西北太平洋热带风暴活动及其影响

在翔实资料统计的基础上,分析了西北太平洋热带风暴的一般特征、活动阶段、源地及活动区、强度、寿命等,讨论了热带风暴致灾的主要因素,介绍了在我国登陆台风的年际变化、年内变化、登陆地区分布以及历史上几次强台风的登陆及灾害损失情况.     

西北太平洋热带气旋和台风活动若干气候问题的研究

热带气旋和台风是严重的突发性自然灾害之一。近20年来,对热带气旋和台风活动的气候学研究成为台风领域的一个重要研究方向,并取得了显著的研究进展。通过对西北太平洋热带气旋和台风活动的季节、年际和年代际时间尺度变化的研究回顾,揭示了造成热带气旋和台风活动不同时间尺度变化的主要影响机制,其中包括低频振荡、季风槽和西传赤道波动、ENSO和QBO现象等,这些系统主要通过改变西北太平洋上空的环流,而影响到西北太平洋热带气旋活动以及登陆我国台风的不同时间尺度变化。还在西北太平洋海域热带气旋和台风活动的气候学研究进展和作者最新的研究成果的基础上,展望了该领域的研究前景,并提出当前此研究领域中一些亟需研究的科学问题,主要包括了季风槽区能量交换、不同海域动力过程、赤道波动演变,以及热带气旋的季节和更长时间尺度的预测。     

中国沿海登陆热带气旋活动特征分析

热带气旋是危害中国最严重的天气系统,分析和认识中国沿海登陆热带气旋活动的新特征对防灾减灾具有重要意义。依据近70年气象资料,采用统计学方法,对登陆中国沿海的热带气旋特征进行分析,研究发现:在气候变化的背景下,登陆中国的热带气旋发生了明显变化。近年台风登陆频数高于往年平均,其整体强度和最大值均呈增大趋势,年台风强度的不稳定性加剧;研究还发现台风强度越高,其生成地纬度带范围越窄且越靠近赤道;建立了高强度热带气旋（STY和SUPER TY）时间和纬度的关系"φ—m"。检验了台风季长与初旋日呈负相关且不受厄尔尼诺现象影响,台风季长符合正态分布并给出概率密度公式。     

台风暴雨型滑坡滞后效应分析

我国东南沿海地区台风登陆频繁,伴生暴雨诱发的台风型滑坡造成了严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。已有研究在单峰型、多峰型台风暴雨的斜坡水文响应过程及稳定性分析方面取得了一定成果,但缺乏对台风暴雨型滑坡滞后效应的研究和机理分析。为此,以台风“利奇马”在浙江青田县的登陆为例,基于对台风型滑坡发生数量与降雨量的统计,构建16组不同结构组合的斜坡模型,模拟在台风登陆过程中不同降雨工况条件下斜坡的渗流—稳定性变化。结果表明,台风“利奇马”离陆后青田县内仍有26.4%的滑坡发生,存在一定滞后;不同结构组合斜坡稳定性在离陆后最低,相较于台风登陆前稳定性系数降低了13.82%;在台风登陆暴雨作用下,青田县斜坡稳定性结构影响参数中坡度最为敏感;讨论认为在台风不同登陆阶段的降雨会导致边坡的入渗特征差异,从而形成滞后效应。研究结论对于该区域的台风型滑坡早期识别具有一定指导意义。     

登陆我国台风的时空分布特征及其影响

利用1949~2013年共65年台风资料,统计分析登陆我国台风的气候特征。结果表明,登陆个数与生成个数有良好正相关;登陆个数年际变化明显,年最多登陆个数是最少登陆个数的4倍。登陆台风源地相对集中于南海北部和菲律宾以东两个区域;登陆时间主要集中于7~9月,登陆地点主要集中在广东、台湾、福建、海南、浙江5省。从登陆强度看,最多的为强热带风暴,次之为台风,强台风以上量级占12%;二次登陆强度普遍较首次登陆时弱,风力小2~3级。总体上登陆强度越大,登陆后在陆上的维持时间也越长,其中盛夏季节维持时间最长。21世纪以来登陆台风呈现个数多、强度大、灾损重的趋势,登陆时间的极端性和集中程度更趋明显。     

台风期间港湾海岸湿地侵蚀、淤积的环境动力学机制初探 --以福建罗源湾为例

为了探讨港湾海岸湿地在台风期间发生冲淤变化的过程和机制,利用流速仪观测了台风“凤凰”过境期间福建罗源湾海岸湿地（包括盐沼中下部和光滩）的环境动力过程。结果表明,台风登陆期间盐沼中下部和光滩的滩面淹没时间增长约2 h,近底层流速平均值变化很小,但流速波动变化幅度很大,底部切应力显著增大,滩面发生侵蚀;台风登陆后,随着风浪作用的减弱,流速波动显著减小,底部切应力逐渐减小,悬沙发生沉降,滩面表现为淤积。台风期间的滩面侵蚀、淤积主要受底部切应力的控制。     

从1958年水情变化看羣众性水利工程的效果——全国羣众性水利工程效果座談会总结文件之一

(一) 我国地处西伯利亞干冷气团和太平洋湿暖气团进退交鋒地区,由于太平洋热空气团进退的早晚和西伯利亚冷空气团的强弱变化,再加上我国大部分地区受每年7、8月太平洋西部发生的台风登陆影响,使各地每年的雨季时間和降雨量变差很大。如果太平洋副热帶高气压北进较早,就会形成华南以至江南的旱象,若北进較晚,又会形成华北的早象。降水除在冷     

多普勒天气雷达探测揭示的台风云娜(Rananim) 登陆前后特征演变研究*

温州多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD-SA)建于面临东海的大罗山顶(海拔714m),探测环境较好,它对0414号台风云娜(Rananim)进行了系统性跟踪探测,取得了完整的基数据资料。应用该多普勒天气雷达连续探测资料,配合地面中尺度自动站加密观测资料,通过云娜台风登陆前后的螺旋云带、台风"眼"眼壁、垂直累积含水量和降水量与眼区速度谱宽、台风内中尺度环流等分析,研究了登陆前后台风强度和雷达径向速度的演变特征;同时使用MM5(V3.6)中尺度数值模式结合雷达数值产品分析,就地形对台风演变特征的影响进行了研究,初步揭示了地形影响的一些主要演变特征。研究发现:云娜台风中心登陆之前,位于海上的台风"眼"眼壁在8km高度以下基本垂直,在8km高度以上"眼"的直径明显增大。当台风登陆时,由于受地形影响,其眼壁出现向前或向右前方倾斜,台风"眼"内回波由低层向高层"填塞"。台风眼"填塞"后,台风环流重又加强,使得强回波主体(＞35dbz)仍可保持眼壁轮廓并能持续相当一段时间,这一现象在数值试验中得到了证实;在台风暴雨系统中垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)相同时,由于液态水含量的密实程度不同"降水效率"差异极大,有时可使降水量的差异达到2.5倍甚至更大;台风登陆时,眼壁速度谱宽急剧变化,从到达陆地眼壁前部的低层起到高层增大。多普勒速度谱宽的这种变化与低空西南急流的维持与否相一致。在3~5km高度以上,谱宽较为稳定,表明该高度层的西南急流稳定维持;台风登陆时,受到地形和山脉影响,最大风速半径及台风环流强度随时间的推延,低层最大环流中心移速减慢、最大风速半径开始缩小;台风暴雨的降雨强度与其气旋性涡旋的动力辐合上升强度趋于一致,从多普勒径向速度场产品可以直观地识别、判断和分析辐合辐散运动与冷暧平流的迭加风场。强降水区集中在台风的右前侧,与台风回波强度的不对称结构相一致,并有明显的"眼"的形状。台风环流在乐清砩头、永嘉中堡附近喇叭口状地形幅合作用显著;东南气流与北雁荡山脉形成的较大夹角,对暖湿气流强迫抬升作用十分明显。     

中国东北深源地震机理

深源地震机理的研究有助于深入了解板块构造的驱动机制和动力学特征。对中国唯一的深震区--东北深震区的深震分布特征和震源机制解进行了综述和初步研究,初步探索了地震的发震机理、动力源以及地震的空间分布与西北太平洋俯冲板块的关系。分析结果显示：（1）震源深度在SEE NWW方向上有依次加深的趋势,而在SSW NNE方向上却没有明显变化,震源机制解的应力状态以下倾的压缩应力为主,说明中国东北深震的发生与西北太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲直接相关;（2）从日本海沟到我国东北,震源深度依次加深且几乎是从日本海沟沿直线倾斜下来,说明我国东北深震是日本海深震序列的一部分,同属于环太平洋地震带;（3）通过与东北深震区地球物理资料的对比,发现该区亚稳态橄榄石楔（Metastable Olivine Wedge,MOW）与深源地震的发生存在很好的相关性,由此推断东北深震的发生很可能是由橄榄石的相变引起的。     

影响中国双台风活动气候特征研究

在双台风判定客观标准的基础上提出影响中国双台风的定义:在双台风活动期间,双台风中至少有一个台风对中国大陆或2个大岛——海南岛和台湾岛之一造成降水的双台风,称为影响中国双台风。然后利用台站逐日降水资料和台风最佳路径资料,采用热带气旋(TC)降水天气图客观识别法(OSAT)和上述定义,对1960—2017年的影响中国双台风进行研究。结果表明:1960—2017年影响中国双台风共有255对,年均4.4对,占西北太平洋双台风总数的60.6%。影响中国双台风年频数表现为显著下降趋势。影响中国双台风的影响期最长可达10天,主要集中在1天、2天和3天,分别占18.8%,29.4%和24.3%。在地理分布上,影响中国双台风主要分布在112°～138°E、12°～30°N范围,频发区在菲律宾北部附近洋面;受双台风影响的年均频次和年均降水均表现为由东南沿海向西北内陆阶梯递减,主要影响区为中国的台湾岛、东南沿海和华南沿海,其中台湾岛受影响最大。进一步分析发现,影响中国双台风影响期内出现单站最大日降水当日两TC平均位置主要表现为东—西向分布,西台风和东台风正好分别位于东亚夏季风的西南风水汽通道和副热带高压西南侧东南风暖湿气流中,不仅有利于西台风从西南风水汽通道中获得水汽,而且有利于东台风向西台风的水汽输送,从而有利于西台风对中国台湾岛、东南沿海和华南沿海造成的强降水。     

全球海平面变化研究新进展

综述了近10年来海平面变化研究的主要成果,分析了影响海平面变化的主要因素,探讨了海平面变化研究中存在的一些问题。结果表明：①近10年全球平均海平面上升幅度大约为2.5~3.84 mm/a,热膨胀是引起海平面上升的主因;②海平面变化具有时空分布差异——西太平洋和东印度洋地区上升最快,其值高出全球平均值的10倍以上;大西洋与太平洋30~40°N地区季节变化最明显;③将海平面季节高值时段与北半球热带气旋出现时间进行对比,发现每年8~10月份,在20~50°N的西北太平洋与北大西洋沿岸地区出现海平面最高值与热带气旋相叠加的全球危险海岸带,该地带包括中国大陆东部、日本沿海地区、美国东部海岸带、墨西哥湾地区和加勒比海地区。     

Evaluation of coastal inundation hazard for present and future climates

Coastal inundation from hurricane storm surges causes catastrophic damage to lives and property, as evidenced by recent hurricanes including Katrina and Wilma in 2005 and Ike in 2008. Changes in hurricane activity and sea level due to a warming climate, together with growing coastal population, are expected to increase the potential for loss of property and lives. Current inundation hazard maps: Base Flood Elevation maps and Maximum of Maximums are computationally expensive to create in order to fully represent the hurricane climatology, and do not account for climate change. This paper evaluates the coastal inundation hazard in Southwest Florida for present and future climates, using a high resolution storm surge modeling system, CH3D-SSMS, and an optimal storm ensemble with multivariate interpolation, while accounting for climate change. Storm surges associated with the optimal storms are simulated with CH3D-SSMS and the results are used to obtain the response to any storm via interpolation, allowing accurate representation of the hurricane climatology and efficient generation of hazard maps. Incorporating the impact of anticipated climate change on hurricane and sea level, the inundation maps for future climate scenarios are made and affected people and property estimated. The future climate scenarios produce little change to coastal inundation, due likely to the reduction in hurricane frequency, except when extreme sea level rise is included. Calculated coastal inundation due to sea level rise without using a coastal surge model is also determined and shown to significantly overestimate the inundation due to neglect of land dissipation.     

地球表层形态分析的定量注记

地球的表面形态结构,是一种随机型的空间分布格局。本文企图以某种定量的、预测的方式,对于此种格局加以理论上的归纳。分别应用力能学分析和统计学分析两种完全不同的思考方法,获得了地球表层的海拔高度上限约21km。这一基本理论问题的合理解决,将使地球表层的一系列基本特性如动力学参数、热力学参数、行为学参数、系统学参数等有更加精确和更加严谨的表达。在此基础上,作者又从理论上推演了地球表层高度-面积分布的宏观趋势,并将其计算的结果与实际统计的结果进行对比分析,取得了比较满意的总体检验。     

Glacial/interglacial sea surface temperature changes in the Southwest Pacific ocean over the past 360 ka

The phase relationship between climate parameters during terminations gives insight into deglaciation mechanisms. By combining foraminiferal Mg/Ca and alkenone thermometers with planktonic and benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O, we determined the phase relationship between local sea surface temperature (SST) and global seawater δ¹⁸O changes in the Coral Sea in the Southwestern Pacific over the last 360 ka. The onset of the SST warming preceded the seawater δ¹⁸O change by several ka for Termination I, II and III. During Termination I, the SST warming started at 20 ka BP, earlier than atmospheric CO₂ rise suggesting that the greenhouse effect was not the main trigger of this early warming. Compilation of ¹⁴C-dated SST records from the whole Pacific during Termination I reveals that the onset of the warming is generally earlier in the Southern and the tropical Pacific than in the North Pacific. This spatio-temporal warming pattern suggests linkage between the southern ocean and tropical Pacific. The early tropical warming could provide heat and moisture to the northern high latitudes, modifying radiative balance and precipitation over ice sheets at the onset of deglaciation.     

Characteristics of severe Atlantic hurricanes in the United States: 1949–2006

Property insurance data available for 1949–2006 were assessed to get definitive measures of hurricane losses in the U.S. Catastrophes, events causing >$1 million in losses, were most frequent in the Southeast and South climate regions. Losses in these two regions totaled $127 billion, 85% of the nation’s total losses. During the period 1949–2006 there were 79 hurricane catastrophes, causing $150.6 billion in losses and averaging $2.6 billion per year. All aspects of these hurricanes showed increases in post-1990 years. Sizes of loss areas averaged one state in 1949–1967, but grew to 3 states during 1990–2006. Seven of the ten most damaging hurricanes came in 2004 (4) and 2005 (3). The number of hurricanes also peaked during 1984–2006, increasing from an annual average of 1.2 during 1949–1983 to 2.1 per year. Losses were $49.3 billion in 1991–2006, 32% of the 58-year total. Various reasons have been offered for such recent increases in hurricane losses including more hurricanes, more intense tropical storms, increased societal vulnerability in storm-prone areas, and a change in climate due to global warming, although this is debatable.     

Storms of tropical origin: a climatology for New York State,USA (1851–2005)

The tropical storm database used in this study was obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Coastal Service Center, using the Historical Hurricane Tracks tool. Queries were used to determine the number of storms of tropical origin that have impacted the State and each of its counties. A total of 76 storms of tropical origin passed over New York State between 1851 and 2005. Of these storms, 14 were classified as hurricanes. The remaining hurricanes passed over New York State as weaker or modified systems—27 tropical storms, 7 tropical depressions, and 28 extratropical storms (ET). Long Island experiences a disproportionate number of hurricanes and tropical storms. The average frequency of hurricanes and storms of tropical origin (all types) is one in every 11 years and one in every 2 years, respectively. September is the month of greatest frequency for storms of tropical origin, although the storms of greatest intensity tend to arrive later in the hurricane season and follow different poleward tracks. While El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles appear to show some influence, the frequency and intensity of storms of tropical origin appear to follow a multidecadal cycle. Storm activity was greatest in both the late 19th and 20th centuries. During periods of increased storm frequency and intensity storms reached New York State at progressively later dates. While the number and timing of storms of tropical origin is likely to increase, this increase appears to be attributed to a multidecadal cycle, as opposed to a trend in global warming.     

Five hundred years of hurricanes in the Caribbean: Their relationship with global climatic variabilities

A time series of hurricanes in the Caribbean basin extending from 1500 to 1990 is investigated with the purpose of establishing the years, time of year, and locations that have been hit by tropical cyclones. The Windward Islands show higher hurricane frequency earlier in the season (July–August) than the Leeward Islands and the Greater Antilles (September–October). In the course of the centuries a certain shift towards a later onset and peak of the season might have occurred, but imperfect early observations subtract validity from this finding. For the same reason it is difficult to prove that hurricane frequency has increased in later centuries. Nevertheless, a concentration of observed hurricanes in particular years, or clusters of years, stands out in the series and allows to distinguish periods of heightened or lowered hurricane activity. When comparisons are made with major climatic fluctuations in the tropical belt, it becomes evident that lesser numbers of hurricanes occur during El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific and increased numbers tend to develop during Anti-Niño episodes. It also seems that years of high hurricane incidence occur in a conspicuous temporal vicinity to major El Niño events, which suggests brisk changes in ocean/atmosphere conditions (Niño to Anti Niño, or vice versa) theoretically explained by cusp catastrophe or chaos theory.     

Extreme sea levels,coastal flooding and climate change with a focus on Atlantic Canada

Estimation of the probability distribution of extreme sea levels, for the present time and the next century, is discussed. Two approaches are described and their strengths and weaknesses are compared. The first approach is based on dynamics and uses a storm surge model forced by tides, winds and air pressure fields. The second approach is based on the statistical analysis of observed hourly sea level records using a new first-order Markov process that can capture non-Gaussian characteristics (such as skewness) in the non-tidal component of the observed sea level record. It is shown that both approaches can provide good estimates of present day flooding probabilities for regions with relatively strong tides. The limitations of both approaches in terms of assessing the effect of global sea level rise, glacial-isostatic adjustment of the land, and changes in the frequency and severity of storms and hurricanes, are illustrated using recent results for the Northwest Atlantic. Some sensitivity studies are carried out to transform uncertainty in climate change projections into uncertainties in the probability of coastal flooding.     

西北干旱区近50年气候变化特征与趋势

20世纪后期全球增暖趋势越来越明显，受全球增暖的影响，西北地区的气候也将受到不同程度的影响。选取了西北干旱区1951-2000年的21个代表站点气温、降水量资料，采用趋势系数法对西北干旱区近50年气温和降水变化进行分析，找出各分区的变化趋势。结果表明：近50年西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势（0．22℃／10a），1986年后气温明显升高；柴达木盆地和新疆北部升温较大；各季都有增温趋势，贡献最大的是秋冬两季。降水变化有增加的趋势（3．2mm／10a），年降水量贡献最大的是夏季；各区降水都有增加，其中新疆北部降水增加最多。西北干旱区近50年气温升高趋势是南北高，中间低；降水量增加趋势从东南向西北呈现递增的格局。     

Anthropogenic effects and climate change threats on the flood diversion of Erchung Floodway in Tanshui River,northern Taiwan

Hurricanes pose serious threats to people and infrastructure along the United States Gulf and Atlantic coasts. The risk of the strongest hurricane winds over the North Atlantic basin is analyzed using a statistical model from extreme value theory and a tessellation of the domain. The spatial variation in model parameters is shown, and an estimate of the limiting strength of hurricanes at locations across the basin is provided. Quantitative analysis of the variation is done using a geographically weighted regression with regional sea surface temperature as a covariate. It is found that as sea surface temperatures increase, the expected hurricane wind speed for a given return period also increases.