天津地区馆陶组热储回灌量衰减原因探讨

馆陶组是天津地区开展回灌试验最早、次数最多的热储层,但在每次试验中,回灌开始几小时或几天后,回灌量就急剧衰减,多数观点认为是回灌流体堵塞影响。笔者根据试验中观测到的现象及有关数据,经过理论分析,认为在回灌初期造成回灌量衰减的主要因素并不是堵塞,而是冷锋面前移过程中与热储层作用产生的一系列阻力所致。通过对回灌衰减分析,在不考虑堵塞的情况下,砂岩储层的物性特征是制约其回灌效果的关键。结合国内外最新砂岩回灌成果,提出天津地区馆陶组回灌的储层参数条件,对持续开发利用馆陶组地热资源具有一定的意义。     

配伍性实验在西安市地热水回灌试验中的应用

西安市地热田储层为砂岩孔隙型储层,孔隙度和渗透率都比较低,很容易发生回灌堵塞现象。对西安市同层回灌水和异层回灌水的配伍性进行研究,配伍性实验结果表明:西安市地热尾水回灌到回灌井后主要的结垢类型为CaCO3,结垢量小于100 mg/L,配伍性较好,不会大量结垢而导致地热储层堵塞。     

地热回灌防腐过滤器及配套技术试验

利用专题立项开凿的地热生产井和地热回灌井,对第三纪孔隙型热储层进行了加压条件下的对井同层回灌试验。通过研发地热回灌防腐过滤器及配套技术,解决了先前在回灌过程中由各种物理、化学和生物因素引起的堵塞,导致回灌量减小、回灌井早期丧失回灌能力这一技术难题。     

超深层孔隙型热储地热尾水回灌堵塞机理

超深层孔隙型地下热水回灌难的问题已成为制约关中盆地地下热水可持续开发利用的瓶颈.本文以超深层孔隙型地热流体为载体,以热储原水-回灌尾水-热储介质-堵塞垢物之间水岩作用下矿物组分溶解沉淀规律为基础,以咸阳回灌1号井为例,应用室内堵塞实验模拟及水文地球化学模拟耦合方法,展开超深层孔隙型地热尾水回灌堵塞机理研究.结果表明:造成堵塞的主要因素有物理、化学、气体、微生物等,其中物理堵塞形式主要为颗粒运移和悬浮物堵塞,颗粒运移受回灌流速和储层物性影响明显,温度、压力是悬浮物堵塞的主控因素,而粘土膨胀影响甚微;化学堵塞程度随温度升高而加剧,主要化学沉淀为碳酸盐垢,且在回灌初期-中期达到沉淀量最大值;气体堵塞在回灌初期影响较大,之后随温度升高而减小;微生物堵塞的主要细菌类型为腐生菌,其堵塞程度与环境开放程度有关.     

咸阳地热WH1井砂岩地层回灌试验研究与应用

地热是一种新型绿色能源,我国地热资源丰富,部分区域地热开发已经形成一定规模,具有一定的研究基础,地热尾水回灌形成可持续循环利用技术是目前遇到的突出难题,在砂岩地层回灌尤为困难。汾渭盆地的地热能源较为丰富,已经形成了规模开发,咸阳地热WH1井首次进行了砂岩回灌尝试,获得了施工及回灌等相关数据。对砂岩地层尾水回灌进行了试验,积累了施工经验,为后继施工打下了基础。     

天津地区孔隙型热储层地热流体回灌影响因素探讨

文章通过对孔隙型热储层地热流体回灌试验中回灌量与液柱压力、流体温度相互关系等方面分析和探讨,认为其主要影响因素为热储层物质结构、水文地质特征、回灌水温度、成井工艺、回灌与开采井间的距离、回灌方式等条件。     

砂岩热储回灌对储层影响评价——以鲁西北坳陷地热区为例

地热流体经供暖利用后尾水温度降低,经过滤、排气处理后的尾水中仍含有不同粒径的悬浮物、气体,因此回灌不可避免的会对储层造成负面影响,如堵塞储层导致回灌量衰减、热储温度降低甚至产生热突破等,这严重阻碍了地热回灌的长期可持续运行。评价回灌对储层的影响,对下一步全面推进、科学回灌及合理可持续开发利用、保护地热资源具有重要意义。本文以近几年鲁西北坳陷区开展的馆陶组热储回灌试验为基础,设立了一套评价指标,即用回灌前、后水质的变化率评价回灌对热储流体的影响,温度的变化率评价回灌对热储温度的影响,单位涌水量变化率、渗透系数的比值和单位回灌量比值评价回灌堵塞程度并确定了分级标准。评价结果表明,回灌不会改变储层流体的化学类型;回灌堵塞主要发生在回灌井周围,相比回灌前,回灌后回灌井的单位涌水量降低14.3%～59.0%、渗透系数为原来的41%～86%,末期单位回灌量为初期回灌量的51%～92%,回灌堵塞程度为轻度到严重。采灌井距180～500m,历经一个供暖季回灌对热储温度的影响较小,但回灌导致回灌井周边热储温度明显降低,历经一个非回灌期224d,从35. 7℃恢复到40. 53℃,恢复速率为0. 036～0. 022℃/d,还需658d才能恢复到原热储温度(55℃)。本区热储水位仍呈下降趋势,但回灌可延缓热储水位的下降速度。     

江苏海安滨海新区砂岩热储回灌试验研究

地热回灌是实现地热资源循环开发利用的重要途径。为提高江苏海安滨海新区地热资源利用率,减缓储层压力下降,减少地热尾水排放引起的环境污染,促进地热资源循环开发利用,在该区开展砂岩热储同层对井回灌试验,分析影响回灌的主要因素,结果该区易于回灌与热储层孔隙度大、渗透率高具有良好的对应,回灌切实可行,为研究区地热资源的可持续开发利用提供依据。     

天津市塘沽低温热储回灌的水-岩相互作用地球化学模拟

地球化学模拟是了解早期阶段回灌影响的有效方法,对塘沽热田的地热回灌试验进行了地球化学模拟,以地热供暖尾水作为初始反应流体,通过模拟其与储层岩石的水－岩相互作用,确定回灌对储层性质的影响,模拟是根据回灌水在不同温度下分别与岩石反应及在不断升温过程中连续与岩石相互作用而进行的,结果表明,回灌的影响在开始阶段是相当重要的,在仅考虑溶解和沉淀矿物间体积平衡的情况下,回灌对储层的孔隙度产生正的效应,水－岩相     

天津地区新近系地热回灌井不同完井工艺应用效果对比

针对新近系地层国内外普遍存在回灌效率低的问题,通过对滤水管和射孔两种不同完井工艺对回灌效果的影响入手,开展两种完井工艺地热回灌的试验研究。研究表明,在地层沉积环境和地层参数相同的情况下,射孔完井工艺回灌量大,回灌持续性好,不易产生堵塞,比滤水管完井工艺效果显著,对提高新近系地热回灌井的回灌效率具有明显的促进作用。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。