礁滩型油气成藏要素和塔中实例浅析

礁滩复合体油气成藏分析涉及到层序单元识别、生烃过程、孔隙类型和盖层圈闭这几个要素.这些因子受控于海平面变化、沉积占地理、成岩作用和构造演化史.塔中隆起区上奥陶统良里塔格组的大型礁滩体油气藏的构成是这些因素优化组合的结果,塔中北台缘I号波折带临近满加尔凹陷的烃源岩区,,浅水台地边缘形成数期生物礁和高能滩复合体,也是良里塔...     

塔里木盆地和田河地区上奥陶统礁滩沉积体地震识别及其发育分布规律

利用研究区钻井、测井和地震资料,通过良里塔格组礁滩组合体的地震地层学研究,总结出礁滩发育带的地震地质综合识别标志、初步圈定了分布范围,并建立退积式发育模式,进一步探讨构造古隆起、坡折带与礁滩发育带的关系及其发育分布规律。研究区碳酸盐岩台地及礁滩复合体的发育分布主要受古隆起控制,总体上呈北东向展布,内部发育北东、北西两个受局部隆起构造带控制的礁滩沉积相带,其中北东向浅滩发育带规模较大,向东延伸至塔中古隆起;受晚奥陶世早期持续海进影响,浅滩相带向古构造隆起顶部退积,平面分布范围向上缩小,良里塔格组中下部礁滩较发育,上部几乎不发育;由于研究区台地边缘带构造坡折幅度小,根据地震识别的礁滩沉积复合体可能主要是粒屑滩,台缘生物礁相对不发育。     

高频层序格架内礁型微地貌特征及其控储机理 ——以塔中东部地区上奥陶统为例

塔中东部地区发育上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩相碳酸盐岩是油气产出的主力产区。为了揭示层序地层格架特征及其内部沉积微地貌特征对礁滩体储层的控制机理,本文通过对岩石学、沉积微相、古生物、测井相研究,建立了上奥陶统良里塔格组高频层序地层格架,可划分为11个四级层序和多个五级层序。研究区良三段—良二段以高位体系域垂向持续加积作用为主,是礁(丘)、滩组合镶边沉积的主要发育期,一个四级层序内可发育一个至多个礁滩体沉积微地貌旋回,礁型微地貌发育规模及厚度受海平面升降次级旋回和构造沉降控制。通过对良三段—良二段高位体系域成岩组构和成岩环境分析,认为受同生岩溶作用所形成的大气成岩透镜体主要发育在高频层序向上变浅旋回的顶部和微地貌高处。同一层序内沉积微地貌隆起和海平面相对升降变化所控制的暴露作用,以及同生期大气淡水溶蚀、淋滤作用是控制台缘礁滩体优质储层发育以及层位性和区域差异性的关键因素。集中揭示高频层序格架内微地貌特征及其对礁滩体储层的控制机理,有效指导了塔中东部地区奥陶系礁滩型油气藏勘探开发。     

塔中地区良里塔格组层序格架内礁滩体发育模式研究

为明确塔中地区上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩体的沉积发育相带展布和层序地层格架下礁滩体的发育迁移规律以便进行下一步油气勘探,通过岩心及薄片观察,钻、测井资料解析、单、连井剖面解剖等技术手段对其进行了研究。研究结果表明,控制礁滩体发育的沉积亚相主要为生物骨架礁、灰泥丘、粒屑滩和滩间海。层序地层格架可划分为3个三级层序和8个四级层序。SQ1,SQ2,SQ3层序主要发育灰泥丘和粒屑滩及其复合体;SQ4,SQ5,SQ6层序普遍发育以礁核为主的高能环境礁滩相沉积;SQ7,SQ8层序主要发育滩间海。在高频层序格架中,微地貌和高频海平面变化旋回控制了可容纳空间的变化。短暂的构造稳定期和适度的海平面上升是礁的主要生长期。良里塔格组内礁滩主要发育在高位体系域中,在四级层序格架控制下由台内缓坡向台缘高处迁移。研究区东部比西部具更高的碳酸盐岩生长率,生物礁滩更发育,在海平面下降背景下更易形成优质储层。     

塔中地区礁滩储集体形成条件及分布规律

奥陶纪时期，塔中地区发育生物礁、丘和滩等不同类型的碳酸盐岩建隆生物礁丘发育层位主要集中在上奥陶统．塔中地区的礁滩相包括灰泥丘、中物礁、粒屑滩和地质异常体等4种类型，沉积古地理、构造作用、陆源碎屑物注入和海平面变化是控制生物礁发育的主要因素．塔中地区生物礁的分布环境主要有2个相带：一是台地内，尤其是半局限台地与开阔台地的转折处或台内缓坡上，如塘参1井、塔中23井上奥陶统的生物礁：另一个是台地边缘，如塔中45井-塔中44井-塔中24井-带为台缘外带，以发育中高能粒屑滩和骨架礁组合为特色，而大致在塔中35井-塔中12井-塔中15井-塔中161井-带为台缘内带，发育中低能粒屑滩、灰泥丘及障积礁组合．     

塔里木盆地巴楚地区中奥陶统一间房组露头礁滩复合体储层地质建模及其对塔中地区油气勘探的启示

通过1：5万礁滩复合体地质填图,在巴楚地区共发现大小不等的礁滩复合体90余个,层位为中奥陶统一间房组二段．台缘为礁滩复合体密集发育区,礁滩体规模大,台内为礁滩复合体零星发育区,礁滩体规模小。通过对6个典型礁滩复合体的解剖,研究了礁滩复合体的微相类型、组合和各微相的岩石特征、生物群落,并对其生长发育阶段进行了分析。根据6个典型礁滩复合体及礁间的大量铸体薄片鉴定和物性资料,分析了储层的特征、成因和非均质性,建立了台缘礁及礁间、台内礁及礁间2种背景条件下的储层地质模型。巴楚地区露头礁滩复合体储层地质模型对塔中地区上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩复合体的勘探具有重要的指导意义,并为勘探实践所证实。     

塔里木盆地塔中西部地区奥陶系岩溶 作用及对油气储层的制约

塔中西部地区下奥陶统—上奥陶统良里塔格组, 发育了巨厚的、多种岩性的海相碳酸盐岩地层。根据对该区钻井岩芯、测井和地质化验分析资料综合研究结果, 奥陶系存在同生岩溶、风化壳岩溶、埋藏岩溶等三种不同的岩溶作用类型。同生岩溶沿上奥陶统良里塔格组台地边缘相带分布, 大气成岩透镜体发育频繁, 但规模较小;风化壳岩溶主要分布于中奥陶世中1低隆起及塔中Ⅱ号构造带;埋藏岩溶主要存在3期, 在断裂构造带及火成岩区较为发育。岩相和沉积相、岩溶作用、构造裂缝等是奥陶系岩溶储层发育的主要控制因素, 制约了不同层段、不同部位岩溶储层发育。     

塔中I号坡折带上奥陶统台缘礁滩复合体建造模式

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带的台缘高能区发育上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩体,主要包括生物礁丘、灰泥丘、粒屑滩、滩间海等沉积类型,纵向上表现为粒屑滩、灰泥丘、礁丘的多旋回组合。单个礁滩复合体下部发育粒屑滩,上部为灰泥丘和(或)礁丘,之上为下一旋回的粒屑滩亚相所覆盖。横穿宽3～10km的区域,特别是台地边缘向陡坡转折的高地为礁生长相对集中区,而向内侧则更多出现滩相。不同沉积期礁滩单元分布范围不同,从良三段到良一段沉积期间内呈现逐步向塔中Ⅰ号坡折带迁移的缩减趋势。经后期多次成岩作用和构造破裂的改造,形成沿台缘分布且具有非均质性变化的礁滩型储层。     

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带上奥陶统台缘礁滩复合体建造模式

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带的台缘高能区发育上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩体,主要包括生物礁丘、灰泥丘、粒屑滩、滩间海等沉积类型,纵向上表现为粒屑滩、灰泥丘、礁丘的多旋回组合。单个礁滩复合体下部发育粒屑滩,上部为灰泥丘和(或)礁丘,之上为下一旋回的粒屑滩亚相所覆盖。横穿宽3～10km的区域,特别是台地边缘向陡坡转折的高地为礁生长相对集中区,而向内侧则更多出现滩相。不同沉积期礁滩单元分布范围不同,从良三段到良一段沉积期间内呈现逐步向塔中Ⅰ号坡折带迁移的缩减趋势。经后期多次成岩作用和构造破裂的改造,形成沿台缘分布且具有非均质性变化的礁滩型储层。     

塔里木盆地HD23井区中奥陶统生物礁滩体的识别与研究

礁滩体储层是中国目前碳酸盐岩勘探的重点。塔里木盆地奥陶系礁滩复合储集体发育,中奥陶统生物礁发育层位主要在一间房组,发育区集中分布在塔北、巴楚等地,并以开阔台地台内点礁方式出现。HD23井区内共有奥陶系探井4口,其中HD17井、HD13井、YW2井在中奥陶统一间房组都钻遇了托盘类瓶筐石（Calathium）障积礁,礁的厚度约5 m,礁的上下地层均为砂屑鲕粒灰岩和砂砾屑灰岩等滩相沉积,形成礁滩复合体。文中通过钻井资料和地球物理资料,深入研究了HD23井区礁滩体的特征与分布。三维地震解释显示一间房组地层中存在一个厚度异常体,经分析认为该异常体就是局部异常发育的瓶筐石生物礁滩复合体,该生物礁滩体横向连片,有一定的分布范围和规模。对该井区内中奥陶统一间房组的生物礁滩体加以研究,将为下一步奥陶系的油气勘探提供依据。     

Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-flat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China. Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China. The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-flat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones. The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone, bindstone etc. The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km. It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution: being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs. The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex, generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex, and largely in a banded shape along the complex. On the profile, the reservoir shows a stratified feature, with an altitude difference of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest. The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

T72界面与塔中隆起上奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层

T7^2界面为上奥陶统桑塔木组泥岩与良里塔格组灰岩地震反射界面,是塔里木盆地塔中、塔北隆起上奥陶统内部的一个重要构造-层序转换面,是早古生代碳酸盐台地型沉积向陆源碎屑充填沉积转换的标志.过去普遍认为两个组之间为连续沉积,界面性质系海侵上超并赋予“淹没台地”的涵义.但随着近年塔河油田南部地区的勘探和塔中隆起区北缘Ⅰ号断裂带油气富集规律性的深入研究,表明T7^2界面是一个区域性的古暴露界面和沉积间断界面.界面之下的上奥陶统良里塔格组顶面有明显的削蚀和截切现象,残存厚度在塔北、塔中之间存在极大的差异,反映塔北隆起T7^2界面的构造及风化壳岩溶作用明显强过塔中隆起.古暴露和风化壳岩溶作用导致T7^2界面之下的良里塔格组碳酸盐岩广泛发育岩溶,是塔中低凸起北缘Ⅰ号断裂构造带的主要油气藏聚集层位;在塔河南部,形成了一套厚度最大可达300m并贯穿良里塔格组与下伏恰尔巴克组、一间房组和鹰山组的古岩溶洞穴系统,造就了塔河油田今天以南部斜坡区上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩古岩溶洞穴系统为主要油气储层的勘探大场面.     

塔中地区良里塔格组台缘颗粒滩沉积特征及分布规律

塔中地区良里塔格组礁滩复合体蕴含着丰富的油气资源。通过钻井、录井、岩芯、薄片及测井等大量资料的综合分析,结合前人研究结果,对塔中I号坡折带上奥陶统颗粒滩类型和特征进行了系统研究。塔中地区良里塔格组台缘颗粒滩包括内碎屑滩、生屑滩、核形石滩、鲕粒滩等类型,具有类型多、发育旋回多以及厚度大的特点。颗粒滩在纵横向上并非是孤立存在的,通常与生物礁伴生,形成纵向叠置,横向指状交叉的礁滩复合体,属油气储集的有利相带。台缘颗粒滩亚相沿塔中I号坡折带呈带状展布,自西向东分布范围逐渐变窄,表现出以（藻）砂屑滩为背景,其他类型颗粒滩呈条带状、块状、点状分布于其间的规律。     

Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-fiat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China.Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China.The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-fiat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones.The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone.bindstone etc.The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km.It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution:being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs.The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex.generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex,and largely in a banded shape along the complex.On the profile,the reservoir shows a stratified feature.with an altitude difierence of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest.The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

Characteristics and differential accumulation of oil/gas in Lower Paleozoic marine carbonate on northern slope of Tazhong Low Rise,Tarim Basin,NW China: a case study of Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation

Marine carbonate reservoirs, as a focus of petroleum exploration and development all over the world, are involved with high exploration risk and prediction difficulty owing to high heterogeneity and diversity of reservoir beds. In the Tarim Basin, NW China, carbonate reservoirs with resources about 38 % of the whole basin in a large prospecting area are mainly distributed in the Cambrian and Ordovician in central (Tazhong) and northern (Tabei) Tarim. Recently on the northern slope, Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin, a breakthrough has been made in the karsted weathering crust of Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation and reef-flat reservoir of Upper Ordovician Lianglitag Formation. As a new frontier of exploration, oil/gas distribution and controlling factors of carbonate reservoirs in the Yingshan Formation are not clearly understood. In this work, play elements of the Yingshan Formation, such as seal-reservoir bed assemblage, oil/gas properties, and faulting, were studied by core and slice observation and field investigation. High-quality reservoir beds of Yingshan Formation are quasi-layer distributed in the interstratal karst belt about 250 m below the unconformity. The reservoir beds of fracture–void and void are formed by faulting, associated fracturing, and karstification. The Yingshan Formation is a large-scale condensate gas reservoir with partly oil. Owing to different oil–gas infilling periods, isolated pools far from the faults are primarily oil in the Hercynian; oppositely, condensate gas reservoirs near the faults are intensely influenced by gas invasion during the Himalayan movement. Laterally, oil/gas distribution is controlled by stratal pinch-out and strike-slip faults. Vertically, cap rock of the third to fifth members of the Lianglitag Formation and Yingshan interior high resistivity layers are superimposed with Yingshan reservoir beds to form several seal-reservoir bed assemblages. Oil and gas are superimposed and affected by gas invasion with characteristics of oil in the upper horizon and gas in the lower horizon.     

塔中Ⅰ号构造带构造几何学与运动学

塔中Ⅰ号构造带是塔中地区重要的油气勘探区,已发现的油气田基本沿着塔中Ⅰ号构造带分布,塔中Ⅰ号构造带发育过程与塔中低凸起的形成演化密切相关。为了揭示塔中Ⅰ号构造带的活动期次、形成机制及塔中低凸起的形成演化过程,利用新的地震、测井、钻井资料,结合断层相关褶皱理论和平衡剖面复原技术,分析了塔中Ⅰ号构造带的几何学与运动学特征。研究结果表明：1） 塔中Ⅰ号构造带为受控于塔中低凸起基底断层转折褶皱向前传递的过程中形成的背斜构造带;2） 塔中地区识别出了上奥陶统、志留系两套生长地层,表明塔中Ⅰ号构造带主要活动时间为中晚奥陶世-志留纪;3） 塔中低凸起东部构造活动强于中西部,东部累计缩短量为58.14 km,累计缩短率为20.84%。综上,认为塔中低凸起的形成与演化是受控于早奥陶世末至晚奥陶世挤压构造背景下,基底发育断层转折褶皱,晚奥陶世以后,塔中低凸起进入构造拓宽期。早海西期,基底断裂活动基本停止,塔中低凸起基本定型。     

塔中隆起带断裂系统及其对碳酸盐岩台地的控制

碳酸盐岩台地的建造与改造受多种因素的控制,本文主要探讨以断裂活动为代表的构造运动对碳酸盐岩台地发育和破坏的控制作用。塔中地区主要发育NW向基底卷入式断裂系统和NE向盖层滑脱式逆冲断裂系统两大类,前者主要形成于早奥陶世末的中加里东I幕构造运动,该断裂控制了塔中隆起开始形成时的构造格局,从而使塔中隆起带碳酸盐岩台地由早期的缓坡-镶边缓坡型的台地结构演化为礁滩型孤立台地,而后者主要形成于晚奥陶世末中加里东II幕构造运动,该断裂的强烈活动,使得塔中地区发生东西翘倾运动,东部隆起接受改造,早期的碳酸盐岩台地遭受严重破坏。