Applicability evaluation of the SWIM at river basins of the black soil region in Northeast China: A case study of the upper and middle Wuyuer River basin

In this paper, we selected the middle and upper reaches of the Wuyuer River basin in the black soil region of Northeast China as the study area. We adopted the soil and water integrated model (SWIM) and evaluated the parameter sensitivity using partial correlation coefficient. We calibrated and validated our simulation results based on the daily runoff data from Yi’an hydrological station at the outlet of the river basin and the evaporation data recorded by various weather stations from 1961 to 1997. Following evaluation of the modeling data against the observed data, we present the applicability of SWIM in the river basin of the black soil region, and discuss the resulting errors and their probable causes. Results show that in the periods of calibration and validation, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficients of the monthly and daily runoffs were not less than 0.71 and 0.55, and the relative errors were less than 6.0%. Compared to daily runoffs, the simulation result of monthly runoffs was better. Additionally, the NSE coefficients of the potential monthly evaporation were not less than 0.81. Together, the results suggest that the calibrated SWIM can be utilized in various simulation analyses of runoffs on a monthly scale in the black soil region of Northeast China. On the contrary, the model had some limitations in simulating runoffs from snowmelt and frozen soil. Meanwhile, the stimulation data deviated from the measured data largely when applied to the years with spring and summer floods. The simulated annual runoffs were considerably higher than the measured data in the years with abrupt increases in annual precipitation. However, the model is capable of reproducing the changes in runoffs during flood seasons. In summary, this model can provide fundamental hydrological information for comprehensive management of the Wuyuer River basin water environment, and its application can be potentially extended to other river basins in the black soil region.     

SWIM模型在东北黑土区流域的适用性评价——以乌裕尔河中上游流域为例（英文）

In this paper, we selected the middle and upper reaches of the Wuyuer River basin in the black soil region of Northeast China as the study area. We adopted the soil and water integrated model(SWIM) and evaluated the parameter sensitivity using partial correlation coefficient. We calibrated and validated our simulation results based on the daily runoff data from Yi'an hydrological station at the outlet of the river basin and the evaporation data recorded by various weather stations from 1961 to 1997. Following evaluation of the modeling data against the observed data, we present the applicability of SWIM in the river basin of the black soil region, and discuss the resulting errors and their probable causes. Results show that in the periods of calibration and validation, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) coefficients of the monthly and daily runoffs were not less than 0.71 and 0.55, and the relative errors were less than 6.0%. Compared to daily runoffs, the simulation result of monthly runoffs was better. Additionally, the NSE coefficients of the potential monthly evaporation were not less than 0.81. Together, the results suggest that the calibrated SWIM can be utilized in various simulation analyses of runoffs on a monthly scale in the black soil region of Northeast China. On the contrary, the model had some limitations in simulating runoffs from snowmelt and frozen soil. Meanwhile, the stimulation data deviated from the measured data largely when applied to the years with spring and summer floods. The simulated annual runoffs were considerably higher than the measured data in the years with abrupt increases in annual precipitation. However, the model is capable of reproducing the changes in runoffs during flood seasons. In summary, this model can provide fundamental hydrological information for comprehensive management of the Wuyuer River basin water environment, and its application can be potentially extended to other river basins in the black soil region.     

TRMM3B42降水产品在鄱阳湖流域梅川江子流域的精度评价(英文)

在鄱阳湖流域的梅川江子流域,利用52个站点9年(2001-2005及2007-2010)的日降水数据对V6和V7两个版本的TRMM 3B42降水产品进行了精度评价。该评价针对多个时空尺度进行,包括栅格和流域两个空间尺度,日、月和年三个时间尺度。为避免尺度不匹配问题,本文利用泰森多边形方法将点尺度的站点观测数据转换到与TRMM数据相同的栅格尺度。评价结果表明,V6和V7两个版本的TRMM3B42降水产品差别较小,整体上均轻微高估了降水量(偏差均为0.04)。在日尺度,栅格和流域空间尺度上V6和V7TRMM3B42降水产品的精度均较差,相对均方根误差在135%-199%之间。因此,在该地区利用3B42数据进行日尺度的水文分析前需要对其进行校正。在月和年尺度,栅格和流域两个空间尺度上V6和V7两个版本的TRMM 3B42降水产品精度均较高,决定系数达到0.91-0.99,相对均方根误差在4%-23%之间。这表明TRMM 3B42降水产品在该地区月和年尺度的水文分析方面具有很好的应用前景。     

水文要素与高程的关系

本文阐明水文要素的垂直变化按不同的尺度范围而各有其规律,并指出这些规律的应用。     

基于栅格的分布式降雨径流模拟系统及应用

研制了一套基于栅格的分布式降雨径流模拟系统,利用流域地形、土壤、土地利用等空间数据和水文气象数据,可以进行流域特征提取、空间数据内插、降雨径流模拟及计算结果的三维动态显示和统计。通过在黄土岭流域的应用,说明该系统具有较好的模拟降雨径流过程的能力,而且使用方便。     

内陆河流域分布式水文模型——以黑河干流山区建模为例

应用常规的气象水文数据并结合GIS, 建立了一个适合西北内陆河山区流域分布式水文模型, 并对黑河干流山区出山径流进行了模拟计算和讨论。模型以子流域作为最小的产流、汇流单元, 将各子流域分为裸地区、乔木区、牧草区和冰川区, 并根据实测剖面资料将土壤分为3层, 各分区单独进行水量平衡计算。产流过程基于蓄满产流理论, 以月和日为步长, 月模型在黑河干流山区流域应用效果较好, 日模型受降水的随机性和观测站点少的限制效果不佳。模型参数敏感性分析发现, 降水资料的代表性是模型模拟成败的关键。月模拟结果表明, 植被覆盖可以调节径流过程, 增加流域土壤储水量, 尤其是乔木森林, 即植被具有涵养水源的功能。在全球变暖背景下, 黑河未来出山径流会有一定程度的增加, 冰雪融水和实际蒸散发也会增加, 永久积雪与冰川面积缩小, 雪线上升, 但近期内不会造成冰雪储量大量减少。     

SWIM模型在东北黑土区流域的适用性评价——以乌裕尔河中上游流域为例

以典型东北黑土区乌裕尔河中上游流域为研究区,引入SWIM水文模型,利用偏相关系数评价模型参数的敏感性,基于流域出水口依安水文站1961-1997年实测日径流数据和部分气象站小型蒸发皿数据,进行了多站点、多变量的模型率定和验证,并通过模拟结果与实测资料对比,探讨了SWIM模型在东北黑土区流域的适用性、存在的误差及其原因。结果表明：① 在率定期和验证期,月径流和日径流的纳希效率系数分别大于0.71和0.55,径流相对误差在6.0%以内,月径流的模拟效果好于对日径流的模拟效果;月潜在蒸散发的纳希效率系数达0.81以上;② 在月尺度上经过校准的SWIM模型可以应用于东北黑土区与径流相关的各种模拟分析;③ 但模型在模拟融雪和冻土产流方面存在一定的限制;对同时具有春汛和夏汛的年份模拟效果也较差;对年降水量出现骤增的年份年径流量的模拟结果会几倍于实测值,但基本能够重现汛期的流量变化过程。模型不仅可以为管理者对该流域水环境综合管理提供水文基础支持,对黑土区其他流域也具有一定的推广和应用价值。     

Characterizing streamflow response of a mountaintop-mined watershed to changing land use

Mountaintop removal mining is a dominant driver of land use/land cover changes in the Appalachian Region of the eastern United States and is expected to increase in scale in the coming decades. While several studies quantify land use/land cover changes attributed to traditional surface mining and at regional scales, no studies we are aware of focus specifically on mountaintop removal/valley fill mining practices at the watershed scale. Further, despite its scale and extent, its impact on runoff, particularly at larger spatial scales (10³ km²), is poorly understood due to the complex relationships between climate, land use, and hydrology. To explore the impacts of this practice at broader scales, we estimated land use/land cover changes using Landsat 5 TM imagery over five periods between 1994 and 2010; used a simple rainfall–runoff model to estimate hydrologic response time; and conducted non-parametric trend analyses on annual hydrologic metrics (streamflow, Q/P, response time) for the Big Coal River watershed located in the southern West Virginia coalfields. No statistically significant trends were detected in any of the timeseries. The lack of detectable trends and correlations between land use changes and hydrology at the basin scale are not entirely unexpected due to the history and mosaic of land cover changes that span timescales larger than our study period. Further interannual variation likely overwhelms our ability to detect potential changes using monotonic trend analysis at the annual time scale, particularly in light of strong streamflow seasonality. Future studies therefore should include different methods of change detection applied to different timescales to more appropriately account seasonal and interannual variations. Until the significance of this practice on water resources (quality and quality) are understood, efforts to reduce the environmental problems associated with mountaintop mining will be difficult to achieve.     

一种新的流域水沙关系模型及其 在年际时间尺度的应用

根据陕西子洲试验站9个流域和山西离石试验站3个流域的观测数据,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区次暴雨径流和产沙的关系。结果表明:在研究区,当流量超过某一临界值后,含沙量保持稳定,且次洪平均含沙量主要取决于大流量时段,故对于较大的洪水事件,其平均含沙量也趋于稳定,次暴雨和次暴雨过程两个时间尺度的水沙关系表现出很好的相似性。因此可用正比关系式来拟合较大洪水次暴雨径流深和产沙模数之间的关系。由于极端事件对研究区水土流失的重要性,使得该模型有很好的实用性。模型在年际时间尺度上的应用结果表明,对仅在次暴雨期间产流的地区,该模型可以很好地预测年产沙量,而对于常年流水的流域,在丰水年根据汛期径流量该模型也有较好的计算精度。     

土壤数据空间分辨率对水文过程模拟的影响

分布式水文模型的应用,其准确性有赖于输入数据对流域特征的描述,尤其在大尺度流域,输入数据分辨率的增加是否必然改善模型的模拟效果是值得深入研究的问题。本文以鄱阳湖信江流域为研究区,运用SWAT模型为模拟工具,分析了土壤数据空间分辨率对径流、蒸发及土壤含水量等水文要素模拟的影响以及高精度土壤数据在大流域尺度的适应性。结果表明：不同分辨率的土壤数据对SWAT模型中水文响应单元的划分结果差异显著,但在径流模拟和蒸发计算结果中并没有表现出显著的差别;模型率定前后,低分辨率土壤数据的径流模拟结果略好于高分辨率土壤数据,但两者之间的差别不明显;模型模拟的土壤含水量差异显著,高分辨率土壤模拟的月平均土壤含水量整体大于低分辨率土壤模拟结果;研究还发现,模型的蒸发计算对土壤分辨率信息不敏感。本文研究意味着,大尺度SWAT模型的应用中,土壤数据分辨率的提高不一定会改善模型的模拟效果。在具体应用中,应考虑流域本身的尺度以及模拟精度的要求,选择合适分辨率的土壤数据,同时应结合模型原理和关键参数的物理含义来解释模拟结果。     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙变化趋势及其主控因素的贡献率

随着气候变化和人类活动影响加剧,黄河中游多沙粗沙区的水沙变化剧烈,因此研究影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量的驱动因素对预测未来水沙变化具有重要意义。本文选取Mann-Kendall趋势检验法,Pettitt突变点检验法,位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型以及累积量斜率变化率比较法对黄河中游多沙粗沙区15个水文站控制流域1956-2010年的年降水量、年径流量以及年输沙量变化特征及其贡献率进行分析,确定影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的主要原因。结果表明：① Mann-Kendall趋势检验在5%的显著性水平下,表明降水量虽呈减少趋势但并不显著,径流量和输沙量则有显著的减少趋势;② Pettitt突变点检验得出所研究区域径流量和输沙量的突变年份在1972年、1985年以及1996年左右;③ GAMLSS模型分析结果同样表明降水的均值不随时间发生变化,但降水的方差有减小的趋势;④ 通过累积量斜率变化率比较法得出,人类活动对窟野河流域径流输沙的影响大于无定河流域。通过分析黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的原因,可为黄河中游多沙粗沙区水资源合理分配提供一定的理论支持。     

Evaluating the suitability of TRMM satellite rainfall data for hydrological simulation using a distributed hydrological model in the Weihe River catchment in China

The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data with rain gauge data and further to use this TRMM data to drive a Distributed Time-Variant Gain Model (DTVGM) to perform hydrological simulations in the semi-humid Weihe River catchment in China. Before the simulations, a comparison with a 10-year (2001-2010) daily rain gauge data set reveals that, at daily time step, TRMM rainfall data are better at capturing rain occurrence and mean values than rainfall extremes. On a monthly time scale, good linear relationships between TRMM and rain gauge rainfall data are found, with determination coefficients R² varying between 0.78 and 0.89 for the individual stations. Subsequent simulation results of seven years (2001-2007) of data on daily hydrological processes confirm that the DTVGM when calibrated by rain gauge data performs better than when calibrated by TRMM data, but the performance of the simulation driven by TRMM data is better than that driven by gauge data on a monthly time scale. The results thus suggest that TRMM rainfall data are more suitable for monthly streamflow simulation in the study area, and that, when the effects of recalibration and the results for water balance components are also taken into account, the TRMM 3B42-V7 product has the potential to perform well in similar basins.     

基于RUSLE的流域土壤侵蚀敏感性评价——以福建省吉溪流域为例

以修正的通用水土流失方程(RUSLE)为核心,在分析流域土壤侵蚀敏感性影响因子的基础上,运用G IS技术对各敏感因子值进行估算,结合已有研究成果探讨了定量化的流域土壤侵蚀敏感性评价指标体系的建立,并以吉溪流域为例进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价。同时分析了该流域土壤侵蚀敏感性与土壤侵蚀量的关系。最后,针对不同的流域土壤侵蚀敏感等级提出了相应的管理措施和建议。     

多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀

土地利用能够通过改变一系列的自然现象和生态过程影响土壤侵蚀,尺度不同,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的作用机制也会发生变化。本文针对坡面尺度、小流域／流域尺度和区域尺度,综述了不同尺度上土地利用对土壤侵蚀的影响研究。其中,在坡面尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要包括土地利用方式和土地管理措施对土壤侵蚀的影响,相应尺度上的模型有USLE／RUSLE、WEPP等;在小流域／流域尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要涉及土地利用结构和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响,相关的模型有LISEM、AGNPS、EUROSEM和SEDEM等;在区域尺度上土壤侵蚀评价研究主要是通过尺度上推和宏观因子评价的方法进行。多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀研究作为自然地理学研究中的热点问题,在进一步的研究中需要关注多尺度综合与尺度转换、土地利用政策效应、土地利用格局与土壤流失过程等方面的研究内容。     

黄河中游河口-龙门区间多年平均流域水平衡特征 ——-区域蒸散量估算模型验证与下垫面参数校核

采用黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间1980-2000 年间径流及气象数据, 通过对Zhang 等2001 建立的区域(流域) 多年平均蒸散量估算模型进行验证和下垫面参数校核工作, 探索了干旱半干旱地区水循环要素相应于不同土地覆被类型的结构变化及水平衡特征和规律。结果表明, 由于研究区处于干旱半干旱气候区, 采用原模型及参数对蒸散量的预测能力好于对径流的预测能力。使用优化后的下垫面参数使原模型对河龙区间蒸散量和径流预测能力得以改进, 一致性指标分别从0.89 和0.21 提高到0.94 和0.63。对实际蒸散量进行预测的相对误差和均方误从3.6%和17.2 mm 减小到1.5%和7.9 mm, 对径流进行预测的相对误差从42.7%减小到18.0%。聚类分析和下垫面参数优化结果表明, 河龙区间流域水循环要素变化特征受不同土地 覆被影响可以分为3 个明显不同的区域。由于大面积林地截流蒸发的作用, 南部林地覆被区具有较高蒸发系数, 适用下垫面参数值为1.61。西北部风沙地貌区受粉沙覆盖层和地下径流补给影响, 使该区蒸发系数较小, 适用值为0.1。中部典型黄土丘陵覆盖区适用值为0.45。     

Large precipitation event variability among headwater SNOTEL sites and impacts on streamflow in the Upper Colorado River Basin

This exploratory study defines and characterizes large precipitation events (LPEs) at a sample of snow telemetry (SNOTEL) sites located in headwater subbasins of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) and assesses the relationships of interannual LPE variability on basin streamflow. LPE thresholds are defined as the 80th percentile of daily precipitation increments observed at each SNOTEL site from 1981 to 2014. On average, LPEs accounted for more than half (55.5%) of annual precipitation. Total precipitation, total LPE precipitation, LPE count, and LPE magnitude are assessed annually at each SNOTEL site. Statistical analysis shows that these LPE metrics, observed at the headwater SNOTEL sites, are strongly correlated with total annual streamflow downstream, as measured at river gages on major tributaries in the UCRB and at Lake Powell. Further analysis of streamflow during the early twenty-first century drought suggests that drought conditions have coincided with lower precipitation observed at the SNOTEL sites, due in part to fewer and drier LPEs in recent years. Investigation of upper air patterns during LPEs reveals that such events most commonly coincide with zonal, onshore flow among the northern subbasins and amplified troughs towards the south of the UCRB, patterns which have been less common during the drought.     

基于SWAT的典型沼泽性河流径流演变的气候变化响应研究——以三江平原挠力河为例

SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）是流域尺度的分布式水文模型,具有评价气候变化对径流影响的优势。利用SWAT模拟了三江平原典型沼泽性河流——挠力河流域3个水文站（上游的宝清站、保安站和中游的菜嘴子站）1974～1992年年径流量演变特征及变化趋势。在对模型参数敏感性分析的基础上,对模型的参数进行了率定和验证,率定期为1975～1982年,验证期为1983～1992年。率定期的模型效率指数ENS都大于0．85,皮尔逊相关系数都大于0．9,相对误差都小于10％;验证期,模型效率指数ENS有所减小,但也都大于0．61,模型对年径流的模拟结果令人满意。将率定的SWAT应用于气候变化的水文响应研究,结果发现,1995～2004年相对1975—1985年的年径流量变化只有部分是由气候因素引起的,气候因素对3个水文站（宝清站、保安站和菜嘴子站）的年径流量变化的影响率分别为25．7％、11．4％、39．9％,说明还有其他因素影响研究区的年径流量。     

SWAT模型的原理、结构及应用研究

SWAT(SoilandWaterAssessmentTool)是一个具有很强物理机制的长时段的流域分布式水文模型。它能够利用GIS和RS提供的空间数据信息,模拟复杂大流域中多种不同的水文物理过程,包括水、沙、化学物质和杀虫剂的输移与转化过程。本文着重探讨SWAT模型的水文学原理和模型的基本结构与独特的分布式运行控制方式,并将其成功应用于西北寒区(黑河莺落峡以上流域)的分布式日径流过程的模拟。     

Application of USLE in a GIS environment to estimate soil erosion in the Irga watershed,Jharkhand, India

A comprehensive methodology that integrates the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Geographic Information System (GIS) was adopted in this study to determine the soil erosion and sediment yield of the Irga watershed in Jharkhand, India. Based on the availability and applicability of data in a GIS-environment, the original equations for the model input parameters were, however, modified by researchers. In the present study, a power-law equation was generated to estimate the rainfall erosivity (R) factor, and the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient used to determine the accuracy of the modified R factor. Average annual soil erosion in the Irga watershed is estimated to be 4.3 t ha^?1 yr^?1. On the other hand, average annual sediment yield of the watershed, estimated using the sediment delivery ratio, was found to be 1.2 t ha^?1 yr^?1. Low sediment yield indicates that most of the eroded soil was deposited within the watershed.     

流域水文模型研究的若干进展

计算机技术和一些交叉学科的发展 ,给水文模拟的研究方法带来了根本性的变化。文章阐述了分布式物理水文模型、地理信息系统 (GIS)和遥感 (RS)技术在流域模拟中的应用等方面的进展。指出分布式模型具有良好的发展前景 ,应用 GIS的水文模型尽管有诸多优点 ,但并不能代表模型本身的高质量 ,遥感资料还没有完全融入水文模型的结构中 ,给直接应用带来较大的困难。