基于植被指数的赤潮高光谱敏感波段确定方法初探

为满足赤潮遥感监测业务的需要, 将植被指数的表达形式引入高光谱遥感研究领域,提出了用于判别图像分类效果的量--显著性度量,并以显著性度量的大小为判据,遴选出用于赤潮探测的敏感波段.     

基于植被指数的马铃薯叶片氮素含量估算模型

作物氮素状况的有效监测是作物精确施肥和管理调控的信息基础。文章利用AISA-Eagle机载高光谱成像系统获取遥感图像,在对图像进行精确的几何、辐射校正基础上,探索由马铃薯冠层光谱数据组成的植被指数与叶片氮素含量之间的相关关系,建立相应的估算模型,并进行全氮含量填图。实验结果表明:植被指数TCARI/OSAVI与叶片氮素含量的相关性最好,决定系数为0.8404,达极显著相关。将最优的估算模型(y=-24.429x+10.08)应用到整个高光谱遥感图像,得到的全氮含量图的值域和分布与实际测量和地面调查结果基本一致。     

典型高光谱图像端元提取算法在黄河口湿地应用评价研究

端元提取是混合像元分解的基础,也是高光谱遥感的研究热点。对于特定区域的高光谱图像应该使用哪种端元提取算法,需要对各种端元提取算法进行客观地评价。作者针对黄河口湿地CHRIS高光谱图像,使用了重建图像与原图像的均方根误差、有效端元数量两个指数对PPI、N-FINDR、VCA、OSP、IEA和SISAL六种典型的端元提取算法进行了评价。结果表明,SISAL算法重建误差最小,仅有其他算法误差的10%~28%;OSP算法识别了具有物理意义的6种有效端元,多于其他算法识别的地物类型,而SISAL算法识别的端元缺乏物理意义。     

基于HJ-1高光谱影像的黄河口芦苇和碱蓬生物量估测模型研究

湿地植被的生物量是湿地生态评价、保护和利用的重要基础数据,遥感技术已经成为湿地生物量高效、准确监测的重要手段。基于2013年9月的HJ-1 高光谱遥感影像,应用准同步现场踏勘数据,通过单变量线性回归和多变量线性回归的方法,针对7种常用的窄波段植被指数和2种红边指数对黄河口芦苇和碱蓬生物量(地上干重)的估测能力进行了评价。结果表明:(1)单光谱指数变量情况下,对于芦苇,选择近红外827 nm波段和红635 nm波段简单植被指数(SRI)和线性插值红边指数(REP_ linear interpolation)取得了最佳的单变量回归结果,决定系数分别达到0.42和0.58;对于碱蓬,选择近红外807 nm波段和红692 nm波段的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、SRI和优化的土壤校正植被指数(OSAVI)取得了较好的回归结果,决定系数分别达到0.60,0.59和0.47;(2)多光谱指数变量情况下,以在单变量回归分析中取得较好结果的SRI和REP_ linear interpolation指数为变量,芦苇得到了与其生物量之间决定系数为0.71的高相关性;同时,以NDVI、SRI和OSAVI为变量,与碱蓬生物量的决定系数达到了0.66。     

遥感图像融合方法在机场识别应用中的研究

针对利用光谱特性和几何结构特性可以提高机场识别效率和鲁棒性的理论,对像素级遥感图像融合方法进行了分析比较,并对融合结果进行了针对性的效果评价。实验结果表明,小波变换融合法和高通滤波融合法在继承光谱信息和增强边缘特征方面有一定的优势,能够为机场识别提供信息丰富的图像数据基础。     

浒苔藻体时间序列光谱特征的曲线估计

选用相同自然光照和固定水环境条件下的3种密度梯度(0.5,2.5和5.0g/L)的浒苔藻体反射光谱为研究对象,通过单变量参数定义提取了高光谱特征参量,并选用能较好体现浒苔藻体光谱特征差异的特征变量如黄边位置、蓝边位置、归一化植被指数NDVI,比值植被指数RVI[719,680]和VI[555,680],应用曲线模拟法对这些具有时间序列特点的高光谱特征变量进行曲线估计,并分析其演变规律。结果表明:黄边位置无法模拟。应用二次函数或三次函数能高精度地模拟各个特征变量,蓝边位置曲线估计模型的判定系数最高达0.498;归一化植被指数NDVI为0.926,比值植被指数RVI[719,680]为0.729,比值植被指数VI[555,680]为0.765。这些特征变量随着时间的推移而呈现先上升后下降或先下降后上升再下降的起伏规律,演变趋势与浒苔藻体密度存在非线性关系;除了蓝边位置和黄边位置外,其他特征参量均可较好地描述浒苔藻体反射光谱特征的演变趋势。该研究为深入进行浒苔藻体的定量遥感研究提供数据支持和技术支撑。     

基于SPOT5的红树林遥感分类

以海南岛东寨港国家级红树林自然保护区为例,实地测量了红树林等地物光谱,获取了较为准确的红树林的光谱特征;在采用最大似然分类法提纯红树林信息基础上,结合不同红树种类的光谱特征及植被指数差异,选定可分性阈值,建立决策树分类规则,对SPOT5图像进行种间分类,并检验其分类精度。结果显示,各红树种类的使用精度都达到80%以上,且总体精度达到90%以上,为红树林生态系统业务化遥感监测奠定基础。     

基于航空高光谱数据的近岸水体信息提取

近岸水体与人类生产、生活密切相关,航空高光谱遥感以其高分辨率、灵活等优点在环境监测中颇具潜力,尤其是在近岸水色、海岸带环境的实时监测中更具优势。基于与中国海监南海航空支队合作开展的航空高光谱遥感飞行实验资料,以湛江东海岛陆海区域为例,开展该海域水体遥感信息提取及分类研究。以不同地物遥感反射率信息为特征,通过光谱信息直方图进行了该海域水体信息提取方法探索。研究结果表明,湛江港及近海水体与陆地在近红外区域有较大区分度,直方图统计获得的最佳分离阈值可以很好地提取水体信息,但在水陆交界区域提取精度较低。在近红909.7 nm处,遥感反射率分割阈值为10.27%,水体提取精度为84%,kappa系数为0.686 2。     

高光谱特征波段在海洋典型溢油油种识别中的精度评估

溢油种类精准识别对快速有效地治理污染具有重要的意义,高光谱遥感在海面溢油油种识别中至关重要。为探讨海洋典型溢油油种识别的高光谱特征波段范围,通过设计室外模拟溢油实验,在获取原油、燃料油、柴油、汽油和棕榈油等5种油种的实测高光谱数据基础上,运用因子分析和光谱标准偏差分析法遴选溢油油种的光谱特征波段,并利用支持向量机模型开展基于光谱特征波段的油种识别精度评价。结果表明,基于光谱标准偏差分析和因子分析获得的特征波段的油种识别精度分别是83.33%和90.74%,与基于全波段的识别精度相比,整体精度分别提高了3.7%和11.11%。选取的特征波段(360～540 nm, 560～600 nm, 610～630 nm, 640～660 nm)可作为5种油种相互区分的最佳高光谱波段。     

基于高光谱影像数据库的地理目标识别

高光谱技术的发展使得通过光谱匹配进行地理目标识别成为可能。围绕光谱分解、分类以及匹配算法进行研究，设计了一套规范实用的高光谱数据库系统，构建了高光谱影像样本库。提出了基于高光谱影像数据库进行地理目标识别的解决方案。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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