cations with nontoxic ones, complexing agents such as EDTA, acids in combination with complexing agents or oxidizing/reducing agents. Cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants are particularly used for soil washing or flushing. They contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, making them ideal for solubilization of hydrophobic compounds. Numerous studies have indicated that surfactants enhance recoveries of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). There have also been indications that pretreatment of soil with surfactant washing to solubilize hydrophobic compounds such as PAHs enhances biodegradation of these contaminants. A few in situ field studies have been performed with surfactants. Large-scale treatment has been done mostly for organic removal. Soil pH, soil type, cation exchange capacity (CEC), particle size, permeabilities and contaminants all affect removal efficiencies. High clay and organic matter contents are particularly detrimental. Understanding the chemistry of the binding of the contaminant and the hydrogeology of the site are very important. Once the water is pumped from the soil, it must be extracted and then treated to remove the hydrocarbons and metals. Several technologies exist such as sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfide precipitation, ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and biological processes. Recycling of the surfactants is desired to decrease treatment costs.

This paper will provide an overview of the laboratory research, field demonstration and full-scale application of surfactants for the remediation of contaminated soil. The majority of pilot scale in situ flushing tests, particularly in the United States, have involved the use of surfactants and co-solvents. There are only a few full-scale projects however. Recent laboratory scale efforts by the authors concerning the use of biosurfactants, biologically produced surfactants, to enhance the removal of copper, cadmium and zinc from contaminated soils and sediments are discussed. Three types of biosurfactants were evaluated for their effectiveness. They included a lipopeptide called surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, a rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a sophorolipid from Torulopsis bombicola. The results indicated the feasibility of removing the metals with the anionic biosurfactants even though the exchangeable fractions were not significant.     

Effects of poor quality irrigation waters on the nutrient leaching and groundwater quality from sandy soil

Sodium (Na⁺) in poor quality irrigation water participate in ion-exchange processes results in the displacement of base cations into solution and a raised concentration in groundwater. Knowledge of the rate of decrease of nutrients from soils resulting from poor water quality application is essential for long-term planning of crop production while minimizing the impact on groundwater quality. In this study, we examined the effect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water on nutrients leaching and groundwater quality in columns of sandy soil. Three types of irrigation waters at three NaCl–CaCl₂ solutions with the following levels of SAR (5, 15, and 30) were synthesized in laboratory. With the application of solutions, exchange occurred between solution Na⁺ and exchangeable cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺), resulting in the displacement of these cations and anions into solution. Increasing the level of SAR from 5 to 15 and 30 resulted in increase in the average exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the soil from 10.4 to 20.3, and 32.5, respectively. Adverse effect of high Na⁺ concentration in the solutions on raising ESP was less pronounced in solution having low SAR. Leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and P from soil with the application of solutions represents a significant loss of valuable nutrients. This sandy soil showed the high risk for nutrients transfer into groundwater in concentrations exceeding the groundwater quality standard. Irrigation with poor quality water, which is generally more sodic and saline than regional groundwater, increases the rate of sodification and salinization of shallow groundwater.     

Simulation of chloride transport in an aggregated soil using three conceptual models

Breakthrough curves (BTCs) of chloride displaced through columns of loessial soil aggregates of different sizes were measured under saturated steady flow conditions. The data were simulated using three conceptual models. Model I (CDE) assumed that all soil water was mobile and physical equilibrium existed in the system. Model II (two-region model) partitioned the soil water into mobile and immobile regions, and convective diffusive solute transport was limited to the mobile water region. Model III (two-flow region model) also divided the soil water into two regions based on their flow velocities, but both of the regions had a non-zero flow rate. Transfer of the chloride solute between the two soil water regions was assumed to occur at a rate proportional to the difference in solute concentration. The two unknown parameters in model I, three in model II, and four in model III were estimated by fitting the experimental data. The three models could well describe all the BTCs measured for columns packed with all the aggregate sizes at the low pore water velocity (0.68 cm/h); however, the values of the fitted parameters varied greatly. The Peclet numbers derived from both the two-region (model II) and two-flow region (model III) models behaved similarly and increased with increases in aggregate size. But the Peclet numbers derived from the convection dispersion equation (model I) were about two orders of magnitude greater than those derived from the other two models. The mobile water fraction obtained for the two-flow region model decreased with increases of aggregate size. The mass transfer coefficient decreased with an increase in pore water velocity due to the shorter residence time of the chloride solute in the soil columns.     

Nitrogen Removal in Wastewater Irrigation Systems and Its Influence on Groundwater Pollution

The experiment included ten soil columns and field investigation in 1-2 year duration. Data on the columns continuously flooded with waste water indicated that when total input of NH_4-N reached to above 70％ of the NH_4-N adsorption capacity in soil the breakthrough would appear in the output . Adequate removal of nitrogen from the waste water would require at least 170 cm deep groundwater table . Fine textured soil would promote denitrification . The columns simulating discontinuous waste water irrigation indicated that denitrification existed only in the partial microenviroument of reduction . Groundwater table depth had no strong influence on nitrogen removal . The investigation in field revealed that the groundwater recharged with waste water was not polluted by nitrogen when the aeration profile was in finer textures owing to the combined contribution of nitrification and denitrification.     

Evaluation of amendments used to prevent sodification of irrigated fields

Gypsum and S are applied to soils being irrigated with Na–HCO₃ dominated coalbed natural gas (CBNG) produced water to protect soil structure and fertility. Wyoming law requires beneficial use of produced water and irrigation with CBNG produced water in the semi-arid Powder River Basin is becoming more common. Strontium isotopes were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the gypsum and S applications in preventing sodification of these irrigated soils. The isotope ratio of Sr on the cation exchange complex of irrigated soil falls between that of the gypsum amendment (0.7074) and that of local soil (0.712–0.713). Strontium isotopes indicate that, to a depth of 30 cm, as much as 50% of the Sr on the irrigated soil cation exchange sites originated from the applied gypsum amendment on a field irrigated for 3 a. This was also true to a depth of 5 cm on a field irrigated less than 1 a. Strontium isotope ratio measurements of vegetation illustrate plant utilization of Sr from gypsum amendments, thereby reinforcing the conclusions about the presence of Sr from gypsum on the soil’s exchange sites. This Sr tracing technique may be useful in a wide variety of settings where monitoring soil health is necessary, especially in settings where poor quality water is used for irrigation: a more common occurrence as demand for fresh water increases.     

颗粒运移对蒋家沟土体渗透性影响的试验研究

对蒋家沟流域泥石流源区两种分散性不同的土(G1土具有强分散性,G2土无分散性)进行室内土柱自滤试验,研究了土柱在常水头(水头为5 cm)渗流过程中颗粒运移对土柱不同部位渗透性的影响。入渗液采用了煮沸过的清水与浓度为1 g/L的悬浮液(悬浮颗粒的粒径范围为1.6～104.74μm)。在清水渗流过程中,两种土样的入口处土层渗透性随着时间而增大,出口处土层的渗透性先增大后减少。在悬浮液渗流过程中,两种土的各土层的渗透性都有下降趋势,但在入口处土层最为显著,G1土样下降了一个数量级以上,G2下降了近两个数量级,且G2土所用时间较G1土短,即G2土的渗透性减少速率更加明显;两土柱中渗透流量都有显著减少。研究表明:土体的分散性在颗粒运移过程逐渐占主导地位,即强分散性土自身颗粒的运移明显,能抵消一部分外来颗粒的积聚堵塞作用。从试验结束后土柱的外观图像观察也发现,入渗的悬浮颗粒在土柱的各个位置都有分布,但主要沉积在入口处,这与土柱各层渗透性的变化相吻合。此外,两种土流失的颗粒都只是集中于渗流的开始阶段,流失颗粒粒径范围集中在数微米至数十微米之间。     

Analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation in two‐layer unsaturated soils

An analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation in layered soils is derived using a Laplace transformation. Coupling between seepage and deformation, and initial conditions defined by arbitrary continuous pore‐water pressure distributions are considered. The analytical solutions describe the transient pore‐water pressure distributions during 1D, vertical infiltration toward the water table through two‐layer unsaturated soils. The nonlinear coupled formulations are first linearized and transformed into a form that is solvable using a Laplace transformation. The solutions provide a reliable means of comparing the accuracy of various numerical methods. Parameters considered in the coupled analysis include the saturated permeability (k_s), desaturation coefficient (α), and saturated volumetric water content (θ_s) of each soil layer, and antecedent and subsequent rainfall infiltration rates. The analytical solution demonstrates that the coupling of seepage and deformation plays an important role in water infiltration in layered unsaturated soils. A smaller value of α or a smaller absolute value of the elastic modulus of the soil with respect to a change in soil suction (H) for layered unsaturated soils means more marked coupling effect. A smaller absolute value of H of the upper layer soil also tends to cause more marked coupling effect. A large difference between the saturated coefficients of permeability for the top and bottom soil layers leads to reduced rainfall infiltration into the deep soil layer. The initial conditions also play a significant role in the pore‐water pressure redistribution and coupling effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐渍土与盐溶液冻结温度关系的试验研究

通过不同降温方式的冻结温度试验,明确了降温速率对土体冻结温度的影响,并采用快速降温方法,测定了不同含水率的三种天然氯（亚）盐渍土和黄土的冻结温度,以及不同浓度Na₂SO₄、NaCl溶液和由溶液配制的黄土的过冷温度和冻结温度,分析了降温速率、含水率、含盐量、盐类对土和溶液相变过程的影响。结果表明,快速降温得到的冻结温度值比缓慢降温得到的值偏低。当含水率低于盐渍土的塑限含水率时,水分是冻结温度的主要制约因素;当含水率大于土的塑限含水率时,天然盐渍土的含盐量对土的冻结温度起控制作用,Na₂SO₄含量控制含盐土的第一次相变,NaCl含量控制含盐土在低温下的第二次相变;低含盐量黄土含水率低于塑限含水率时,冻结温度随含水率增大而增大,但当含水率高于饱和含水率时,冻结温度随含水率变化不大。含Na₂SO₄的土和溶液的过冷温度变化规律与冻结温度变化规律类似,且其温度差值较小,通过Na₂SO₄溶液的冻结温度试验,可近似得到同浓度下含水率为16%只含Na₂SO₄黄土的冻结温度。