贵阳地区碳酸盐岩风化红粘土剖面稀土、微量元素分布特征

碳酸盐岩风化形成的红粘土保存着喀斯特发展演化历史证据,同时也是喀斯特地区土壤研究重要对象。通过对西南喀斯特发育中心部位的贵阳市碳酸盐岩风化形成的红粘土剖面的结构、稀土、微量元素分布特征研究,提出红粘土层可划分为：下层为暗褐色—褐色粘土层,上层为黄色、黄褐色、紫红色粘土层。下层暗褐色—褐色粘土层具有较高的稀土、微量元素含量;上层黄色、黄褐色、紫红色粘土层稀土、微量元素含量较低。下部暗褐色—褐色粘土层中,特别是红粘土层最底部,Be、 Sr、 Nd、 Sm 等元素超常富集,表明上部元素大量向底部迁移富集,元素发生广泛的混合。因此,利用Be、 Sr、 Nd、 Sm、Pb等同位素研究红粘土年代学是非常困难的。同时,提出下部暗褐色—褐色粘土层超富集重金属、放射性元素U、 Th、Rn等,其对环境有一定的污染,在城市建设时应该加强处理。     

红粘土地区水泥土的损伤研究

红粘土是亚热带气候条件下形成的一种特殊土质，含有红粘土的地基土多具有上硬下软的特点，为天然地基软弱下卧层。应用损伤力学研究红粘土地区水泥土的损伤机制，通过试验得到有关参数，并且推导了红粘土的损伤演化及本构方程。     

贵州岩溶地区土层的物质来源、成土过程、年代学及与石漠化相关性研究

贵州岩溶地区生态脆弱性的特征之一就是土层瘠薄,其土层的形成和演化方式一直是学术界的争论焦点.本研究以贵州岩溶区为研究对象,通过对土层的物质来源、碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的地球化学过程、红土的定年、石漠化成因等问题的探讨,明确地提出碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的二阶段模式;贵州岩溶区土层的主要物源来自碳酸盐岩风化成土作用;岩溶台地上广泛存在的红土是一种古土壤(1～25 Ma B.P.);碳酸盐岩风化壳岩土界面处地球化学碱性障导致稀土超常富集;碳酸盐岩类型与石漠化分布有着本质的联系.这些结论对于进一步研究青藏高原隆升在其东南翼的响应、岩溶地区生态环境和生态重建工作有着重要的科学意义.     

徐州市市区岩土体工程地质特征研究

徐州市区岩体可分碎屑岩(碎屑硬质岩、碎屑软质岩)及碳酸盐岩(碳酸盐岩碎屑岩硬质与软质岩互层、碳酸盐岩硬质岩)。土体可分为砂土类、粉土类和粘性土(新粘性土、老粘性土)。根据各类土体物理力学性质的分析可知,基岩和老粘土一般可作为高层建筑持力层。一般砂土、粉粘土、粉土等可作一般建筑物地基。对易液化的砂性土、淤泥质软土则需做一定的地基处理。     

碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中的微生物作用

碳酸盐岩风化作用长期受到广泛关注,有关其成土的物源也一直是颇有争议的问题。基于前人有关碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的研究基础和对有关资料的调研与分析,结合各类研究成果,笔者提出了喀斯特地区岩石微生物的风化成土作用途径:微生物生长对矿物养料的吸收,以及分泌的代谢产物导致碳酸盐岩的破坏分解和一些次生矿物的形成;一些岩石微生物能够通过新陈代谢固定大气中的碳素和氮素,截留由雨水、风尘、大气气溶胶甚至空气流动所带来的土壤颗粒等外来物质。微生物在岩石表面与缝隙中的生长繁殖在碳酸盐岩风化成土这一漫长的地质演化过程中发挥了不可替代的重要作用。     

义和庄凸起东区前第三系顶部风化壳结构发育模式及对油气运聚的影响

基于地质综合研究,系统分析了济阳坳陷义和庄凸起东部地区前第三系顶部风化壳结构特征,深入剖析了其形成主控因素,建立了该区风化壳结构发育模式,并探讨了风化壳结构对油气运聚的影响。研究认为,义和庄凸起东区前第三系顶部风化壳中,风化粘土层厚度薄,分布地区局限,物性差;半风化岩石全区发育,岩石类型多样,除部分半风化碳酸盐岩顶部存在一层致密“硬壳”外,物性多得到明显改善。风化壳结构形成受控于岩相、气候、时间、古地形、构造、后期保存程度等6大因素;多种因素相互耦合,决定了风化壳结构的空间发育;风化粘土层、半风化岩石顶部“硬壳”对油气起遮挡、封盖作用,顶部无“硬壳”的半风化岩石则可大大提高前第三系岩层的储集性能和不同层系之间的横向连通性。     

塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格地区奥陶纪碳酸盐沉积环境不稳定性的岩石学证据

新疆塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格地区奥陶纪曾普遍发育碳酸盐岩台地沉积,但其沉积环境较动荡,碳酸盐岩组合类型为泥晶砂屑、生物碎屑和破碎鲕粒.为系统的研究本区奥陶纪碳酸盐岩的发育演化规模.从碳酸盐岩的组合类型及微观特征分析入手,对其岩石学特征进行分析得出:①碳酸盐岩中鲕粒和生物碎屑经过搬运再沉积,不是原地鲕滩和生物滩的产物;②陆源碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩混合、互层沉积.碳酸盐岩厚度向上逐渐变薄,陆源碎屑岩的厚度逐渐变厚;③碳酸盐岩沉积环境中发育有重力流沉积.证明了奥陶纪碳酸盐岩台地沉积环境是不稳定的.     

热带土壤发育过程的定量研究—以海南岛北部为例

海南岛北部不同时期喷发的玄武岩上发育的土壤构成一个成土年代系列, 由此可以定量地探讨发育过程中土壤性质随风化成土年龄增加的变化规律.研究表明土体厚度、B层厚度、RR指数、w(REE)、w(Ba)/w(Nb)、w(Fe_d)/w(Fe_t)、w(Fe_d)、w(Fe_o)/w(Fe_d)、土壤硅铝率、土壤硅铁铝率、频率磁化率等土壤性质与风化成土年龄具有确定的相应关系.根据土壤发生学原则, 得出土壤性质与风化成土年龄两者间的统计方程.对于成土环境相同或相近地区可从这些方程由土壤性质推断相对风化成土年龄和发育程度, 也可由风化成土年龄估计土壤特性, 研究成土速率      

黔中红粘土的物质来源与成因研究——以平坝剖面为例

以黔中平坝剖面为具体对象,从矿物、元素地球化学、元素质量平衡等多方面对黔中白云岩上覆红粘土剖面进行了详细研究。结果显示该剖面是下伏基岩白云岩风化成土并累积的结果,无其他外来物源,是原位风化壳;成土过程具有两阶段模式特征,即白云石、方解石的溶蚀-酸不溶物累积和酸不溶物进一步风化两个阶段;长时期的构造稳定和白云岩整体溶蚀作用是黔中地区白云岩风化壳土层厚度大、分布连续的主要制约因素。     

黔西南地区卡林型、次生富集型金矿

黔西南地区卡林型金矿及与其相关的次生富集型金矿，是以海西期峨眉山玄武岩的边缘相火山碎屑岩为矿源层的再造矿床。与其相关的次生富集型金矿，是卡林型金矿或其矿源层的风化淋滤产物。碳酸盐岩与粘土岩的交界面及细粒碎屑岩中的糜棱岩等的半透膜渗析效应，在金矿成矿过程中起了重要的作用     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

日本北海道音调津的球状石墨

本文利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜等手段对日本北海道音调津球状石墨的成因、结构等进行研究,认为日本北海道音调津球状石墨中除了石墨外,还存在镍黄铁矿﹑黄铜矿﹑磁黄铁矿等金属硫化物矿物。通过透射电子显微镜观察发现音调津石墨中大部分是椭圆状石墨颗粒,高分辨晶格条纹主要是非晶态结构,但是同时也发现了结晶良好的石墨。高结晶度石墨的存在可能是在硫化物Fe-Ni-Cu的触媒作用下形成的。天然球状石墨的微结构和性状研究对天然石墨的形成和开发应用有重要意义,对新型碳材料的制备技术有重要科学意义。     

夏季长江河口潮间带反硝化作用和N2O的排放与吸收

采用培养箱乙炔抑制和现场静态箱法,于夏季(7月)在长江河口潮滩潮间带进行了采样,研究表明,长江河口潮滩水体自身N2O产生速率很低,在潮汐淹没期沉积物是上覆水体N2O的来源,其来自沉积物中反硝化、硝化等氮素循环的多个反应过程,沉积物中N2O自然产生速率在0.10～8.50μmol/(m2·h)之间,反硝化速率在21.91～35.87μmol/(m2·h)之间。退潮出露期中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源犤交换速率在-11.03～13.17μmol/(m2·h)之间犦,5～10cm地温是影响N2O排放速率的显著性因素;低潮滩-大气界面N2O排放、吸收速率在-5.75～0.49μmol/(m2·h)之间。总体上看,中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源;而低潮滩对大气N2O有明显的吸收作用。潮滩植被(海三棱草和底栖藻类)的光合作用明显抑制了N2O的排放并可能导致吸收,而其呼吸作用则增加了N2O的排放,潮间带-大气界面N2O的排放和吸收与CO2的排放、吸收有显著的正相关关系。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

冀北张家口地区汉诺坝玄武岩中麻粒岩捕虏体的硫化物相

捕虏体麻粒岩是了解下地壳形成和演化的重要样品。汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中的二辉麻粒岩捕虏体样品中富含各种硫化物相,主要类型有:①孤立产出的球状出溶硫化物;②矿物颗粒之间或颗粒内的粗晶硫化物;③次生硫化物包裹体群;④裂隙充填硫化物。电子探针分析表明,硫化物的矿物成分均为贫镍磁黄铁矿,(Ni+Co+Cu)/Fe(原子比)远小于0.2;(Fe+Cu+Co+Ni)/S(原子比)比地幔岩的磁黄铁矿小,多小于0.875,反映了一种S过饱和环境。各种产状的磁黄铁矿中Au、Ag都有一定的含量,其平均值分别为0.19%～0.22%(Au)、0.01%～0.02%(Ag),反映下地壳的麻粒岩化与金矿化的成因联系。磁黄铁矿的Ni、Co、Cu含量与S正相关,说明微量重金属元素与S具有同源的关系,由于地幔去气伴随S而进入下地壳。     

Compositional evolution in Ca-amphibole in the Karmutsen metabasites, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

Abstract The 6-km-thick Karmutsen metabasites, exposed over much of Vancouver Island, were thermally metamorphosed by intrusions of Jurassic granodiorite and granite. Observations of about 800 thin sections from the Campbell River and Buttle Lake area show that the metabasites provide a complete succession of mineral assemblages ranging from the zeolite to pyroxene hornfels facies around the intrusion. The most important observations are as follows. (1) The compositional change of Ca-amphiboles with increasing metamorphic grade is not straightforward. The tremolite component decreases from the prehnite–actinolite facies to the greenschist facies with a compensating tschermak component increase, but the tendency is not clear thereafter. Instead, the edenite component increases from the amphibolite facies to the pyroxene hornfels facies. (2) The most pargasitic Ca-amphibole occurs in high-Fe²⁺/Mg metabasite from the greenschist/amphibolite transition zone. (3) The reasons for such irregular compositional trends, even in the rather uniform MORB-like composition of the Karmutsen metabasites, are non-ideal solid solutions of Ca-amphibole at low temperature and the effective control by bulk rock composition in the amphibolite facies. (4) The data from this study support, but do not prove, a transition loop for the actinolite–hornblende compositional gap rather than a solvus. If the gap is a solvus, its shape is asymmetric, and is highly dependent on the other compositional parameters such as Fe³⁺/Al and Fe²⁺/Mg. (5) The X_NaA/X_A±X_Ab) ratios between Ca-amphibole and plagioclase are most useful as an indicator of metamorphic grade even within the amphibolite facies, and these change systematically from 0.2 to 0.5 from the greenschist to pyroxene hornfels facies. (6) The compositional trend of Ca-amphibole from the Karmutsen metabasites indicates a typical low-P/T metamorphic facies series on a Rbk–Gln–Tr–Ts diagram.