计算机防雷电安全技术研究

通过几年来泰安市几家大型银行计算机网络防雷的实践,探讨了计算机网络防雷技术问题,提出雷电防护要系统化、规范化。     

有线电视系统雷电防护措施的设计

对有线电视系统而言,雷电防护是一项很重要的工作,通过对雷电的种类及雷电入侵有线电视系统途径的分析,探讨了如何对系统中的接收天线、前端设备等环节进行雷电防护设计,对雷电防护中的接地技术也作了详细的介绍。     

自动站通信系统综合防雷

自动站网络通信系统雷电防护包括广域网雷电防护、局域网雷电防护、光缆通信雷电防护等,这3种防护主要是防护雷电波入侵产生的感应雷以及由于自动站室内计算机局域网机房没有做好等电位连接造成的雷电损坏。1广域网雷电防护广域网的雷电防护主要是通信线、信号线不允许架空进入     

信息系统综合防雷技术

分析了雷电对信息系统造成危害原因及入侵渠道,并根据建筑物内信息系统所处区域的雷暴等级及雷电防护基本原则,提出了信息系统综合雷电防护技术措施.     

有线电视系统雷电防护措施的设计

对有线电视系统而言，雷电防护是一项很重要的工作，通过对雷电的种类及雷电入侵有线电视系统途径的分析，探讨了如何对系统中的接收天线、前端设备等环节进行雷电防护设计，对雷电防护中的接地技术也作了详细的介绍。     

信息系统综合防雷技术

分析了雷电对信息系统造成危害原因及入侵渠道，并根据建筑物内信息系统所处区域的雷暴等级及雷电防护基本原则，提出了信息系统综合雷电防护技术措施。     

基于改进层次分析法的雷电防护能力模糊综合评价

为科学评价雷电防护措施的防护能力,分析国内外多种评价方法的优劣,结合雷电防护措施的特点提出基于改进层次分析法的模糊综合评价。依据雷电防护相关技术标准和规范,综合考虑雷电环境、承载体特征、自然因素的影响,建立雷电防护能力评价指标体系。利用改进层次分析法计算各级指标的权重,采用模糊综合评价法确定雷电防护能力评价等级。运用此方法对采取多种雷电防护措施的油气集输站进行雷电防护能力评价,评价等级与实际情况和有关文献案例相符,表明该方法适用于雷电防护能力的评价。     

毕节地区雷击风险估计体系建设思路介绍

在雷电防护的实践中,要求首先明确雷电防护的必要性,在防雷工程实施之前,对防护对象根据防护级别的划分来采用合适的防雷等级设计方案。需要确定雷电灾害风险的大小,并采取安全可靠、技术先进、经济合理的雷电防护方法。因此,在雷电防护管理工作中,雷电灾害风险评估体系建设具有深远意义,可为雷电灾害调查提供重要依据。     

高层建筑雷电防护装置检测要点

随着城市环境条件的不断改善，高层建筑越来越多，而高层建筑遭受雷击的概率又远远高于低层建筑物。高层建筑内设备和线路密集，雷电对这些设备及线路的破坏威胁也大大增加。而如何做好高层建筑的雷电防护是摆在从事雷电防护工作人员面前的重要课题。其中，雷电防护工作有一个很重要的环节就是雷电防护装置的检测工作，检测数据的准确与否、检测工作质量的好坏直接影响着建筑物雷电防护措施的有效性。本文从采取雷电防护措施的几种方式着手，对新建高层建筑物雷电防护装置的检测要点做如下阐述。     

计算机信息系统雷电防护技术初探

在分析计算机信息系统遭受雷击损害原因的基础上,结合多年的实践经验,提出了计算机信息系统雷电防护的具体措施。认为计算机信息系统的雷电防护应作为系统工程来考虑,要强调全面防护、综合治理。在具体的防护技术上,应采用“躲-分流-均压-屏蔽-接地”系统,以防止雷电及雷电电磁脉冲危害,并有效地解决雷电磁兼容性问题。     

Editorial

Despite the increasing interest in climate change policy in the US, little systematic research has been conducted on the willingness of individuals to change their behaviour to mitigate the problem. Understanding behavioural change is critical if federal and local governments intend to implement programmes requiring actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This understudied aspect of climate change policy is addressed by quantitatively examining the degree to which residents living in the US are willing to alter their behaviour to mitigate climate change impacts, and by identifying the major factors contributing to this willingness. Based on a national survey, the reported willingness of individuals to alter behaviours is explained, using the components of risk, individual stress, capacity and ecological values. The findings indicate that specific personal traits and contextual characteristics trigger a significantly greater willingness to change longstanding behavioural patterns. These insights into the factors motivating behavioural change can provide guidance to decision makers at both federal and local levels on how best to implement climate change policies.     

Local collective action: Adaptation to coastal erosion in the Monkey River Village,Belize

Successful adaptation to environmental change and variability is closely connected with social groups’ ability to act collectively, but many social-ecological challenges exceed local adaptive capacity which necessitate assistance from governmental institutions. Few studies have investigated how local collective action can be used to enrol external support for adaptation. This paper reduces this research gap by analysing a locally driven adaptation process in response to coastal erosion in Monkey River Village, Belize. Drawing on literature on adaptation and political ecology, we examine the different strategies the local residents have used over time to influence government authorities to support them in curbing the coastal erosion. Our findings show that the local mobilisation generated government support for a temporary sea defence and that collective strategies emerge as a response to threats to a place specific way of life. Our case illustrates that it was essential that the villagers could ally with journalists, researchers and local NGOs to make their claims for protection heard by the government. The paper contributes to adaptation research by arguing that local collective action, seen as contestation over rights to protection from environmental change, can be a means for places and communities not prioritised by formal policies to enrol external support for adaptation. Our study supports and adds to the perspective that attention to formal arrangements such as adaptation policy alone has limited explanatory power to understand collective responses to change.     

自动气象站雨量误差分析及维护

在分析翻斗式雨量传感器产生误差的现象与原因的基础上,介绍了具体的调整和维护方法,并认为雨量调整涉及的问题较多,也比较复杂,只有在确定是由于传感器基点位置不正确而造成的雨量误差时,才做基点调整,且一般不提倡台站自行进行调整.     

Multiple exposures and dynamic vulnerability: Evidence from the grape industry in the Okanagan Valley, Canada

This paper assesses the vulnerability of grape growers and winery operators in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia to climate variability and change, in the context of other sources of risk. Through interviews and focus groups, producers identified the climatic and non-climatic risks relevant to them and the strategies employed to manage these risks. The results show that the presence of multiple exposures affects the way in which producers are vulnerable to climate change. Producers are vulnerable to conditions that not only affect crop yield, but also affect their ability to compete in or sell to the market. Their sensitivity to these conditions is influenced in part by institutional factors such as trade liberalization and a “markup-free delivery” policy. Producers’ ability to adapt or cope with these risks varies depending on such factors as the availability of resources and technology, and access to government programmes. Producers will likely face challenges associated with the supply of water for irrigation due to a combination of climatic changes and changing demographics in the Okanagan Valley, which in turn affect their ability to adapt to climatic conditions. Finally, adaptations made by producers can change the nature of the operation and its vulnerability, demonstrating the dynamic nature of vulnerability.     

Shocks to fish production: Identification,trends, and consequences

Sudden disruptions, or shocks, to food production can adversely impact access to and trade of food commodities. Seafood is the most traded food commodity and is globally important to human nutrition. The seafood production and trade system is exposed to a variety of disruptions including fishery collapses, natural disasters, oil spills, policy changes, and aquaculture disease outbreaks, aquafeed resource access and price spikes. The patterns and trends of these shocks to fisheries and aquaculture are poorly characterized and this limits the ability to generalize or predict responses to political, economic, and environmental changes. We applied a statistical shock detection approach to historic fisheries and aquaculture data to identify shocks over the period 1976–2011. A complementary case study approach was used to identify possible key social and political dynamics related to these shocks. The lack of a trend in the frequency or magnitude of the identified shocks and the range of identified causes suggest shocks are a common feature of these systems which occur due to a variety, and often multiple and simultaneous, causes. Shocks occurred most frequently in the Caribbean and Central America, the Middle East and North Africa, and South America, while the largest magnitude shocks occurred in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Shocks also occurred more frequently in aquaculture systems than in capture systems, particularly in recent years. In response to shocks, countries tend to increase imports and experience decreases in supply. The specific combination of changes in trade and supply are context specific, which is highlighted through four case studies. Historical examples of shocks considered in this study can inform policy for responding to shocks and identify potential risks and opportunities to build resilience in the global food system.     

Vulnerability of water supply from the Oregon Cascades to changing climate: Linking science to users and policy

Despite improvements in understanding biophysical response to climate change, a better understanding of how such changes will affect societies is still needed. We evaluated effects of climate change on the coupled human-environmental system of the McKenzie River watershed in the Oregon Cascades in order to assess its vulnerability. Published empirical and modeling results indicate that climate change will alter both the timing and quantity of streamflow, but understanding how these changes will impact different water users is essential to facilitate adaptation to changing conditions. In order to better understand the vulnerability of four water use sectors to changing streamflow, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with representatives of each sector, in which we presented projected changes in streamflow and asked respondents to assess how changing water availability would impact their activities. In the McKenzie River watershed, there are distinct spatial and temporal patterns associated with sensitivity of water resources to climate change. This research illustrates that the implications of changing streamflow vary substantially among different water users, with vulnerabilities being determined in part by the spatial scale and timing of water use and the flexibility of those uses in time and space. Furthermore, institutions within some sectors were found to be better positioned to effectively respond to changes in water resources associated with climate change, while others have substantial barriers to the flexibility needed to manage for new conditions. A clearer understanding of these opportunities and constraints across water use sectors can provide a basis for improving response capacity and potentially reducing vulnerability to changing water resources in the region.     

Linkages between climate change and sustainable development

Abstract

Climate change does not yet feature prominently within the environmental or economic policy agendas of developing countries. Yet evidence shows that some of the most adverse effects of climate change will be in developing countries, where populations are most vulnerable and least likely to easily adapt to climate change, and that climate change will affect the potential for development in these countries. Some synergies already exist between climate change policies and the sustainable development agenda in developing countries, such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, transport and sustainable land-use policies. Despite limited attention from policy-makers to date, climate change policies could have significant ancillary benefits for the local environment. The reverse is also true as local and national policies to address congestion, air quality, access to energy services and energy diversity may also limit GHG emissions. Nevertheless there could be significant trade-offs associated with deeper levels of mitigation in some countries, for example where developing countries are dependent on indigenous coal and may be required to switch to cleaner yet more expensive fuels to limit emissions. The distributional impacts of such policies are an important determinant of their feasibility and need to be considered up-front. It follows that future agreements on mitigation and adaptation under the convention will need to recognise the diverse situations of developing countries with respect to their level of economic development, their vulnerability to climate change and their ability to adapt or mitigate. Recognition of how climate change is likely to influence other development priorities may be a first step toward building cost-effective strategies and integrated, institutional capacity in developing countries to respond to climate change. Opportunities may also exist in developing countries to use regional economic organisations to assist in the design of integrated responses and to exploit synergies between climate change and other policies such as those designed to combat desertification and preserve biodiversity.

© 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.     

低碳经济——江西崛起的后发优势

气候变暖是当今时代所面临的最大挑战之一。在全球应对气候变暖的同时,作为前沿经济理念和发展模式的低碳经济应运而生了。按照低碳经济的内涵,江西发展低碳经济面临着机遇和挑战,总体上对正在实现“进位赶超、跨越发展、加快崛起”的江西是后发优势。为此,要做好八个方面的工作：坚持发展与保护并重不动摇,全社会树立低碳经济理念与方式,持续开展节能减排,大力发展低碳能源,着力改善自然生态系统质量,建立低碳与生态工业园区,加强农村环境综合整治,以科技创新支持低碳经济。     

适应气候变化的国际行动和农业措施研究进展

针对气候变暖采取稳健的适应措施已成为国际社会共识。该文综合了当前适应气候变化的国际谈判进展及已有的农业适应气候变化措施,指出适应资金严重不足,技术研发、应用与转让难以实施,以及适应气候变化行动实施能力的不足严重制约着适应气候变化行动的有效实施;关于农业适应气候变化的技术措施仍缺乏系统的理论研究与应用示范。在此基础上,提出了未来中国农业适应气候变化需要重点开展的研究任务,即农业气象灾变过程的新特点及其风险管理, 农业适应气候变化的大数据决策管理系统研发及适应气候变化的农业气候区划与减灾保产技术研究,以切实推进农业适应气候变化,为确保国家粮食安全与农业可持续发展提供支撑。     

The right stuff? informing adaptation to climate change in British Local Government

Local government has a crucial role to play in climate change adaptation, both delivering adaptation strategies devised from above and coordinating bottom-up action. This paper draws on a unique longitudinal dataset to measure progress in adaptation by local authorities in Britain, comparing results from a national-scale survey and follow-up interviews conducted in 2003 with a second wave of research completed a decade later. Whereas a decade ago local authority staff were unable to find scientific information that they could understand and use, we find that these technical-cognitive barriers to adaptation are no longer a major problem for local authority respondents. Thanks to considerable Government investment in research and science brokerage to improve the quality and accessibility of climate information, local authorities have developed their adaptive capacity, and their staff are now engaging with the ‘right’ kind of information in assessing climate change risks and opportunities. However, better knowledge has not translated into tangible adaptation actions. Local authorities face substantial difficulties in implementing adaptation plans. Budget cuts and a lack of political support from central government have sapped institutional capacity and political appetite to address long-term climate vulnerabilities, as local authorities in Britain now struggle even to deliver their immediate statutory responsibilities. Local authority adaptation has progressed farthest where it has been rebranded as resiliency to extreme weather so as to fit with the focus on immediate risks to delivering statutory duties. In the current political environment, adaptation officers need information about the economic costs of weather impacts to local authority services if they are to build the business case for adaptation and gain the leverage to secure resources and institutional license to implement tangible action. Unless these institutional barriers are addressed, local government is likely to struggle to adapt to a changing climate.