铅垂断层向错引起的地表重力变化

利用直立长方体组合模型以及坐标旋转理论,对铅垂断层向错引起的重力变化进行数值模拟,分别计算深度为1、5、10 km的铅垂断层在单一方向上、两个方向上向错引起的地面重力变化。结果表明,当断层在单一方向产生向错时,以左端点为基点的W1、W2向错引起的地面重力变化场均呈现以断层为轴线的对称分布|以中点为基点的W3向错引起的地面重力变化场构成四象限反对称分布。当断层在两个方向上同时产生向错时,以左端点为基点的W1W2向错引起的地面重力变化场呈现以断层为轴线的对称分布,整体显示W2向错起主导作用|以中点为基点的W2W3向错引起的地面重力变化场呈现非对称分布,整体也显示出W2向错起主导作用,断层附近的扭错现象为W3向错的作用。随着断层深度的增加,断层向错引起的地面重力变化值递减,但影响范围逐渐扩大。     

流动GPS观测资料能否用于地壳垂直形变监测？——以中国大陆为例

长期GPS连续观测可获取高精度的垂直形变速度场,但多期GPS流动观测资料能否用于地壳垂直形变监测尚不明确。本文首先对中国大陆260个陆态网络基准站和2 000个GPS流动站1999~2019年的观测资料进行高精度统一处理,获得各站点的时间序列和速度场,对筛选出的226个基准站和226个流动观测站的垂直形变速度场进行比较分析。结果表明,95%的连续GPS观测站的垂直形变速率误差小于0.5 mm/a,约50%的流动GPS观测站的垂直形变速率误差大于1 mm/a,约40%的流动站与连续站的垂直形变速率残差值大于2 mm/a,且约50%的流动GPS站点的垂直形变趋势与连续站不一致。西部地区的流动GPS观测站的垂直形变监测精度比东部高,这可能与东西部的观测环境和站点稳定性存在差异有关。对GPS连续站和流动站的垂直形变速度场的精度和残差进行分析认为,中国大陆流动GPS观测资料不适用于监测垂直形变小于2 mm/a的地区。     

川滇地区垂直形变和主要断层活动性研究

利用1990~2016年水准观测资料,以GNSS点的垂向速率作为先验值约束平差,利用距水准路线上距离小于10 km的GNSS连续站的垂向速率检验,获取川滇地区的垂直运动速率场,可靠性优于0.87 mm/a,且误差分布相对均匀。研究表明,川西地区处于快速差异性隆升阶段,位于鲜水河南东段的贡嘎山地区隆升速率最快,约5~6 mm/a;四川盆地垂向运动不明显,约0~1 mm/a;滇西南地区以0~2 mm/a的速率下沉。同时,通过水准速率剖面分析了川滇地区主要断层的张压特性。     

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两次强震过程中垂直地形变分维特征研究

本文采用关联维的计算方法,对四川西部道孚6.9级地震和青海共和6.9级地震过程中的垂直地形变序列分维数进行了计算,得到了如下初步结论和认识:(1)上述两震区远场地形变序列分维数为0.63～0.73,而近场(震中区)序列分维数为0.12～0.49,近场出现明显的降维现象;(2)孕震期间地形变观测序列分维数为0.32～0.46,而震后时期则为0.72～0.85,孕震过程中地形变序列存在明显的降维现象。     

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云贵川地区ZTD垂直剖面格网模型

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六盘山及其邻区现今大地垂直形变与构造活动研究

以六盘山及其邻近地区1970年以来的水准网监测及跨断裂水准测量资料为主,结合GPS水平运动、区域构造和历史强震活动,研究该区域现今大地垂直形变与地壳构造活动特征。分析认为：1）六盘山及其邻区较长时间尺度垂直形变速度场显示的六盘山、西秦岭以及贺兰山等山地相对上升、盆地相对下降的山、盆垂直构造活动差异,体现了该区域现代地壳垂直运动所呈现的继承性趋势特征;2）区域水准垂直形变与GPS水平运动变形综合反映,六盘山、西秦岭等山区现今地壳挤压缩短强烈地带,垂直隆升也相对显著,2者具有一定的共生性特征;3）GPS水平运动速度场在六盘山断裂两侧西强、东弱差异所反映的区域水平运动受阻状态,与六盘山断裂两侧垂直差异活动状况相配合,在一定程度上反映了六盘山构造带应变积累程度较高。这些结果对于该区域未来强震活动研究具有参考价值。     

A voxel-based fine-scale 3D landscape pattern analysis using laser scanner point clouds

The landscape pattern metrics can quantitatively describe the characteristics of landscape pattern and are widely used in various fields of landscape ecology. Due to the lack of vertical information, 2D landscape metrics cannot delineate the vertical characteristics of landscape pattern. Based on the point clouds, a high-resolution voxel model and several voxel-based 3D landscape metrics were constructed in this study and 3D metrics calculation results were compared with that of 2D metrics. The results showed that certain quantifying difference exists between 2D and 3D landscape metrics. For landscapes with different components and spatial configurations, significant difference was disclosed between 2D and 3D landscape metrics. 3D metrics can better reflect the real spatial structure characteristics of the landscape than 2D metrics.     

A THEORETICAL SOLUTION FOR THE THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION IN THE SOUTHERN YELLOW SEA

Application of the thermocline equations in the thermocline areas and the boundary layer and the asymptotic matching techniques in each boundary in order to satisfy the surface and bottom conditions yielded a theoretical 2- D solution of the vertical thermohaline circulation of the Southern Yellow Sea in summer when the quasi-statically varying seasonal thermocline (density layer) is the background density structure , the deviations from which cause the secondary vertical circulation . The results show that the thermocline can be considered as an internal boundary or a barrier to the vertical heat advection so that in the central areas of the Southern Yellow Sea or the center of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YCWM)> the downwelling in the upper layer and upwelling in the lower or bottom layer form a double cell vertical circulation . The solution is similar to Hu's conceptual model ( 1986) in the central areas of the YCWM and is consistent with observed temperature . salinity and dissolved oxygen distri     

利用EGM2008位模型计算中国高程基准与大地水准面间的垂直偏差

高程基准面相对于大地水准面的垂直偏差是区域高程基准转换和全球高程基准统一的基础数据.利用最新发布的EGM2008地球重力场模型和中国均匀分布的936个GPS水准点数据计算得出中国青岛大港验潮站的重力位为62 636 852.85±0.07 m2/s2,进而得到中国1985高程基准相对大地水准面的垂直偏差为0.32 m.     

丽江7.0级和唐山7.8级地震前形变场动态演化与异常特征

对１９９６年丽江７．０级和１９７６年唐山７．８级地震前的形变场动态演化过程做了对比分析，结果表明：①两次强震前形变场均存在大范围垂直差异运动增强以及与构造相关的形变高梯度带（区）；②震前数年（或更长）垂直形变场的趋势改变，并出现形变局部化。结合强震前区域地震活动，研究了这两次地震前垂直形变场动态演化与孕震形变的异常特征，认为与构造相关的强烈差异运动是孕震应变能积累的主要方式。     

利用多种测高数据反演中国南海海域重力异常

联合Geosat/GM、ERS-1/168和Envisat 3种测高数据,基于高精度地球重力模型EGM2008,采用垂线偏差方法和逆Vening-Meinesz公式,利用移去-恢复技术确定了中国近海及邻近海域(0°N～42°N,102°E～138°E)分辨率为2′×2′的重力异常.在中国南海海域,测高重力异常与船测重力...     

Urban three-dimensional expansion and its driving forces —A case study of Shanghai, China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase, and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization. Taking Shanghai as an example, the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city’s vertical and horizontal increases respectively, and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion. The research drew following conclusions: 1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature, and could be divided into three stages: vertical expansion in dominance, coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion, and horizontal expansion in dominance. 2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs, but the changing speed of the latter was faster. And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city’s horizontal expansion, while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion. Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city’s political factors.     

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??????????????ɡ??????1???????γ?????????????????UNICORECOMM UR370??????????????????????GPS?????????人????????з???PANDA????????????????????????GPS???????λ????????????????????????????λ?????????????1~2 cm??????????3~4 cm??GPS???????λ???????????cm?????????????1~2 cm???????????????????????λ?????????GPS 50%???????????????λ?????????cm?????????????     

Galileo卫星导航系统初始运行阶段单点定位性能评估与分析

基于多GNSS实验跟踪网（the multi-GNSS experiment,MGEX)的实测数据,对当前Galileo单系统标准单点定位（SPP）和精密单点定位（PPP）性能进行评估与分析。结果表明：1）Galileo双频标准单点定位的水平精度优于2 m,垂向精度优于4 m;2）GAL-201、GAL-202可用于SPP解算,引入二者之后,平均定位可用率提升10%,达到80%以上;3）当观测时长为3 h时,Galileo静态PPP可达到水平方向优于5 cm、垂向优于7 cm的定位精度;而随着观测时长的增加,其精度逐步提高,当观测时长为24 h时,水平精度优于1 cm,垂向精度优于3 cm。     

汶川地震震前龙门山以西地壳垂直隆升机理分析

结合流动GPS观测速度场及层析成像结果,构建跨龙门山断裂剖面的二维有限元分层模型,分两种情况讨论汶川地震前龙门山前缘地壳垂直隆升的物理机制,以及中、下地壳软物质垂向和横向的不均匀性对地壳隆升作用的影响。分析认为：川西高原相对四川盆地的差异抬升和龙门山以西地壳缩短的共同作用是汶川地震震前龙门山前缘地壳垂直隆升的可能原因。     

通海台垂直摆受建筑载荷影响的数值模拟研究

针对通海台垂直摆NS和EW测项自2019-04出现同步趋势转折变化,计算2017~2020年NS和EW测项M₂波潮汐因子。结合监测井等地下介质结构资料,构建通海台沿垂向分层的三维有限元物理模型,定量分析不同岩石参数模型下建筑载荷对通海台NS向及EW向位移影响的差异特征。结果表明：1）2019-04后NS测项N倾变化量达到约2 750 ms,而EW测项E倾变化量达到约580 ms,NS测项趋势变化量显著大于EW测项;2）2017~2020年NS和EW测项M₂波潮汐因子较为稳定,NS测项M₂波潮汐因子在0.7左右波动,EW测项M₂波潮汐因子在0.52左右波动,数据的转折变化未能在潮汐频段引起同步变化;3）位于通海台东北部的医院建筑物载荷在通海台附近产生N向和E向位移加载,与垂直摆NS和EW测项在2019-04后出现的N倾和E倾趋势转折变化较为一致,模拟得到的N向位移量约为E向位移量的3倍。     

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