震级频度与古登堡-里克特关系式偏离的前兆意义

地震震级频度的古登堡-里克特关系式(简称G-R关系式)一直是许多地震学问题研究的重要前提之一, 然而实际分布常常与这一关系式有一定的偏离。 文中利用已有的对含有凹凸体、 挤压雁列破裂及Ⅲ型剪切破裂等三种类型的岩石实验结果, 对接收到的声发射事件序列分别进行了分段地震震级频度的G-R关系式拟合, 重点考察了每一时间窗内表征实际地震震级频度与这一关系式偏离程度的线性拟合系数r值的变化。 研究结果表明, 含有凹凸体、 挤压雁列破裂的岩石声发射序列在加压－破裂过程中, 分段扫描分别计算得出的r值在标本失稳前出现数字下降的现象, 表明临近岩石失稳, 实际地震震级频度与G-R关系式偏离程度有加大的趋势; 而含Ⅲ型剪切破裂的岩石在标本失稳前, 声发射序列r值数字下降的现象不明显。 部分实际震例也表明, 在一些中强地震前也存在着这种偏离。 研究结果可能对利用区域地震活动资料探求部分类型的中强地震前可能存在的前兆信息具有一定的参考意义。     

地震震级—频度G-R关系的偏离度

假设震级—频度分布服从对应于G-R式母体分布污染的情况,文中引进震级分布偏离度(ζ)来描述实际资料分布与G-R式的偏离程度。在G-R式分布参数稳健估计的基础上给出了偏离度的计算方法。华北地区1980—1993年取资料时间窗长1年,滑动步长1个月的ζ值计算结果表明,6级左右强地震前的半年至一年半左右ζ值明显为相对稳定的低值,震后呈高值变化。它可能反映了强震孕育发生过程中地震活动强度分形结构的变化,存在一个有序态(确定性)和无序态(浑沌)转化的自组织性质。ζ值可在地震预报中作为一个分析判定指标。     

新疆天山地震区一些中、强地震发生前的b值特征

本文对新疆天山地震区一些中、强地震发生前的b值特征进行了研究,发现自1971年以来发生的5.5级以上地震震前普遍存在b值的缺震现象,缺震震级和发震的震级对应较好。1972年以来4.8级以上中、强震前普遍存在着b值负异常,异常时间及其与异常幅度之积(β)和震级相关显著。利用它们各自与震级的关系式可以对未来地震的震级作出估计。另外还发现一些中、强地震的余震或全系列、小震群在中、强地震发生前的一段时间内,在未来地震发生的地区呈低b值。     

中国大陆中强地震前的地震拟合优度异常特征研究

选取中国大陆有代表性的31次M_S≥5.0地震,分别进行G—R公式的地震拟合优度计算,并对计算结果进行逐一分析,结果发现,77%的地震震中周边一定区域内地震拟合优度在震前表现出明显下降异常,若同震或震后1-2个月内再次出现明显下降,数年内周边500km以内往往有中强地震发生。异常出现的时间、形态和幅度等与地震震级、发震构造等关系不明显。部分地震震前异常不明显,可能与震源深度、监测能力等有关。     

强震前地震非均匀度异常与前兆群体异常关系的研究

通过对比研究华北地区部分中强以上地震震前地震非均匀度异常与区域地震前兆观测群体异常的变化过程, 发现两者在地震前的异常时空演化过程中, 具有一定的关联性。 在时间上, 部分地震震前的地震非均匀度异常出现后, 半年左右前兆观测异常在数量上将出现一次较大幅度的增加; 在空间上, 前兆异常展布范围与地震非均匀度异常范围大体一致。 研究结果表明, 地震非均匀度(GL值)在强地震前出现的异常变化从震例的角度, 表明可能与局部应力场变化有关。 地震非均匀度和前兆群体异常的这种准同步变化, 可能对判定地震孕育进入中短期阶段具有一定的指示意义。     

η值的空间扫描

在当前的地震活动性研究中,关于b值的研究较多。宇津德治在文献[1]中曾指出:古登堡-里克特G-R式中的震级与频度的对数关系往往并不呈直线,而表现出曲线特征,并且为此提出了两种修正的G-R式,引入了η值来表征实际资料偏离G-R式的程度。文献[2]利用宇津提出的η值对一些大地震和强余震前的资     

中强地震前地震频次－震级关系式拟合优度变化的研究

根据著名的Ｇｕｔｅｎｂｅｒｇ－Ｒｉｃｈｔｅｒ（以下简写成Ｇ－Ｒ）地震频次－震级统计关系式研究了我国东部地区（１０８°Ｅ以东）部分Ｍｓ≥５．０中强地震前一定时空尺度内中小地震频次与震级线性拟合优度（线性相关系数ｒ）随时间变化的特征。结果表明，利用中强地震前震中区一定范围内的中小地震进行Ｇ－Ｒ关系式拟合时，其线性拟合优度在地震前出现不同程度的异常现象。其变化特点是：在中强地震发生前期，震源区及其附近中小地震的发生在能级上分配均匀，线性拟合优度接近１；随着中强地震的临近，该区中小地震在能级上的分配存在着较显著的不均匀现象，表现为线性拟合优度明显下降。这种拟合优度的异常变化具有中期异常性质，有可能为中强地震的中期判定提供依据。     

基于广义帕累托分布的地震震级分布尾部特征分析

大量的地震实际资料分析表明,地震震级-频度关系并非总是满足G-R公式,在许多情况下震级高端或低端出现明显的“掉头”和“摆尾”现象,说明震级分布为负指数分布仅在有限震级区间成立.实际资料特别是强震数据对G-R关系的偏离,一定程度上影响了利用该关系式推测未来强震发生危险性的可信度.     

地震拟合优度在青海中强地震预报中的应用

运用地震拟合优度的计算公式,对青海省中东部的6个ME≥6．0地震从震前数年开始进行地震拟合优度计算,发现这6个地震震前一段时间地震拟合优度都有一定程度的下降。再对共和7．1级地震震中附近一定区域内的地震进行拟合优度计算,进而提取震中周边300kmME≥5．8以上地震的中期预报指标。并对这一指标进行预报水平评分。结果表明,这一方法对共和地震震中胤边300km ML≥5．8以上地震的中期预报有一定的应用价值。另外,对拟合优度计算参数的选取进行分析,确定了最优的计算参数。     

中强地震前地震频次—震次关系式拟合优度变化的研究

根据著名的Ｇｕｔｅｎｂｅｒｇ－Ｒｉｃｈｔｅｒ（以下简写成Ｇ－Ｒ）地震频次－振级统计关系式研究了我国东部地区（１０８°Ｅ以东）部分Ｍｓ≥５．０中强地震前一定时空尺内中小地震频次与震级线性拟合优度（线性相关系数ｒ）随时间变化的特征，结果表明，利用中强地震前震中区一定范围内的中小地震进行Ｇ－Ｒ关系式拟合时，其线性拟合优度在地震前出现不同程度的异常现象，其变化特点是：在中强地震发生前期，震源区及其附近中小     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.