宁夏测震台网使用振动持续时间测定震级M_D的公式

本文用149次地震资料拟合出宁夏所属台网各台由振动持续时间求算震级M_D的公式,给出了各台M_D公式中的系数α,β,并讨论了当震级M_L≥5.0时持续时间“短缺”或饱和的原因。经统计检验,由持续时间测算的震级M_D比用最大振幅测算的震级M_L的残差减小一倍多,即精度有明显提高。     

福建测震台网单台震级偏差与台站场地响应关系的初步分析

利用福建测震台网2008年10月~2015年12月记录的每个事件至少有6个台站测算震级的3069个区域地震事件,进行单台震级与台网平均震级的偏差统计,获得了各台站的总的震级平均偏差为-0.31~0.68,并统计各台站测算震级所量取最大记录振幅相应的周期,获得优势周期为0.06~0.38s;通过Moya方法反演各测震台站的场地响应,获得98个台站对1~20Hz频带的场地响应,结果显示场地对某些频带信息有放大或抑制作用;通过比较Wood-Anderson地震仪摆固有0.8s周期所对应的场地响应、各台样本优势周期所对应场地响应的震级偏差与各台总的震级平均偏差,发现台站测算震级相应优势周期的场地响应的震级偏差与台站震级平均偏差有较好的线性关系,表明单台震级的偏差与测算震级所量取最大记录振幅相应的周期的场地响应有较大关系。     

长春地震台大震速报震级偏差研究

本次研究选用了本台 2 0 0 0年全年的速报地震资料 ,重新测算了DK 1地震仪各分向记录的面波震级 ,并以《中国地震速报台网观测报告》给出的震级为标准震级 ,进行了震级偏差统计分析。研究结果表明 ,以长春台DK 1地震仪水平向高倍档记录测算的面波震级平均偏低 0 1 1 ,标准误差为± 0 2 1 ;以水平向低倍档记录测算的面波震级平均偏高 0 1 0 ,标准误差为± 0 2 0 ;以垂直向记录测算的面波震级平均偏低 0 2 4,标准误差为± 0 2 6。通过对统计结果的全面分析 ,分别给出了长春台DK 1地震仪水平向高低倍档和垂直向记录测算面波震级的台站校正值。     

两种震级标度讨论

分析论述了我国在测报近震震级和面波震级业务中存在的种种问题，用现行起算函数测算的ML随震中距存在系统偏差，近场偏低，远场偏高；此函数系统建立的方法有不合理之处，它不适于DD-1仪。用现行公式测算的MS与国际上震级水平不一致，总体趋势偏高；在90(距离上震级零点严重失控；用单一水平向记录计算MS是个原则性差误。需要用新的起算函数系统代替R1(()计算ML; 需要用新的公式取代现行公式计算MS。     

泉州数字地震台速报震级偏差分析与校正

选取2004-01～2007-11共180多个速报地震,经震中距校核后测算的MS震级与全国大震速报台网发布的MS震级比对,得出泉州台在震级测算方面的偏差情况。并根据不同地震的相应特征,确定相应的震级校正值,以此提高泉州台的地震速报精度及作为提供日常处理地震资料数据的技术依据。     

灌云地震台面波震级偏差分析

选取2019年1月—2021年12月灌云地震台远震事件记录,将灌云地震台测算的面波震级与中国地震台网中心统一正式报目录震级进行对比,计算二者面波震级偏差平均值,并分析震级偏差与震级、震中距、震中方位之间的关系。结果表明：灌云地震台面波震级与中国地震台网中心统一正式报目录震级平均偏差为-0.08,总体偏差较小,表明该台地震记录精度较高。     

攀枝花台近震震级测算研究

通过对攀枝花台近震震级测算和周边地震台网及台站的震级结果进行综合对比,包括对测算方法和地震波形传播方式进行探讨.试图研究台站近震震级测算差异并初步找出与地质构造的相关关系;以期提高台站近震震级测算能力,减小误差.     

宝昌地震台面波震级偏差分析

选取宝昌地震台2016年1月至2018年12月国内外M_S≥5.0地震震级资料,将其与中国地震台网中心（CENC）地震数据管理与服务网站公布的标准震级进行震级偏差统计分析,并从震级、震中距、震中方位、震源深度等方面讨论了宝昌地震台面波震级存在偏差的原因。     

地震震级的实用化

目前我国台网测定震级仍存在较大误差,中国大陆浅源地震Ms和国际ISC测定m_b的换算,在Ms4.5—6.0之间有较大的离散。国内Ms和M_L的换算关系式有几种,震级差△M_L最大可达1.2级。本文初步分析震级测定的误差和影响震级的几种可能原因,分析我国沿用震级公式的现状,提出一些意见和建义。     

中国地震观测台网速报震级的分析

本文介绍并分析了中国地震观测台网及各速报台站目前速报震级的现状,存在的问题及原因,并利用1984、1985两年速报震级资料,统计分析了中国地震观测台网确定震级的精度及各速报台相对全国地震台网测定震级的偏差,同时也统计分析了全国地震台网相对地球物理所临时报告和美国地质调查所震中初定报告(PDE)的震级的偏差。并对所得结果进行了初步的讨论。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.