江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述

古近纪时期,华南江汉盆地的潜江凹陷和江陵凹陷发育盐湖,沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩,并形成和储藏了富锂、钾、铷、铯、溴、碘等元素的卤水资源,这些元素含量达到工业品位或综合利用品位;富锂卤水属于深层地下卤水型锂矿资源,镁锂比值低,是非常优质的锂资源。本文总结了江汉盆地大地构造特征、火成岩及古气候背景,论述了古盐湖沉积岩相特征、富锂卤水水化学、分布及储层特征、卤水中锂的来源与富集机理、卤水型锂矿成矿模式以及富锂卤水勘查与开采技术进展,提出了卤水开发利用中存在的问题和解决途径。江汉盆地富锂卤水成因包括:古盐湖锂可能主要来自高温水岩反应产生的富锂热液流体的补给;在干旱的气候下,古湖水不断蒸发浓缩,导致卤水中锂浓缩富集;在盐湖演化末期,逐渐埋藏的盐类晶间富锂卤水被转移至裂隙、砂岩及玄武岩储层中储集;在较高的地热背景值下,埋藏卤水与储层岩石可能发生水岩反应,进一步促进了卤水中锂的富集。江汉盆地深层卤水初步勘查显示,氯化锂资源量已达到大型工业规模,展示了巨大的资源潜力。此外,卤水锂开采技术已基本形成,建议进一步加强富锂卤水的绿色开发技术研究,制定相关勘查开发规范。     

四川盆地海相深层富钾锂层系沉积演化规律及储卤层响应特征

随着国内钾锂盐需求不断增大,浅层盐湖卤水勘探开发技术趋于成熟,深层卤水资源已成为经济矿产目标。四川盆地在三叠系发育了面积广泛且巨厚的蒸发岩层,并赋存了优质且丰富的富钾锂卤水储层。针对以往岩相古地理“盐味”不足的特点,文章通过分析四川盆地蒸发岩分布规律、岩相古地理特征以及沉积演化,明确了膏盐盆的形成具有“多期多区”特征,揭示了三叠系嘉四段—雷三段重点成盐期的膏盐盆规模、分布、迁移规律;同时基于地质、测井资料,明确了四川盆地富钾锂卤水储层的地质和测井响应特征,认为四川盆地富钾锂卤水储层质量受层位、相带、孔隙类型的控制,表现出中-高伽马、低电阻率、高声波时差、低密度的耦合特征。研究成果将对国内外深层海相层系的富钾锂卤水储层勘探起到一定的指导意义。     

沉积盆地深层地下卤水资源量评价之若干探讨

沉积盆地深层地下卤水(包括富钾卤水)处于深埋封闭和无补给状态; 卤水具有很高的测压水头, 天然条件下处于停滞状态, 不同储卤构造之间无水力联系; 具有多个平行叠置的储卤层, 不同储卤层之间无水力联系; 储卤层空隙性和渗透性差, 卤水主要富集于背斜、裂隙带和断层裂隙带; 卤水水化学和物理特性在短期内比较稳定; 卤水储存资源量较大, 在开采条件下卤水资源逐渐减少趋于衰竭。本文在分析总结沉积盆地深层地下卤水资源量评价的现状和卤水特征的基础上, 讨论和阐明深层地下卤水资源评价中的若干问题, 包括深层卤水资源量的类型和评价方法的选取、储卤层计算范围和边界的概化处理、渗透性分区和卤水密度影响的处理、测压水头的换算、钻井预测水头降深的确定等, 目的在于提高深层地下卤水资源量评价计算的精度。     

四川盆地龙女寺储卤构造深层地下卤水的水文地球化学特征及成因

本文将龙女寺储卤构造深层地下卤水与不同浓缩阶段的黄海水两者的化学组分进行比较,以及对不同储卤层卤水之间的化学组分进行比较,结果表明该储卤构造地下卤水以高矿化度和富含Br,I,Sr,Ba等元素为特征,可分为两种类型,即碎屑岩储卤层的Cl NaCa型卤水和碳酸盐岩储卤层的Cl Na型卤水。前者来源于以陆相为主的同生沉积水,泥岩和页岩的隔膜渗滤作用可能对卤水化学组分的富集有着重要的影响;而后者则来源于海相同生沉积残余卤水,其化学组分主要受蒸发岩沉积的控制     

含富锂(钾)卤水断陷盆地的深部构造特征: 以中国华南吉泰盆地为例

中国华南吉泰盆地在白垩纪?古近纪发育大量蒸发岩,其中含富锂卤水矿床,由于盆地深部构造特征认识不清,导致富锂卤水矿勘查评价明显滞后.基于盆地东北部泰和坳陷二维地震数据和钻孔资料,经过精细保幅处理和综合构造解释,总结了含富锂卤水矿断陷盆地的深部构造特征.地震剖面和构造属性表明,盆地深部发育错断白垩系的NE-SW走向、NW倾...     

智利北部阿塔卡马富锂干盐湖地质

智利北部阿塔卡马干盐湖位于一个内陆闭流构造盆地中，形成于晚第三纪。从中新世至今，全地内有强烈的火山作用。它是智利最大的干盐湖，也是世界上最大的富锂干盐湖之一。其盐矿物和卤水（包括锂）的物质来源如下；（１）火山活动形成的大量流纹岩质火山灰流凝灰岩，并伴随着大量地热水；（２）从火山岩中淋滤的可溶盐；（３）淋滤富锂粘土岩；（４）安第斯山东部湖和干盐湖的盐卤水沿着上新世（？）至第四纪形成的山前断裂流入阿塔卡马盆地，再通过沙漠环境的长期蒸发，因此盆地内积累了大量盐组分。     

江汉盆地潜江凹陷地下卤水地球化学特征和分布规律

江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组赋存有丰富的地下卤水,因其有较高的经济价值,是江汉盆地油气资源之外的又一种重要的战略资源。然而,长期的油田注水开采也对地下卤水产生了一定的影响,为进一步评估这种影响并探讨地下卤水微量元素的分布情况,通过采集和分析潜江组第一至第四卤水组的地下卤水样品开展其地球化学特征和分布规律的研究。结果表明,潜江凹陷潜江组地下卤水受油田生产影响,虽然普遍发生了淡化,但仍然拥有较高的TDS含量,淡化影响有限。卤水储层从上至下,第一卤水组至第四卤水组,随着深度的增加,硫酸钠亚型卤水和碳酸盐型水逐渐变少,氯化物型水逐渐增多。尽管区内地下卤水普遍经受油田注水生产的影响,但是卤水中Li、B、Br等元素依然保持较高的含量,大部分样品达到或超过边界工业品位,尤其以第二、第三卤水Li、B、Br品位较高,第四卤水组次之,第一卤水组最低。潜江凹陷地下卤水样品的钠氯系数接近于1,具备溶滤卤水特征,属于非海相地层的卤水,氯溴系数分析揭示区内现存地下卤水是溶滤卤水和沉积卤水混合以后的结果,卤水的脱硫系数和钙镁系数反映卤水的储集空间封闭性相对较差,凹陷内从第一至第三下卤水储集体的空间的封闭性逐渐变好,第四卤水组略变差。平面上,Li、B、Br具有相似的分布特征,凹陷内,卤水的浓集中心从下至上具有明显的迁移特征,钟市、浩子口、王场、周矶所围限的区域是高浓度卤水分布中心地带,其分布明显受控于卤水储集体的分布。     

The Metallogenetic Regularities of Lithium Deposits in China

Lithium resources support the development of high-technology industries. China has abundant lithium resources which are mainly distributed in Tibet,Qinghai,Sichuan and Jiangxi. Salt lakes in China have significant lithium reserves,but lithium is mainly produced from hard rock lithium deposits because the extraction from salt lakes requires further improvements. The hard rock lithium deposits mainly occur in granitic pegmatite in the Altay region of Xinjiang and the Jiajika deposit in western Sichuan Province; they mainly formed in the Mesozoic and occurred in a relatively stable stage during orogenic processes. On the basis of the information from 151 lithium deposits or spots,14 lithium metallogenic series were identified,and granitic pegmatite,granite,and sedimentary types were considered to be the main prediction types of lithium resources. Twelve lithium mineralization belts were divided and a series of maps showing the lithium metallogenetic regularity in China were drawn. We conclude that the hard rock and brine type of lithium resources possibly have a similar lithium source related to magmatism. The metallogenic features of the lithium in China were related with the distinct history of tectonic-magmatic activity in China. This study benefits the assessment of,and prospecting for,lithium resources in China.     

柴达木盆地别勒滩地区深部卤水储层空间分布特征研究

我国柴达木盆地蕴藏着丰富且极具开发潜力的卤水钾锂资源,但随着产能的不断扩大和持续开发,浅部易开采的优质资源不断减少,走向深部开采成为必然选择。与浅部相比,盐湖深部卤水储层质量相对较差,富水性弱且不稳定,开采难度极大。本文以查明察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段深部卤水储层特征为目的,通过分析钻孔岩性和物性数据,研究了别勒滩区段深部卤水储层的平面分布特征和厚度变化规律,结果表明研究区以东南部储层厚度最大且石盐岩储层质量最优。卤水储层三维建模研究显示,富锂卤水主要分布在研究区中北部,南部锂含量相对较低;平面上第Ⅱ含矿层在中部石盐厚度大且粉砂和黏土夹层少,有利于卤水的开采。     

沉积型锂资源成矿作用特征

沉积型锂资源作为可利用锂资源的重要组成部分,由于其储量大、分布范围广而备受关注,但对于锂的赋存状态、赋矿沉积岩的沉积特征、成矿物质来源等成矿作用特征观点不一。通过对国内外沉积型锂资源成矿作用的综合分析,文章尝试总结出沉积型锂资源的成矿作用规律。综合国内外沉积型锂资源（矿床）的特征分析,沉积型锂资源主要赋存于黏土岩、铝质黏土岩及铝土矿中,部分分布于绿豆岩（凝灰岩）以及砂岩、泥岩等碎屑岩。锂在其中的赋存状态多样,主要以类质同象或离子吸附形式赋存在绿泥石、蒙脱石、高岭石和伊利石等黏土矿物中,个别为可开采的独立含锂矿物。多数沉积型锂资源沉积在湖相、泻湖相等低能的还原环境中,富锂岩石主要来源于岛弧类长英质火山岩和少量碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩,且源区母岩经历强烈的风化作用,沉积物可能经历再旋回的搬运过程。富锂岩石源于大陆岛弧环境,沉积于被动大陆边缘、裂谷或克拉通盆地。火山岩和含锂地层下伏的碳酸盐岩均可能是沉积型锂资源中锂的来源,成矿源区的不同造成了沉积型锂资源成矿作用的差异。     

The use of bromide and chloride mass ratios to differentiate salt-dissolution and formation brines in shallow groundwaters of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

In the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, the petroleum industry handles two geochemically distinctive brines that are traceable in the environment: formation brines extracted along with hydrocarbons from the basin, and salt-dissolution brines, produced by dissolving deep halite formations to create caverns for petroleum product storage. The concentrations of the conservative ions chloride (Cl) and bromide (Br) in many formation brines plot closely to the seawater evaporation trajectory of previous studies. These brines contain Cl/Br mass ratios of around 300, while salt-dissolution brines are relatively Br depleted, having Cl/Br mass ratios in excess of 20,000. An oilfield site in central Alberta had experienced nearby releases of both salt-dissolution and formation brines. Geochemical mixing trends were defined by theoretically mixing samples of local salt-dissolution and formation brine sources with background shallow groundwater. Most site monitoring wells and local surface water samples plotted directly on a salt-dissolution brine dilution trend, while results from four monitoring wells, all located directly downgradient of formation brine spills, suggested the mixing of formation brines into shallow groundwater. This work indicates that there is a large-scale salt-dissolution brine plume beneath the site and reinforces the use of Cl and Br concentrations and mass ratios as environmental tracers.     

柴达木盆地西部古近系和新近系油田卤水资源水化学特征及化学演化

在柴达木盆地西部一些背斜构造单元的古近系-新近系中,赋存储量巨大的油田卤水，有望成为第四系盐湖卤水的后续利用资源。通过对小梁山、南翼山、油泉子、开特米里克、油墩子、油砂山等典型构造区石油钻孔自喷的油田卤水以及地表盐湖卤水、晶间卤水取样分析，讨论了其水化学特征及资源分布，重点通过与海水、青海湖水蒸发曲线对比，分析了油田卤水的化学演化特征。结果表明，油田卤水中K、B、Li资源远超工业开采品位，Br、Sr等也达到工业开采品位，有优越的高品位综合开发利用前景；油田卤水资源元素富集规律表现为平面上以中部南翼山背斜最为富集，向北、向南相对降低，垂向上深部油田卤水比浅层晶间卤水、湖表卤水资源元素相对更为富集；油田卤水的化学演化主要受控于水岩反应、深部水的混合以及蒸发浓缩和盐岩的溶解作用，这些作用为卤水分异演化、富集成矿提供了良好的地球化学条件。     

Geological characteristics,metallogenic regularity,and research progress of lithium deposits in China

China is rich in abundant lithium resources characterized by considerable reserves and a concentrated distribution of metallogenic zones or belts, with proven reserves of 4046.8×10³ t (calculated based on Li₂O) by 2021. China is also a big consumer of lithium. By 2019, China ’s lithium consumption in the battery sector alone had reached 99×10³ t, with an average annual growth rate of nearly 26%. China has become the world ’s largest importer of lithium resources, showing a severely unbalanced relationship between supply and demand for lithium resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the prospecting, exploitation, and study of lithium resources in China. This study collected, organized, and summarized the data on the major lithium deposits in China, analyzed and compared the spatial-temporal distribution patterns, geological characteristics, and metallogenic regularity of these lithium deposits, and summarized the prospecting and research achievements over the last decade. The major lithium deposits in China are distributed in provinces and regions such as Qinghai, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Xinjiang. These deposits are mostly small in scale. According to different genetic types, this study divided lithium deposits into granitic pegmatite type, granite type, saline lake brine type, underground brine type, and sedimentary type, as well as new types including hot spring type and magmatic-hydrothermal type, and summarized the characteristics and key metallogenic factors of these different types of deposits. Sixteen metallogenic prospect areas of lithium deposits were delineated according to the deposit types and the distribution patterns of metallogenic belts. The paper introduced the research progress in major metallogenic models and lithium extraction techniques made over the past decade. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the prospecting potential of lithium deposits, the authors concluded that the future prospecting of lithium resources in China should focus on lithium metallogenic belts, the deep and peripheral areas of currently determined large-scale pegmatite-type lithium deposits, geophysical-geochemical anomalous areas with mineralization clues, and areas with developed large-scale low-grade associated granite-type and sedimentary lithium resources. The study aims to serve as a guide for the future prospecting of lithium deposits in China.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Geomorphic,hydroclimatic and hydrothermal controls on the formation of lithium brine deposits in the Qaidam Basin,northern Tibetan Plateau,China

Qaidam Basin is a hyperarid inland basin with an area of 121 × 10³ km² located on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Today, one fourth of the basin is covered by playas and hypersaline lakes. Nearly 80% of brine lithium found in China is contained in four salt lakes: Bieletan (BLT), DongTaijinaier (DT), XiTaijinaier (XT) and Yiliping (YLP). In the past decade, great attention was paid to improving the technology for the extraction of lithium from the brine deposits, but studies on origin and mode of formation of the brine deposits remained limited. Our recent investigations found that: (1) ~ 748.8 t of lithium was transported annually into the lower catchment of the four salt lakes via the Hongshui–Nalinggele River (H–N River), the largest river draining into the Qaidam Basin, (2) Li⁺-rich brines are formed only in salt lakes associated with inflowing rivers with Li⁺ concentrations greater than 0.4 mg/L, and (3) the water Li⁺ concentration is positively correlated with both the inflowing river and the associated subsurface brine, including saline lakes with low lithium concentrations. These findings clearly indicate that long-term input of Li⁺ from the H–N River controls the formation of lithium brine deposits. Here we determine that the source of the lithium is from hydrothermal fields where two active faults converge in the upper reach of the Hongshui River. The hydrothermal fields are associated with a magmatic heat source, as suggested by the high Li⁺ and As^3 + content water from geysers. Based on the assumption of a constant rate of lithium influx, we estimate that the total reserves of lithium were likely formed since the postglacial period. Our data indicate that lithium reserves in each of the four salt lakes depend on the influx of Li⁺-bearing water from the H–N River. The data also suggest that during the progradation of the alluvial Fan I, the H–N River drained mostly into the BLT salt lake until the Taijinaier River shifted watercourse to the north and began to feed the salt lakes of the DT, XT and YLP, alongside with the Fan II progradation. The inference is consistent with stratigraphic evidence from the sediment cores of the four salt lakes. One of the major findings of our work is the importance of the contrasting hydroclimatic conditions between the high mountains containing ice caps and the terminal salt lakes. The greater than 4000 m of relief in the watershed enables a massive amount of ions, such as K⁺, to be weathered and transported together with detrital material from the huge, relatively wet alpine regions to the hyperarid terminal basins, where intense evaporation rapidly enriches the lake water, resulting in evaporite deposition and associated K⁺- and Li⁺-rich brine deposits.     

地质微生物学中几项最新研究进展

地质微生物学是地质学和微生物学之间的交叉学科,在过去的十几年中已取得了突飞猛进的发展。该研究领域涉及全球许多种极端环境,例如从地下深部结晶岩、古沉积岩、到现代超盐度湖泊、干旱的沙漠和热液喷口系统等。因为地质微生物学进展的综述可能要用一本专著方可阐述清楚,作者在此仅对地质微生物学几个活跃的前缘研究领域进行了综述,包括大陆深部、盐碱环境、干旱沙漠等极端环境中的微生物生态,白云石的微生物成因,古代沉积岩中的微生物古DNA及其环境意义以及海洋地质微生物学等几个方面。这些研究证明了将地质过程和微生物作用联系起来的重要性。     

利用盐层中碎屑沉积物粒度分布特征鉴别干盐湖沉积层序

本文提供了利用盐层中碎屑物粒度分布特征鉴别于盐湖层序的新方法。通过对昆特依现代干盐湖的研究发现,广泛发育的盐滩均经历了水下沉积、水上沉积与改造等作用过程,其碎屑物粒度分布特征与正常盐湖沉积显著不同,常由两个以上次总体复合而成。这成为区分两者的良好标志。作者将其应用于钻孔剖面,首次在该区揭露了若干干盐湖层序。而这些层序正是钾盐富集区段。     

Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as monitors of a paleo-hydrological regime in the Dead Sea basin

Lakes Samra, Lisan and the Dead Sea occupied the Dead Sea basin during the Last Interglacial (∼140–75 ka BP), last glacial (∼70–14 ka BP) and Holocene periods, respectively. The age of Lake Lisan and Samra was determined by U–Th dating of primary aragonites comprising parts of the lacustrine sedimentary sequences. The lakes have periodically deposited sequences of layered calcitic marls (Lake Samra) or laminated primary aragonite (Lake Lisan). The deposition of aragonite as the primary carbonate phase reflects the contribution of the incoming freshwater (loaded with bi-carbonate) and high Mg-, Ca-chloride brine that originated from the subsurface vicinity of the Dead Sea basin. Deposition of calcitic marls suggests a minor effect of the brines. The Ca-chloride subsurface brine has been migrating in and out of the wall rocks of the Dead Sea basin, reflecting the regional hydrological conditions. During most of the last glacial period and during the late Holocene, sufficient precipitation above the Judea Mountains pushed the subsurface Ca-chloride brines into the lakes causing the deposition of aragonite. During the Last Interglacial period the rain that precipitated above the Judea Mountains was insufficient to induce brine flow toward Lake Samra. It appears that sporadic floods provided calcium, bicarbonate and detritus to produce the Samra calcitic marls. Travertines deposited at the Samra–Lisan boundary indicate the early stage in the resumption of groundwater (springs) activity that led to the resurgence of Ca-chloride brine and rise of Lake Lisan. Similar variations in the regional rain precipitation and hydrological activity probably characterized the long-term geochemical evolution of Pleistocene lacustrine water-bodies in the Dead Sea basin, enabling the use of the carbonates as paleo-hydrological monitors.     

华南陆块液体钾、锂资源的区域成矿背景与成矿作用初探

中国华南陆块江汉盆地的江陵凹陷和潜江凹陷以及江西吉泰盆地等裂谷盆地,在白垩纪—古近纪时期,发育了大量的蒸发岩,并形成了富含钾、锂、铷、铯、溴、碘、硼元素的卤水,这些高价值元素的含量多达到工业利用品位或综合利用品位,资源潜力巨大。这些资源的富集区域分布于华南陆块与新华夏裂谷构造的交汇处,同时也是华南花岗岩省与新华夏裂谷玄武岩的分布区。通过对该区域大地构造、火成岩、古气候、古地理特征与全球海侵事件等综合分析,同时结合盆地卤水化学成分的研究,作者提出华南陆块(地区)的中生代—新生代盆地(群)可能是液体钾、锂、铷、铯、溴、碘、硼资源的成矿区;成矿物质受到白垩纪—古近纪火山活动带来的深部物质及海侵事件带来的海水等多源补给,前者主要带来锂、钾、铷、铯等,后者带来钾及溴、碘等。华南盆地卤水中钾、锂等元素的富集是内生与外生地质动力作用的结果,即构造-火成岩-海侵-干旱气候耦合作用的结果,成矿作用过程可以归结为裂谷沉积成矿,主要形成富钾、锂卤水;埋藏阶段这些卤水通常转移到孔隙发育的碎屑岩、玄武岩及断裂带内保存,形成盆地深层卤水矿床。     

内陆湖盆"深水成盐"形成条件和识别标志:以东濮凹陷与现代盐湖为例

位于我国东部的许多新生代盆地,在地质历史时期发育了巨厚的岩盐沉积。尽管这些盆地的成盐模式研究已经历了40多年,但由于缺乏“深水成盐”的现代沉积模式,到底是“深盆-深水”还是“深盆-浅水”成盐,一直难以定论。为了理解“深水成盐”的控制因素,很多现代盐湖开展了水文学和水化学调查,然而这些湖盆的矿物组合各不相同,“深水成盐”的形成条件和控制因素尚不清楚。本文对死海、佛瑞湖等“深水成盐”的现代盐湖以及我国东濮凹陷沙三段的成盐特征进行了解剖,从盐度、水深、湖平面波动以及卤水分层等角度探讨了“深水成盐”的形成条件,对比分析了“深水成盐”的相对位置以及沉积物特征,总结了“深水成盐”的识别标志。研究表明,盐岩层系在岩心和测井资料上显示出多尺度的旋回性。“深水成盐”为水深较大的洼陷中心成盐,与盆缘的“浅水成盐”同盆共存。沉积相对岩盐层系的结构和组成有明显的控制作用,其中洼陷带的“深水成盐”,主要在洼陷带的卤水-湖底沉积物界面附近,析出和增生粗晶的盐类矿物,常与富含有机质和黄铁矿的暗色泥岩共存;而湖滨附近的“浅水成盐”,单层厚度薄,结晶粒度细小,通常含有较多的陆源碎屑。死海为代表的现代盐湖以及东濮凹陷等古代成盐盆地的沉积特征表明,“深水成盐”发生于湖平面的下降期,而且卤水剖面的厚度对蒸发岩的形成分布有明显的控制作用,同时具有“深水”和“深盆”特征的内陆盐湖更容易形成单层厚度大、横向稳定的岩盐沉积。本研究有助于改变人们以往对内陆湖盆成盐机理的认知,尤其是现代盐湖的卤水分层析盐特征,对解读地质历史中的其他成盐事件具有重要启示。基于现代沉积实例的“深水成盐”识别标志,可以为古代岩盐沉积模式的建立提供限定条件。     

青藏高原盐湖硼酸盐形成问题

目前已知世界上硼酸盐沉积的类型有四种:1)与泉华沉积有关.2)与火山活动有关.3)与古盐矿床有关.4)与盐湖有关的。后者实际上也往往与温泉和火山活动有着密切的联系。世界上盐湖中的硼酸盐主要分布在美国西部的加里福尼亚州和内华达州、南美西部安底斯高原的东侧(其中包括智利、秘鲁、阿根廷和玻利维亚等)和我国的青藏高原。我国青藏高原盐湖的硼酸盐无论在资源储量方面或在矿物种类方面都比其它地区丰富得多。