AGE ESTIMATES OF INLAND DUNES IN EAST-CENTRAL LOWER MICHIGAN USING SOILS DATA

Extensive deposits of eolian sand occur deep (>50 km) within the interior of east-central lower Michigan. These dunes are most common in the Saginaw lowland where they are parabolic, with limbs oriented northwesterly. Their presence on densely forested landscapes indicates that paleoenvironmental conditions differed sufficiently for dune formation to have occurred. In a previous study, Arbogast et al. (1997) illustrated that surface soils in the northwestern part of the Saginaw dune field were morphologically similar, consisting of weakly developed Spodosols (A/E/Bs/C horizonation). Thus, these dunes must have stabilized concurrently following regional mobilization of eolian sand. In this study, we present soils data from dunes in the southeastern part of the Saginaw dune field. Surface soils were analyzed at 19 sites in the Deford State Game Area in Tuscola County. Morphologically, the soils within the Deford area are similar (A/E/Bs/C horizonation), indicating that Deford dunes stabilized concurrently. Statistical (ANOVA, KW, factor analysis) comparison of Deford soils and soils to the northwest, however, reveals that significant developmental differences exist between the two areas, with Deford soils being better developed. Given that variables (climate, soil texture, pH) are more conducive for Spodosol development to the northwest, we conclude that Deford soils are older. Thus, Deford dunes must have stabilized prior to their counterparts to the northwest. [Key words: eolian processes, sand dunes, soils, Spodosols, Michigan.]     

Aeolian influences on the soils and landforms of the southern Yilgarn Craton of semi-arid, southwestern Australia

Within a landscape developed on the deeply weathered, dominantly granitic rocks of the Yilgarn Craton in southwestern Australia, there is strong evidence of prior aeolian activity. Multiple arrays of clayey saltation deposits occur as clay dunes or lunettes extending up to 5 km to the southeast of playas, and quartzose sand dunes and sheets occur in a 2-km wide band that extends 10 km southeast of an ephemeral creek line. Parabolic dunes occur within some clayey lunettes. The parallel orientation of these diverse features and the elliptical shape of the playas suggest that the winds that have created these geomorphic entities have been from the northwest. Multiple lunette arrays with up to seven members have not been previously reported in this region.There is evidence for a more widespread, but more subtle, aeolian influence on the soils. Dust deposits appear to mantle parts of the landscape and are inferred to be coeval with the clayey saltation deposits. Although these do not occur as a discrete layer, evidence includes a plume of calcareous and illitic soils southeast of the major playa, in a landscape otherwise characterised by acidic, kaolinitic soils. Similarly, the occurrence of deep sandy soils on many slopes with a southeasterly aspect may indicate the interference of topography on the transport of saltating sands during an arid climatic phase. The presence of such aeolian deposits has implications for agricultural management, mineral exploration and the interpretation of ecological gradients in similar undisturbed landscapes.Current desertification, in the form of salinization and wind erosion, has precedence in this landscape. The aeolian deposits provide a means of interpreting landscape-scale responses to previous climate change and a key to predicting possible outcomes of both desertification and future climate change. Assuming that Bowler's theory that clay dunes require an adjacent salinized playa bed to form is correct, the arrays of clayey lunettes together with vegetated former playas indicate that the landscape has undergone multiple cycles of salinization and recovery. The lunettes may thus provide a means of predicting landscape hydrological responses to the widespread removal of natural vegetation for farming. Dating of the various sequences is required to provide a time scale for these landscape processes.     

Post-Nipissing Origin of a Backdune Complex Along the Southeastern Shore of Lake Michigan

Relatively low (<25 m) parabolic dunes and dune ridges occur inland of massive parabolic dunes in many dune complexes along the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. The major study of these backdunes (Tagues, 1946) concluded, based on field criteria, that they were older than the massive parabolic dunes and originate at the Calumet and Algonquin stages of ancestral Lake Michigan (~14-10 ka). Younger ages are indicated by this study in which Optically Stimulated Luminescense (OSL) ages were obtained from the crest of three backdunes southwest of Holland, Michigan. All ages are within statistical error of each other and indicate dune stabilization at ~4 ka. Similarities in surface soil development throughout the backdunes support the conclusion that they all stabilized at about the same time. Radiocarbon ages from paleosols indicate that the massive parabolic dunes were active at 4 ka and that this activity persisted after the back dunes had stabilized. In the Holland area, dune growth and migration occurred in a broad zone, including both back and massive parabolic dunes, immediately after the rise to and drop from Nipissing II high lake levels but became confined to a narrower zone closer to shore after ~4 ka.     

库姆塔格沙漠形成演化与区域新构造运动关系研究

库姆塔格沙漠位于塔里木板块东部的阿尔金山北麓地带,受青藏高原新构造运动强烈隆升和贯穿本区的阿尔金断裂系发生左旋走滑变动的影响,构筑了南高北低的地质构造变为盆山格局。通过现今的断裂左旋走滑、多风向吹扬及南侧高山洪水及泥石流侵蚀地形共同作用表现出帚状弧形展布。风沙地貌特征表现为由东北向西南分异明显、沙丘类型复杂、形态独特,主要以羽毛状沙丘、金字塔沙丘著称。     

Stratigraphic evidence for late-Holocene aeolian sand mobilization and soil formation in south-central Kansas, U.S.A.

Stratigraphic evidence and radiocarbon dating of sediments from the Great Bend Sand Prairie in Kansas indicates that significant deposits of aeolian sand have accumulated in the region during the late Holocene. Radiocarbon ages obtained from total humates in buried soils suggest that five periods of late-Holocene stability and soil formation are preserved in dune fields at approximately 2300, 1400, 1000, 700, 500 and 300 years B.P. Reactivation of aeolian sand in the past 1000 years has resulted in a variety of well defined, parabolic dunes. In general, events in the region correspond with established chronologies elsewhere on the Great Plains and in particular correlate well with dune fields in north-eastern Colorado. Overall, results indicate that the threshold of landscape stability on the Great Bend Sand Prairie can easily be crossed in the current climatic regime.     

青海共和盆地风况及风沙地貌

利用共和盆地茶卡、共和、贵南站2012-2015年的风资料,分析盆地风向、风速和输沙势的变化特征,并结合Google Earth高清影像,对盆地风能环境与风沙地貌进行探讨。结果表明：（1）盆地年平均风速1.6～2.7 m·s^-1,西北部、中部和东南部年起沙风出现的频率分别为7.7%、3.5%、0.9%,起沙风主要发生在冬、春季,风向以WNW和W为主。（2）盆地属于低风能环境,风沙活动自西北部向东南部减弱,方向变率指数0.7～0.96,风况为窄单峰或宽单峰风况,西北部和中部风向变率属于低变率,东南部属于中等变率,合成输沙方向较一致,为281.0°～286.7°。（3）盆地沙丘类型有新月形沙丘（链）、格状沙丘、复合型链状沙丘、沙山、沙垄、抛物线沙丘等,沙丘类型和风况较吻合。     

Estimating the Time Since Final Stabilization of a Perched Dune Field Along Lake Superior

The Nodaway dune field is perched along Lake Superior in Upper Michigan. This study uses absolute and relative‐age dating methods to test the hypothesis that the dune field finally stabilized after the Nipissing high stand, about 4,000 years ago. Surface soils on snouts of all dunes are moderately developed Spodosols, indicating that dunes stabilized within a few hundred years of each other. One thermoluminescence date provided an age of 8 ka from soil parent material, but is probably overestimated due to residual thermoluminescence. Subsequent optical stimulated luminescence and accelerator mass spectrometry age estimates indicate that the most recent accumulation of sand occurred between ?3.7 and 3.0 ka. This interval suggests one of three possibilities: 1) that the dune field was reactivated during the Algoma high stand and then stabilized; 2) that the dune field stabilized gradually, probably as sand supply diminished after the Nipissing high stand; and 3) that a combination of these two processes occurred.     

陕西北部榆林第四纪地层剖面的粒度分析与讨论

本文根据榆林剖面及其粒度分析结果,讨论了剖面中地层的沉积相、古气候和环境演化.     

巴丹吉林沙漠沙山发育与环境演变研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠风沙地貌、沙山地层结构、古沙山层理构造、沙山TL测年和区域输沙率等的综合研究表明,巴丹吉林地区自西北而东南大致可划分为河湖为主的弱水冲洪积扇、以河湖与风沙交替作用过度区和以风沙作用为主沙丘区。弱水冲洪积扇的发育为沙漠、沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。高大沙山是更新世期间起伏的沙质下垫面与西风环流和季风环流相互作用的结果。末次冰期以前为西风环流为主时期,地表主导风向为西风,次为西北风,河湖环境发育;末次冰期以来为东亚季风环流为主时期,地表盛行风向为西北风,次为西风,风沙活动盛行。期间,风积床面经历了新月形、新月形沙丘链、复合新月形、复合沙丘链到复合型高大沙山的一系列复合、演变与发展过程。     

中国海岸风沙沉积的成因与特征

东部和南部沿海是我国风景优美、气候宜人, 工农业与交通事业发达和人口密集的重要经济区。在16, 000多公里的海岸上, 风沙作用的海岸线就有近3, 000公里, 目前它们都在不同程度上处于风沙作用而后退或大大改观的状态。     

Origin and evolution of playas and blowouts in the semiarid zone of Tierra de Pinares (Duero Basin, Spain)

A large number of blowouts and playas occur in the marginal sectors of the aeolian deposits located in the southern sector of the Duero Depression (Tierra de Pinares) in Spain. The blowouts are relict landforms that were developed on sand sheets by deflation during dry periods with lower vegetation cover and a deeper water table. The studied blowouts form complexes of NW–SE and NNW–SSE elongated hollows with accompanying dunes up to 4 km long in the leeward margins. Some hollows host lakes or swampy areas related to a shallow water table. The dunes formed by NE–ENE winds show steep windward slopes and gentle leeward slopes. The studied playas, with prevalent NNW–SSE orientations, result from the aeolian excavation of terrace deposits and the underlying marly bedrock. It is probable that the formation of these depressions in an initial stage was related to deflation processes affected preferentially NNW–SSE sandy channels perpendicular to the dominant wind direction. The precipitation of salts in the playas generates aggregates of clay particles (peloids) that are easily removed by the wind. Once the bottom reached the substratum, the deepening of the depressions progressed by the deflation of particles produced by weathering of the argillaceous bedrock.     

禹门口南黄河东岸沙丘初步研究

在禹门口南山西省河津、万荣县境内黄河阶地上发育了一些固定、半固定沙丘,注入黄河的汾河将这些沙丘分成了南北两部分。北部的沙丘多在海拔400m左右,高出现代黄河约35m,位于黄河的第二级阶地上,由两条南北向的沙垄和两垄之间分布的抛物线形沙丘构成特殊的景观。这些抛物线形沙丘一般高度约7~8m,背风面突出,迎风坡坡度一般为15°~20°,背风坡坡度一般大于40°。风沙堆积下伏的河流堆积物的¹⁴C年龄为26.40±0.8kaBP,表明沙丘形成于距今26ka以来。南部沙丘海拔高度近500m,高出现代黄河水面150m,覆盖于黄河第三级阶地之上。一个天然剖面揭示,第三阶地的底部为黄色中粗砂与灰绿色粉砂粘土互层,中部为灰黄色黄土,顶部为黄色风沙层。在黄土地层中可以识别出S₁古土壤和位于风沙堆积下面的可能为L₁SS₁的弱成土层。由此推断风沙堆积于距今3万a以来。黄河阶地上的沙丘是在特殊的地区和特定的时期;强大的风力、丰富的沙源和气候变干条件下形成的。虽然东岸沙丘已是固定、半固定沙丘,但沙化仍然是该地区的一个问题。由于3~4a前开始在丘前洼地栽种苹果树,破坏了下风向沙丘迎风面的植被,造成了原来已固定沙丘的活化,在沙丘顶部生成了新的小抛物线形沙丘,高度大于1 m。沙丘上裸露的树根指示表土已被侵蚀0.3 m。南部沙丘区的风蚀作用也很强,例如,万荣县裴庄乡西范村北一片柿树林的树根由于风蚀已经裸露1.2 m。     

人工卵石床面风沙流粒度特征

沉积物粒径分布对风沙沉积物的起动、输送和沉降过程十分重要。不同粒径的风沙沉积物空气动力学特征不同,从而导致其起动机理、输送过程和沉降模式不同。因此,粒度可以作为风沙沉积过程的指示器。戈壁是西北地区的一种重要地貌景观,戈壁风沙流是风沙物理研究的内容之一,但目前研究较少,特别是对戈壁风沙流粒度分布的研究,几乎没有报道。本文利用人工卵石床面模拟戈壁地表,对0.25、0.5、1 m和2 m高度的风沙流粒度特征进行观测,结果表明：沙源、地表状况、风程效应等影响沙粒粒径随高度的变化。沙源近,平均粒径随高度先减小后增加;沙源远,平均粒径随高度增加减小。戈壁表面的不同区域,沙粒粒径级配不同：随高度增加,粗砂,中砂含量降低,细砂、极细砂和粉砂含量增加;随距离增加,中砂含量降低,细砂、极细砂和粉砂含量增加。平均粒径越大,分选越好,偏度越趋于正偏,峰度越趋于变宽。偏度、峰度随分选系数增加而增加。峰度随偏度增加而增加。     

火星风沙地貌研究进展

作为最活跃的地貌塑造外营力,风力作用在火星表面塑造了各种各样的地貌形态。对火星风沙活动及风沙地貌的认识是随着观测和探测技术的进步而逐渐明确的。火星沙丘在北极地区连绵成带状分布,在其他地区分布比较零散,且主要与撞击坑、河谷和山谷相伴分布。火星风沙地貌与地球上相应的地貌类型形态相似而规模更大,表明两个星球上塑造风沙地貌的动力系统具有一定的相似性。火星沙丘主要由玄武岩质（北极部分沙丘为石膏质）颗粒堆积而成,沉积物粒度比地球粗,主要是由中沙和粗纱组成。随着获取影像时空分辨率的提高和着陆器在火星近表面的观测,发现火星上部分区域的沙丘和沙波纹比较活跃。同地球一样,火星风沙地貌也可指示火星气候的变化。     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的形成发育研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的考察，以及沙丘形态和风况、沙山TL测年、古沙丘层理产状等的研究表明，高大沙山的形成发育受沙源、风系、底基地形和灌草植被等因素的影响。第四纪以来弱水古水系的变迁为沙漠及沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。沙山发育的受西风和西北风两大盛行风系的控制，末次冰期以前为西风环流主导时期，地表盛行风向为西风，次为西北风；末次冰期以来为季风环流主导时期，地表盛 行风为西北风，次为西风。沙山底基地形的起伏不仅诱发近地表气流产生波伏运动，同时也是风沙流运行的障碍。气候湿润期发育的沙丘灌草植被通过抑制风蚀、扑捉风沙等作用加速沙山的发育。高大沙山是新月形沙丘和沙丘链、复合新月形沙丘和沙丘链演进而形成的大型稳定风积床面形态。     

SEDIMENT SOURCES OF NEBKHAS IN THE SAHEL ZONE OF BURKINA FASO

Owing to the decline in rainfall and intensified land use in the Sahel during the past 25 years, wind erosion is causing increasing problems in this region. The aim of the present paper is to identify possible sources for the material found in nebkhas in northern Burkina Faso. Nebkhas are plant-obstacle dunes that frequently occur in semi-arid areas. Grain-size distributions of nebkha sediments and five other subenvironments were analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods. Quartz-grain surface textures were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

The SEM and grain-size analyses together indicate that the nebkhas have experienced considerable recent aeolian abrasion and sorting as compared with the five other sub-environments. It was concluded that the material in the nebkhas investigated is local in origin and that it mainly has been eroded by wind from adjacent disturbed soils or deflated from loose material made available for wind erosion by sheet-wash processes. This means that wind erosion is an important process in the removal of topsoil in this Sahelian environment and that measures to reduce wind erosion should be taken to protect sensitive soils. [Key words: Nebkhas, wind erosion, Sahel, Burkina Faso.]     

旱麻岗沙漠风沙地貌发育与演化

旱麻岗沙漠位于腾格里沙漠南部,是腾格里沙漠的重要组成部分。目前对该沙漠几乎没有研究。旱麻岗沙漠最主要的地貌是风沙地貌和流水地貌,且近似南北方向平行相间排列。该沙漠主要的沙丘类型有新月形沙丘链、反向沙丘和灌丛沙丘,其中新月形沙丘链和反向沙丘分布在海拔相对高的区域,且呈条带状分布,而灌丛沙丘主要分布在冲沟内。旱麻岗沙漠的起沙风主要为西北风,其次为东南风。风能环境属于低等风能环境,合成输沙方向为282°~331°,方向变率为中等变率。流动沙丘表面平均粒径最大,其次为结皮下层和结皮表层;分选性与平均粒径有相似的规律。石羊河流域、祁连山东端的冲积-洪积物和湖相沉积为旱麻岗沙漠的形成与演化提供了重要的沙源。根据野外考察,结合以往研究成果,该沙漠的形成与演化可以概括为以下几个阶段:大湖期;湖水干涸期,在退水过程形成近似平行排列的小冲沟;沙漠形成与扩张期,流动沙丘覆盖整个区域;沙漠萎缩期,降雨量增加,沙漠萎缩,平行排列的冲沟宽度和深度增加,冲沟内的流沙随流水冲向下游,而冲沟间的沙丘仍然保留在原来的位置,形成现代的地貌格局。     

Reconstructing the geomorphic evolution of large coastal dunes along the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan

Coastal dunes are common along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, with the most common being large (>30 m high), parabolic dunes that mantle lake terraces south of Manistee, MI. Although these dunes are an important resource in Michigan, and thus intensely managed by various state agencies, their geomorphic history is poorly understood. This study examines four sites near Holland, MI, through stratigraphic and radiocarbon analyses and is the most detailed geomorphic reconstruction conducted of coastal parabolic dunes in the region. Results from this study could benefit the environmental agencies in their management of the coastal dune ecosystem.Deposition of Eolian sand apparently began 5500 cal. years BP (i.e., during the Nipissing high stand). Most (75%) dune building occurred between 4000 and 2500 cal. years BP but was punctuated by brief periods of stability that resulted in the development of Entisols (A/C horizonation). Entisol burial occurred because the sand supply apparently increased during both the receding and rising lake levels. Subsequently, each dune stabilized for 2000 years, allowing the formation of Inceptisols (i.e., A/E/Bs/C horizonation). This interval of dune stability correlates with sites south of Holland and occurred while Lake Michigan fluctuated slowly and the beach potentially prograded. These combined variables of slow fluctuation and potential beach progradation hypothetically protected the dunes from wave erosion. Dunes near Holland became active again 1000–500 cal. years BP and grew both vertically and laterally. This activity intensified in the past 500 cal. years BP and hypothetically occurred due to recession of the lake shore such that wave erosion at the modern bluff base resumed. Results from this study indicate that coastal dunes along Lake Michigan are similar to many coastal dunes around the world, including those along the intermediate beaches in SE Australia.     

青海湖湖东沙地沉积记录的全新世以来风沙活动变化

青海湖湖东沙地典型剖面的AMS¹⁴C测年数据表明该剖面记录了当地约10 ka BP的风沙活动及环境变化。对沉积物的粒度组成特征、粒度参数、粒度环境敏感指标等分析,并结合沉积物磁化率和青海湖盆地相关研究中风成砂、黄土和弱发育古土壤、古土壤的OSL、AMS¹⁴C年代数据等,进行全新世以来的风沙活动及气候环境变化讨论。结果表明：（1）粗颗粒敏感组分（138~156μm）可以用来指示风沙活动的强弱,细颗粒敏感组分（2~5 μm）可以用来指示成壤作用。（2）10~9ka青海湖盆地气候状况较全新世之前略有好转,暖湿程度增加,部分区域开始发育古土壤,但总体上古土壤、弱发育古土壤、黄土、风成砂共存;9~4.2 ka青海湖盆地水热组合条件较好,风沙活动弱,大部分沙丘固定成壤,但9~8 ka和4.2 ka左右风沙活动较为频繁的特征可能指示了8.2 ka和4ka冷事件;4.2 ka之后特别是2 ka之后风沙活动显著增强,气候朝干冷化发展。     

新月形沙丘与线性沙丘共存区域风况特征

与火星类似，柴达木盆地的新月形沙丘和线性沙丘共存现象引起了众多学者的关注。为探究该现象的发育环境和形成条件，以全球典型新月形沙丘和线性沙丘共存区域为研究对象，选取研究区域附近气象站点3 a风速、风向数据，分析这些典型区的风况特征。结果表明：不同的新月形沙丘与线性沙丘共存区域，风速存在明显差异，柴达木盆地和塔克拉玛干沙漠共存区域年平均风速和最大风速均小于沙特阿拉伯沙漠和撒哈拉沙漠；起沙风风向控制沙丘走向，多数共存区域全年起沙风风向较单一，部分区域存在明显的主次风，且主次风风向夹角为锐角；新月形沙丘和线性沙丘可共存于在高、中、低风能环境，中、低风向变率锐双峰或宽单峰风况，沙丘发育受风能环境影响较小，可能受风向变率、下垫面和沙源供应影响大；合成输沙势方向与沙丘走向一致且季节变化小，输沙方向稳定。部分气象站点距离研究区较远，对于研究区的风况指示意义有限。