东南极拉斯曼丘陵斯托尼斯半岛地区化学元素分布特征

通过样品测定，运用统计方法分析了东南极拉斯曼丘陵斯托尼斯半岛岩石、土壤与风化壳、大气降水、湖泊等环境要素的化学元素丰度和特征。该区风化过程和成土过程微弱，地表环境化学元素分布具有较强的区域性特征。初步分析该地区环境中元素迁移转化规律以及低温环境条件下自然地理过程的特征。     

Rock weathering processes and landform development in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica

Field observations of weathering processes and the related landforms, combined with laboratory analyses of weathering products, permit a synthetic evaluation of Late Cenozoic weathering environments in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica, an arid upland characterized by low temperatures and strong winds. Rates and character of weathering depend mainly on moisture availability and the bedrock geology. Under the humid weathering regime that occurs only locally around the margin of the present sheet, frequent diurnal freeze-thaw cycles in summer cause relatively rapid rock fragmentation. Most of the mountains are situated in the arid weathering regime, under which rock breakdown is very slow unless the rock contains plenty of salts. Salt weathering becomes more intensive and extensive with exposure age, as a result of salt accumulation in rock, eventually producing soils as small as fine-silt size. Lack of clay mineralization even in weathered rocks having been exposed above the ice sheet prior to 4 Ma ago indicates that hydrolysis or carbonation of rock minerals has been insignificant during the past 4 Ma. The final products of weathering are due mainly to salt action and reflect the parent lithology. Resistant fine-grained granite forms strongly oxidized tors carved with tafoni, or fields of mushroom-like boulders overlying the fractured bedrock. Less resistant rocks, like biotite gneiss and amphibolite, produce stone pavements underlain by saline, silty soils up to 30–40 cm thick, the thickness of which corresponds to the maximum thaw depth.     

Study of experiment method for triaxial frost heaving constitutive relation of frozen soil

A new experiment method is introduced to study the relations between frost heaving strain and stress of soil or fracture rock under different moisture contents, temperatures and stress states. Based on experiments, a new triaxial frost heaving stress-strain relation is presented aiming at tunnel in cold regions. The experimental equipments are strain-controlled and low temperature buildup, and different restrained conditions are controlled by changing the stiffness of a test-force-ring. Then the frost heaving strain and stress of soil or fracture rock can be obtained under different restrained conditions, and the frost heaving stress-strain relation can be got by regression analysis of some feature points. Experiments of saturated sandy soil conducted by this method show that the triaxial frost heaving stress-strain relation could be expressed by logarithmic curves, and the frost heaving stress changes linearly with the logarithm of the frost heaving strain. The stronger the constraint, the smaller the frost heaving strain and the larger the frost heaving stresses. The frost heaving stresses would tend to a limit value with increasing the constraint intensity. The larger the confining pressure, the larger the frost heaving strain and stress.     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵区的风力地貌

拉斯曼丘陵区风力强度大、频数高，各月平均风速均可起动粗砂级以上碎屑。高速气流的极不饱和挟砂（雪晶）状态限制了风力堆积作用和磨蚀作用，而风力吹蚀作用和雪粒（晶）堆积作用则构成本区风力地貌发育的主体。风积方式包括遇阻堆积和停滞堆积，其地貌形态主要有雪被（雪坝）、砂堆（砂地）和砾堤（砾滩）。风积物的沉积地球化学参数与本区母岩有极高的相似性，说明风积碎屑是近源堆积     

Rock Weathering Processes in Antarctica: A Comparison of Some Recent Studies with Those from the Northern Hemisphere

A review of some recent studies on rock weathering in Antarctica has revealed that Antarctic weathering research has a significant contribution to make to the ongoing debate about rock weathering in cold climates. Largely conducted in the field rather than the laboratory as in the Northern Hemisphere, it demonstrates that whilst all weathering processes can occur in Antarctica this is highly localised and dependent on the particular micro‐environment. Freeze‐thaw, for example, is not the most dominant process in many parts of Antarctica. The right combination of rock temperature and moisture can mean that salt, insolation, hydration or even chemical weathering can predominate.     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤的化学风化作用

西南极南设得兰群岛乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤化学分析表明土壤中存在着一定的化学风化作用。相对于母质,土壤中的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、FeO、MgO,GaO和Na_2O淋失,K_2O、H_2O~+、H_2O~-、TiO_2和P_2O_5富集。土壤中SiO_2/Al_2O_3的平均值为4.71,属弱风化壳类型。硅铝比反映出成土作用时间越长,土壤的风化程度越高,化学风化作用大于南极大陆边缘和内部。Al_2O_3在南极的淋失率大于SiO_2,使较老土壤剖面由下向上硅铝比增大。土壤的化学性质很大程度上取决于母质。南极强烈的冻融扰动作用破坏了土壤分层。土壤中存在着较强的水合作用。     

Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern Swiss Alps: Long-term (1994–2006) observations

Rates and processes of frost weathering in the Alps were investigated by visual observations of intensively shattered rocks, continuous monitoring of frost wedging and rock temperatures in bedrock and measurements of rockfall activity. Rapid frost weathering of hard-intact rocks occurs along lakes and streams where seasonal freezing promotes ice segregation in the rock. Otherwise, rocks require pre-existing weakness or a long exposure period for intensively shattered. Automated monitoring shows that crack opening occurs at three scales, including small opening accompanying short-term frost cycles, slightly larger movements during seasonal freezing and occasional large opening originating from refreezing of snow-melt water during seasonal thawing. The opening events require at least partial water saturation in the crack. The repetition of crack opening (frost wedging) results in permanent opening and finally debris dislocation. Debris collections below fractured rockwalls show that pebble falls occur at an average rate of about 0.1 mm a^− 1 with significant spatial and inter-annual variations. Occasional large boulder falls significantly raise the rockwall erosion rates, controlled by such factors as the joint distribution in the bedrock, repetition of annual freeze–thaw cycles and extraordinary summer thaw.     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵米勒半岛遥感影象岩性自动分类初探

根据最大似然法应用ＴＭ影象数据，对拉斯曼地区米勒半岛进行岩性自动识别分类。结果提取出该区的５种主要岩石类型即：１．片麻状花岗岩；２．正长花岗岩；３．富Ｆｅ、Ａｌ片麻岩；４．混合岩；５．条带状混合岩。说明用自动分类法进行地质岩性填图在该地区是可行的。它为南极地质工作提供了一种新的方法，初步工作表明，该方法分类速度快，省时省力，能减少大量的野外工作。为利用遥感资料进行地质工作展示了良好的前景     

Surface Moisture Availability and Rock Weathering in Cold Climates

The importance of moisture in determining which rock weathering processes may operate, as well as the rate at which rock weathering occurs, has long been recognised. However, little is known about how often or when moisture is available to the rock surface, or for how long the surface may be wetted. This paper gives some initial results from current research on granite rocks in Antarctica. Recordings of surface moisture, for two aspects and three locations in Victoria Land, show that moisture reaches the rock surface more frequently than might initially have been expected in this dry climate. The number of occasions the surface is wetted, and the quantity of moisture the surface received, varied with aspect and time of year. Rock surfaces could be wet for up to 40% of the time during the summer months. This has important implications for rock weathering where some processes are deemed not to operate, or to operate in very restricted locations, due to the apparent absence of moisture.     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛冰缘地貌过程分析

根据定位重复测量、坑探、物探、人工灌水、地温资料和样品室内分析,作者讨论了菲尔德斯半岛石冰川、倒石堆、分选环、石花、流动性条纹土等冰缘地貌变化过程和沉积结构特征,论证了含盐量对电阻率和冰缘地貌物质迁移的影响,最后指出了本区冰缘研究的问题。     

The role of weathering and pedological processes for the development of sorted circles on Kvadehuksletta, Svalbard - a short report

The presence of silt-rich, fine-grained material at the center of the well-developed sorted circles on Kvadehuksletta, Svalbard, is a precondition for their development. Field work, laboratory work, and data from published studies indicate that the fine-grained material is a dissolution product of the dolomitic bedrock. The silt is accumulated in situ and by slope wash in terrain depressions. Chemical weathering and other pedogenetic processes, such as the translocation of silt, are of great importance in Arctic regions and can create the sedimentological prerequisites for cryogenetic processes, such as frost sorting and cryoturbation. Therefore, the bedrock composition and the composition of surficial material are considered to be important control factors for these processes.     

Effect of Rock Hardness and Moisture Content on Tafoni Weathering in the Granite of Mount Doeg-sung, Korea

Many tafoni occur on the granite tors of Mount Doeg-sung, Korea. Relationships are investigated between growth processes of granite tafoni and rock properties such as rock hardness and moisture content. Field evidence shows that the rock surface of the inner backwalls and ceiling of tafoni have reduced hardness and higher moisture content compared to the outer visor of tafoni and to vertical cliff walls with no tafoni. This suggests that tafoni arise in weathered rock where conditions of low strength and high moisture content are both satisfied.     

南极石生地衣主要生物风化作用研究进展与展望

地衣以物理、化学方式参与矿质基质的风化作用 ,诱导和加速岩石的风化过程。本文对南极地区表生和内生型地衣的生物风化作用进行了综合论述 ,详细阐述了不同地衣种类诱导和参与几种主要岩石类型 (砂岩类和火成岩类 )风化作用的模式、机制、过程以及产物。同时指出 ,地衣等其他生物因素间接参与的风化过程 ,地衣导致的岩石抗风化效应以及生物风化速率等方面的研究工作是目前南极生物风化作用研究方面的新领域。     

QUANTITATIVE FIELD OBSERVATION ON FROST PHYSICAL WEATHERING IN THE GREAT WALL STATION AREA

Field observing sites were set fo measure frost weathering of bedrock in the Great Wall Station Area of Antarctica from 1988 to 1990. The results show that: (1), the weathering rate is higher in summer that in winter; (2), the weathering rate is greater at higher place than at lower place; (3), the weathering rate is higher in east and southeast slopes than in other slopes; (4), the weathering rate is greater in higher mean annual air temperature year than in lower year.     

Age and Origin of Upland block Fields on Melville Peninsula, Eastern Canadian Arctic

Block fields have developed on gently graded uplands of granite and gneiss on central and southern Melville Peninsula. The location of block fields is not controlled by elevation, but rather by areas covered by cold–based ice during the last glaciation. Block fields consist either of angular boulders, sorted circles 3–4 m across having blocky rims and central areas of weathered grus, concentrations of openwork boulders, or in the southeast, of immature bouldery till. The block fields are primarily relict features predating the last glaciation, produced by weakening of bedrock by weathering along joints, followed by frost heave, although some block fields have been modified by meltwater from regional glacier down–wasting. Frost processes are active in the modern environment but the extent of riven bedrock and the size of recent patterned ground forms on postglacial surfaces are insufficient to account for the forms in the block fields.     

Influence of rock strength on the valley morphometry of Big Creek, central Idaho, USA

Analysis of valley morphometry and bedrock strength along Big Creek, central Idaho, shows that valley floor width is strongly controlled by bedrock. We performed statistical analysis of Schmidt hammer rock strength as a function of lithology and aspect and of valley morphometry as a function of rock strength. Rock strength is significantly greater on the south side of the valley and in Eocene granodiorites. Rock strength is weakest in Eocene volcanic tuffs. Valley floor width depends negatively on weakest valley-side rock strength, and hillslope gradient on the north side of the valley depends positively on rock strength. Stream gradient does not depend on rock strength. Valley floor width appears to be controlled by bedrock strength on the weaker side of the valley, which was generally the north (south-facing) side. We speculate that a higher degree of weathering via freeze–thaw cycles contributes to lower strength on the north side. The positive dependence of hillslope gradient on rock strength on the north side provides evidence that differential weathering across lithologies determines the gradient that can be maintained as lateral migration of the stream erodes valley walls. These results suggest that in situ rock strength exerts strong influences on some measures of valley morphometry by modulating hillslope mass wasting processes and limiting lateral erosion.     

THE FROST PHISICAL WEATHERING IN THE GREAT WALL STATION AREA, ANTARCTICA

Some weathering observation sites were set up at different height and face in Great Wall Station area of King Geroge Island, Antarctica, since 1989. Baced on the data series obtained from 1987-1991, the relationship between physical weathering of rock and season, height, face are discussed in this paper. We also compare the results to that of other periglacial area in the world in order to know the special features of King George Island in physical weathering of rock. The rock weathering in south-east face of sea stack is higher than that of north-west face in same environment. Get rid of influence of elevation, rock type, weathering time and organisms, the main reason which caused physical weathering of this area is climate and orientation of rock. The King George Island of Antarctica belong to high latitude area. The temperature time of below zero is 6-8 months in a year, so the process of freeze-thow is restricted. Compared with other periglacial area in the world, the weathering rate of rock is midd     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.     

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖花岗岩坑穴成因

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖海拔1477m,在其山顶花岗岩表面发现大量直径几十厘米至1m左右、深度10cm至45cm的坑穴。经对60处坑穴的形态量测发现,坑穴主要发育在山坡的NE和SE一侧;坑穴积水后出水口流向亦主要朝向NE和SE。对岩石标本的偏光显微镜和X荧光光谱鉴定分析发现,该处基岩为易风化、泥化明显的中细粒钾长花岗岩。该处年平均气温9.2oC,年降水量在1700mm以上,每年12月至翌年3月会经历4个月日气温在0oC上下波动的冰缘作用期,雨雪水冻融交替对基岩的崩解作用明显。该处位于夏季台风雨迎风坡（NE和SE坡）一侧,暴雨常伴随有10级以上大风。现场常可见风力吹蚀带动坑穴中细岩屑对坑穴内壁产生加速旋转磨蚀作用。上述研究表明,该处花岗岩坑穴形成的主要动力成因首先是冰缘寒冻风化作用,暴雨和山顶大风的风力吹蚀加速了坑穴的形成。观察表明,此种作用目前仍在进行之中,风向的转变是造成坑穴出现多种形态的主要原因。由于此处海拔距雪线尚有1500m高差,即使在第四纪盛冰期也仅是接近雪线高度,且因山顶无积雪屯冰的低洼地形,因此,第四纪“冰臼”成因说难以成立。     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.